Speech Acts 英语语用学.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Contact me,Yanling Tang,Foreign Studies College,Hunan Normal University,36 Lushan Road,Changsha City,Hunan 410081,The Peoples Republic of China(CHINA),Cellphone:13347319966,E-mail:1596604813,An Introduction to,Pragmatics,A Course for B.A.Students,Instructor:Prof.,Tang Yanling唐燕玲,Speech Acts,Main contents,1.,Performatives,2.Three Types of Acts,3.Classification of Illocutionary Acts,4.Indirect Speech Act Theory,Part One:,Performatives,1)Backgrounds for the,proposing of the,performative,theory,2),Constative,vs.,Performative,3),Performative,verbs,4)Characteristics of,performatives,5)How to distinguish,performatives,and,constatives,1)Backgrounds for the proposing of the,performative,theory,In the 40s and 50s,it was,commonly held that the study of language should be concerned only with the truth-conditional meaning of the proposition,and not with the situations of the utterance.,However,it had been observed that sometimes people are using words to do things.And in such cases,what is of more importance is not the truth conditional-meaning,but the action of doing things.,Austin made the primary distinction between two types of utterances:,Constative,:,表述句,Performative,：施为句,2),Constative,vs.,Performative,Constatives,:describing a portion of some facts or states of affairs;aiming at referring something or expressing something.(True or False),e.g.I go to the park every Sunday.,Performatives,:saying itself accomplishing a certain action,affecting,or changing the world in some way;to do,sth,.,e.g.I name this ship,Queen Elizabeth.,Performatives,are sentences used to perform such functions as,promising,naming,warning,inviting,requesting,ordering and asking etc.,More examples on,performatives,:,“,I declare the meeting open.”,-as uttered in an open ceremony.,Teacher:Class begins!,Boss:You are fired,!,I,name,this tiger George Bush.,“,I give and bequeath the ship to my brother.”,-as occurring in a will,.,“,I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow.”,-as uttered when,making a bet.,I promise to love you,forever!,3),Performative,verbs,Name,apologize,warn,bet,bequeath,declare,promise,swear,beg,order,advise,congratulate,welcome,nominate,.,4)Characteristics of,performatives,A.they are performed in saying something;,B.they cannot be performed unless language is used;,C.they have connected with their,performative,verbs,the occurrence of which as a main verb in a present tense,indicative,active,a first person sentence makes explicit what act speaker intends to be performing in uttering the sentence.,5)How to distinguish,performatives,and,constatives,1.Conditions:true or false(,constative,),felicity conditions,(,合适条件）,2.grammatical criterion:,(,performative,),first person singular sub.,simple present tense,indicative mood,active voice,3.lexical criterion:“state”(,constative,),“hereby”(,performative,),It has been noted that some,statives,can also be viewed as,performatives,.,E.g.,A dog is watching you.,=I tell you that a dog is watching you.,哇！,All sentences can be used to do things.,Saying something can be understood as doing something.,Part Two:Three Types of Acts,In,How to Do Things with Words,Austin holds that there are three senses in which saying something can be understood as doing something.,Locutionary,Act,Illocutionary Act,Perlocutionary,Act,(1)an act of producing linguistic units.,(2)the basic literal meaning of the utterance which is conveyed by particular words and structures which the utterance contains.,-inherent meaning of a sentence(,语义学研究的对象）,Locutionary,Act,(,表述性言语行为（以言行事）,/,发话行为,/,言中行为）,Illocutionary force,Speakers meaning or intention,Contextual meaning,Extra-meaning,Illocutionary Act,施为性言语行为（,以言指事,）,/,言外行为,/,行事行为,言,外之意,The act performed through,by means of a,locutionary,act.,The hearers interpretations or reactions,Perlocutionary,Act,成事性言语行为（以言成事）,/,言后行为,/,取效行为,Example,Shoot it,！,Locutionary,act(X):,In,Shoot it,！,=the meaning of the verb,shoot,+the meaning of the pronunciation,it.,Illocutionary act(Y),:,Using a sentence to perform a function.,the act performed in saying something,In,saying X,I was doing Y.,In saying,Shoot it,I was,ordering,the three soldiers to shoot at the target.,Perlocutionary,Act(Z):,The results or effects that are brought about by saying something.,the act performed by saying something,By saying X,and doing Y,I did Z.,By saying,Shoot it,and thus,ordering,the three soldiers to shoot at the target,I,made,it possible for the target to be shot by the three soldiersX=,I,(the dog)love,you(the cat).,Y=,showing,love,Z=,the cats reaction,I love you,.,A:,我唐老鸭今天过生日，,请你去吃蛋糕喔。,B:,好啊！,X=(,唐老鸭,),请你,(,小鸭,B),去吃蛋糕,Y=,邀请,Z=,小鸭,B,接受邀请,Examples:,(1)Good Morning!,(2)It is cold here!,(3)-That is the phone.,-Im in the bathroom.,-Okay.,Illocutionary Act,Part three:Classification of Illocutionary Acts,According to J.Austin,illocutionary speech acts fall into certain types in terms of their illocutionary force,as listed below:,Representatives/,assertives,陈述类,（,state,describe,swear,report),Directives,指令类,（,ask,order,request,command,advise),Commissives,承诺类,(promise,bet),Expressives,表达,(,thank,congratulate,apologize,welcome,deplore),Declaratives:,宣告类,(name,declare,nominate,point,christen),To commit the speaker to somethings being the case,to the truth of what has been said.,For example:stating,believing,swearing and making hypothesis.,e.g.I swear I have never seen the man before.,I,state,the earth is a globe,Assertives,/Representatives,They are attempts by the speaker to get the hearer to do something.,Typical examples:,Inviting,suggesting,requesting,warning,threatening,ordering,advising and so on.,Open the,door!(ordering,),Your money or your,life?(threatening,),Directives,Commit to do something.The point of them is to commit the speaker himself to some future actions.,Typical examples:,Promising,vowing,undertaking,e.g,I will bring,th,book without fail,I promise to come.,Commissives,To express in the utterance the specific,psychological state of the speaker.,Typical examples:,Apologizing,thanking,welcoming,deploring,Congratulating,e.g.I am sorry for the mess I have made.,It really kind of you to have thought of me.,Expressives,They bring about the correspondence between what is said and reality,Words like name,declare,point,christen,appoint are often used in declarations,e.g.,I name this ship Nancy.,I declare the meeting open.,I appoint you Chairman of the committee,I fire you.,Declaratives,Indirect Speech Act Theory,Thank you!,