独立主格.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Grammar,独立主格,判断：,1,）,Hearing,her mother had come,her face,lit up.,she hearing,her mother had come,her face lit up.,2,）,Weather permitting,we will go to the park.,1),独立主格结构主要有两部分构成：,逻辑主语和逻辑谓语。,2),名词或代词,作为逻辑主语；,现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语。,独立主格结构具有两个特点：,1.,独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。,2.,独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。,独立主格结构有三种类型：,1.,逻辑主语,+,非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）,2.,逻辑主语,+(being)+,表语,(,名词、形容词、副词、介词短语,),3.with/without+,复合宾语（不定式、现在分词、过去 分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,e.g.His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.,e.g.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class,(,一,),非谓语动词独立主格结构,逻辑主语,+,非谓语动词,(,不定式、现在分词、过去分词,),1.“,名词,/,代词,+,不定式”结构,由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示,还未发生的动作或状态,，在句中常作,原因状语,，偶尔作,条件状语,2.“,名词,/,代词,+,现在分词”结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式或伴随状语等。,(1),作,时间,状语：,Everyone having sat down,the teacher began his class,(,相当于时间状语从句,:When everyone had sat down),(2)作,原因,状语：,The boy leading the way,we had no trouble getting out of the forest.,(,相当于原因状语从句,:Because the boy led the way),2.“,名词,/,代词,+,现在分词”结构,(3),作,条件,状语：,My health allowing,I will work far into the night.,（相当于条件状语从句：,If my health allows,）,4),作,方式或伴随,状语：,We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two,.,The students are walking in the school happily,each wearing a card in front of his chest.,。,3.“,名词,/,代词,+,过去分词”结构,该结构在句中常作 时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴随状语、条件状语等。,(1),作,时间,状语：,The test finished,well have our summer vocation.,(2),作,原因,状语：,Thousands of eyes fixed upon him,Nick felt on edge.,(3),作,方式或伴随,状语：,When in trouble,Sam would sit alone,head bend,.,(4),作,条件,状语：,More time given,we can finish the work.,【,综合比较三种非谓语动词独立主格结构,】,1.,名词或代词,+,不定式,其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。,2.,名词或代词,+,现在分词,其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进行（或当时正在进行）。有时现在分词不表示进行，而表示一般情况的状态或动作。,Their room was on the third floor,its window overlooking the sports ground.,3.,名词或代词,+,过去分词,其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义或完成意义。,The manager looks worried,，,many things to settle.,（事情还没有处理，而且是由经理本人来处理，用不定式,to settle,）,The manager looks relaxed,many things settled.,（事情已经处理好了，用动词,-,ed,形式,settled,表示动作已经结束）,The food being cooked,the boy was watching TV.,小孩一边做饭，一边看电视。,（两个动作同时进行）,The food cooked,the boy went to bed.,饭做好了，小孩去睡了。,（两个动作有先后，饭已做好，小孩才去睡觉的）,1.Darkness _ in,the young people strolled on the streets.,A.set B.setting C.has setD.was set,2.A new technique _,the production increased by 20 percent.,A.to have been worked out,B.having worked out,C.working out,D.having been worked out,3.There are various kinds of metals,each _ its own properties(,特性,).,has B.had C.to have D.having,4._,Ill go there with you tomorrow afternoon.,A.Time permits B.If time permitting,C.Time permitting D.Times permitting,5._,we all went home happily.,A.Goodbye was said,B.Goodbye had been said,C.Goodbye said,D.When goodbye said,6.She stood there,_ from her cheeks.,A.tears rolling down B.tears rolled down,Cwith,tears rolled down D tears rolling down,复习,独立主格结构有三种类型：,非谓语动词独立主格结构,1.,逻辑主语,+,非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）,无动词独立主格结构,2.,逻辑主语,+(being)+,表语,(,名词、形容词、副词、介词短语,),3.with/without+,复合宾语,宾语,+,宾语补足语,（不定式、现在分词、过去分词、形容词、副词、介词短语）,（二）无动词独立主格结构,英语中常用的还有一类无动词独立主格结构。