如何选择消毒剂.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,明智的选择,Making The Right Choice,消毒剂,Sanitizers,消毒过程能保证产品的质量及安全,Sanitation ProtectsProduct Quality&Safety,正确选择的益处,Benefits of“Making The Right Choice”,良好的口碑,减少财务损失,合乎法规的准则,满足顾客及照顾食品安全,带来利润,微生物的种类,Types of Microorganisms,螺旋菌,Spiral Bacteria,球菌,Cocci Bacteria,杆菌,Rod-Shaped Bacteria,霉菌,Molds,酵母,Yeast,常见词汇,Sterilant/Sterilize,彻底杀灭所有活的微生物,包括细菌孢子,细菌,病毒及真菌,高温及化学处理,于特定的情况下最为有效,主要用于医学界及实验室,常见词汇,Disinfectant/Disinfect,清除,100%,可繁殖细胞,不能杀灭所有细菌孢子,广为医院所采用,常用于泳池和食水消毒,常见词汇,Sanitizer/Sanitize,降低微生物污染的程度,(99.999%),可分为两类,:,无需过水的消毒剂,用于接触食物表面,(No-rinse food contact surface sanitizer),非接触食物表面的消毒剂,(Non-food contact surface sanitizer),接触食物表面的消毒剂,Food Contact Surface Sanitizer,AOAC Germicidal Detergent Sanitizer Test,25,o,C 99 ml,配制杀菌液,加,1 ml,大肠菌或葡萄球菌,(,至少含细胞,7.5 x 10,7,/ml),30,秒接触时间,中和,1 ml,存活细胞,计数,所需效率在,30,秒,25,o,C,杀灭率为,99.999%,0,15,30,其他控制微生物的产品,List of Other Product Claims,常见词汇,Algaecide,Biocide,Antiseptic,Fungicide,Slimicide,Preservative,United States Environmental Protection Agency,有效清除微生物证明资料,产品化学成份,毒理学资料,标签及技术上资料,EPA,FIFRA,Federal Insecticide,Fungicide and Rodenticide Act,注册消毒剂,Sanitizer Registration,EPA Reg.No.1677-58,Food and Drug Administration-FDA,U.S.Departmentof Agriculture-USDA,Health Canada/Canadian Agriculture Food Safety,DIRECTIONS FOR USE:,It is a violation of Federal law to use this product in a manner,inconsistent with its labeling,.,使用准则,Usage Restrictions,Key Points:Potable Water,自来水,稀释后即时使用,-,非循环再用,准确的浓度,不能过低,-,效力受质疑,不能过高,-,违反法例,NOTE:FOR MECHANICAL OPERATIONS,prepared use solutions may not be reused for sanitizing but may be reused for other purposes such as cleaning.,FOR MANUAL OPERATIONS,fresh sanitizing solutions should be prepared at least daily or more often if the solution becomes diluted or soiled.,获,FDA,批准无需过水的消毒剂,(1998),FDA Approved No-Rinse Food Contact Surface Sanitizers,“,氯”,(Chlorine),二氧化氯,(Chlorine dioxide/mixture of oxychloro species),“,碘,”,消毒剂,(Iodophors),“,季铵”,(Quaternary ammonium compounds),酸性阴离子消毒剂,(Acid-anionic sanitizers),羧酸消毒剂,(Carboxylic acid sanitizers),过氧醋酸,(Peroxy acid compounds),酚,(Phenolic),氯气,Chlorine Gas,氯气,(Chlorine Gas),次氯酸钠,次氯酸钙,次氯酸锂,(Sodium,calcium,lithium hypochlorites),粉状有机氯性来源,:,最高浓度,-,200 ppm available chlorine,NaOCl+H,2,O,HOCl,+NaOH,Ca(OCl),2,+2H,2,O,2HOCl,+Ca(OH),2,Cl,2,+H,2,O,HOCl,+H,+,+Cl,-,“,氯”于液体的化学作用,Chemistry of Chlorinein Solution,“,氯”的优点,Chlorine Advantages,用途广泛,能抵受硬水,于低温下仍有高效能,较为经济,不留残余物,/,不会形成水垢,100%,50%,0%,HOCI Activity,4 5 6 7 8 9 10,pH,“,氯”的缺点,Chlorine Disadvantages,可能形成有毒的氯气,腐蚀性,刺激性,不稳定,-,保存期短,可能形成有毒的副产品,Trihalomethane Compounds(THM,s),“,碘”消毒剂,Iodophors,碘,(Iodine)+,表面活性剂,(,Surfactant)+,酸,(Acid),最高浓度,-25 ppm,“,碘,”,消毒剂的优点,Iodophors Advantages,用途广泛,较,“,氯,”,温和,低毒,有效的酸碱度,较,“,“,氯,”,广泛,-pH 2-8,腐蚀性较,“,氯,”,低,稳定,-,保存期长,颜色容易辨认,酸碱度对,“,碘,”,消毒剂的影响,Effect of pH on Iodophor Sanitizers,Note:,I,2,是最有活性的形态,pH,4,6,10,Chemical Species,I,2,IO,-,HIO,I,3,-,IO,3,-,I,-,Color,颜色,混浊,Amber,澄清,Clear,Activity,活性,有活性,Active,无活性,Inactive,“,碘,”,消毒剂的缺点,Iodophors Disadvantages,沾污非光滑表面及胶制物质,对噬菌体作用较低,于低温下不能发挥效能,高温下会造成腐蚀性,不能加热至摄氏,120,度,当使用,CIP,时,可能引致过多泡沫,较,“,氯,”,昂贵,气味,“,季铵”,QuaternaryAmmonium ChlorideCompounds,FDA,所允许于食物接触表面，无需过水之消毒浓度,-200 