这种结构往往看作是“名词,/,代词,+being+,表语”结构中省略了,being,主要有如下几种情况：,2.,逻辑主语,+,形容词,He turned to me,his eyes sleepy,.,他睡眼惺忪地转向我。,（,his eyes,和,sleepy,之间省去了,being,）,The little girl entered the room,her face red,with cold,.,小女孩走进了房间，她的脸冻红了。,1.,逻辑主语,+,名词,Many people come to visit the city,most of them foreigners,.,2.I received many Christmas gifts,some of them books,.,3.,逻辑主语,+,副词,School over,we all went home.,放学了，我们都回家了。,（,school,和,over,之间省去了,being,The music on,I cant focus my mind on the work.,音乐开着，我不能专心工作。,4.,逻辑主语,+,介词短语,He is standing in front of the blackboard,his back towards us.,他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。,Dark clouds in the sky,it is going to rain soon.,天空黑云密布，很快就要下雨。,注意,:1.,在表示方式的独立主格结构中，为了使句子简洁,往往将“逻辑主语,+,介词短语”中的冠词或代词都省略。,The guard stood by the door,(a)gun in(his)hand.,警卫站在门旁，手里拿着枪。,She came in,(a)smile on(her)face.,她进来了，脸上带着笑。,2.,独立主格结构中的,being,在下列两种情况下一般不能省略：,一是在“,There being+,名词”结构中,二是在逻辑主语是代词的情况下。,There being no bus,we had to walk home.,由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。,It being Sunday,all the offices are closed.,因为是星期日，所有办公室都关门。,（二）无动词独立主格结构,1._ no bus,we had to walk home.,A.There was B.There being,C.Because there being D.There were,2._,we all went swimming in high spirits.,A.It being fine weather B.It fine weather,C.It was fine weather D.It being a fine weather,3._,the hunter went into the forest.,A.A gun on shoulder B.A gun was on his shoulder,C.Gun on shoulder D.A gun being on shoulder,4,.,;we had to put the meeting off.,A.Because the manager was ill,B.The manager being ill,C.The manager was ill,D.Being ill,（三）“,with/without”,引导的独立主格结构,“介词,with/without+,宾语,+,宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语、原因状语，也可作定语。上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现，即：,with/without+,名词,/,代词,形容词,副词,介词短语,不定式,现在分词,过去分词,1.with/without+,名词,/,代词,+,形容词,With his son so disappointing,，,the old man felt unhappy.,2.with/without+,名词,/,代词,+,副词,With her sister out,，,she had to stay at home alone.,3.with/without+,名词,/,代词,+,介词短语,1)He stood at the door,with a computer in his hand,2)The old man,with thick glasses on his nose,is a pianist.,4.with/without+,名词,/,代词,+,不定式,Without any game to play,the boy looked upset.,5.with/without+,名词,/,代词,+,现在分词,Without anyone,noticing,I,stole into the room.,6.with/without+,名词,/,代词,+,过去分词,1)With his homework done,Peter went out to play.,2)The boy was crying,with his toy broken,注意：在,with/without,复合结构中，多数情况下,with,能省略，但,without,不能省略。,1)With his homework done,Peter went out to play.,2)His homework done,Peter went out to play.,1._ production up by 60%,the company has had another excellent year.,As B.For C.With,D.Through,2.With a lot of work _,I have to sit up tonight.,A.do B.doing C.done D.to do,3.John received an invitation to dinner,and with his work,he gladly accepted it.,A.finished B.finishing,C.having finished D.was finished,独立主格,特点,非谓语动词,无动词,With/without,+to do,+,现在分词,+,过去分词,+n,+,adj,+adv,+,pron,+,n/pron,