ppm,“,季铵,”,的优点,Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Compound Advantages,无毒,无嗅,无色,不含腐蚀性温度稳定,对有机污垢有较稳定的效能,用途广泛,有较长的残效期,有清洁及渗透污垢的能力,稳定,-,保存期长,控制霉菌,具辟味功效,“,季铵,”,的缺点,Quaternary Ammonium Chloride Compound Disadvantages,不可与阴离子渗透剂一起使用,抵受硬水的能力低,于低温下只能发挥有限效能,于机械式操作下会产生大量泡沫,杀菌能力随配方的不同而有差异,酸性阴离子,Acid Anionics,阴离子的表面活性剂,(Anionic Surfactants)+,酸,(Acid),双重作用,:,消毒及酸性过水,(sanitize&acid rinse),酸性阴离子的优点,Acid AnionicsAdvantages,稳定,-,保存期较长,一般不含腐蚀性,无染色副作用,较少难闻的气味,不受硬水影响,清除及控制矿物质形成的水垢,对噬菌体有良好反应,酸性阴离子的缺点,Acid AnionicsDisadvantages,高成本,对酸碱度敏感，,(,理想酸碱度,pH2-3),有限的杀菌力,不能杀灭酵母及霉菌,潜在腐蚀性,(,当水质含过高氯化物,),高泡沫,刺激皮肤,受阳离子表面活性剂抑制,羧酸,Carboxylic Acid,脂肪酸,(Fatty acids)+,有机酸,(organic acids)+,矿物酸,(mineral acid),双重作用,:,消毒及酸性过水,sanitize&acid rinse,低泡,羧酸的优点,Carboxylic Acid Advantages,用于,CIP,清洁时，泡沫较少,广泛控制细菌活动,稳定,-,保存期较长,不受硬水影响,清除及控制矿物质形成的水垢,无染色副作用,羧酸的缺点,Carboxylic Acid Disadvantages,不能完全控制真菌,对酸碱度敏感,-,理想酸碱度,55,o,C,潜在腐蚀性，需根据器材、物料使用而定,过氧化物,PeroxyCompounds,H,2,O,2,CH,2,COOH,H,H,H,H,C,C,O,O,O,+,Hydrogen,Peroxide,Acetic,Acid,Peroxyacetic Acid,过氧醋酸消毒剂,Peroxyacetic Acid Sanitizer,One of the Most Effective Sanitizers Against Biofilms,A conductance-based surface disinfection test for food hygiene.,Letters in Applied Microbiology.1990.11,255-259.,Conclusion:The peracids were the most effective of the compounds tested against organisms present as biofilms.,Effect of Cleaners and Sanitizers on Listeria monocytogenes Attached to Product Contact Surfaces.,Journal of Food Protection.1992.Vol.55,No.4,246-251,Conclusion:The most effective sanitizers against attached cells on varioussurfaces included OXONIA ACTIVE.,Control of Biofilms in Breweries Through Cleaning and Sanitizing.,MBAA Technical Quarterly.1992.Vol 29,86-88.,Conclusion:Peracetic acid sanitizer provided the greatest reduction in viable biofilm bacteria after a 2 minute contact time.,The following are articles from scientific journals that indicateperoxyacetic acid sanitizers are most effective in controlling biofilms:,过氧醋酸消毒剂,Peroxyacetic Acid Sanitizer,One of the Most Effective Sanitizers Against Biofilms,Biofilms and their consequences,with particular reference to hygiene in the food industry.,Journal of Applied Bacteriology.1993.75,499-511.,Conclusion:The most effective of the products tested on biofilms was peracetic acid.,Scientific Status Summary:Microbial Attachment And Biofilm Formation:A New Problem For The Food Industry.,Food Technology.1994.Vol.48,No.7,107-114.,Biofims&Disinfection Development of a Microorganism Carrier-Surface MethodSciences Des Aliments.1992.Vol.12,721-728.,The following are articles from scientific journals that indicateperoxyacetic acid sanitizers are most effective in controlling biofilms:,过氧醋酸的优点,Peroxyacetic Acid Advantages,低泡,适合任何温度,结合消毒及酸性过水,不留残余物质,不会腐蚀不锈钢及铝,较能抵受有机污垢,不含磷,环保,杀菌力广泛,能于酸碱值达,7.5,发挥消毒效能,过氧醋酸,-,环保,Peroxyacetic Acid,Environmentally Responsible,过氧醋酸,(,Peroxyacetic Acid),和,过氧化氢,(,Hydrogen Peroxide),分解,水,(Water),氧,(Oxygen),醋酸,(Acetic Acid),(Vinegar),温度对消毒剂效能的影响,Effect of Temperature,on Sanitizer Efficacy,过氧酸,vs.,酸性消毒剂,酸碱度对消毒剂效能的影响,Effect of pH on,Sanitizer Efficacy,过氧酸,vs.,酸性消毒剂,葡萄球菌,Staphylococcus aureus,大肠菌,Escherichia coli,3.0,pH,5.0,40,o,F 70,o,F,5,1,LOG REDUCTIONS,LOG REDUCTIONS,5,1,过氧酸,酸,过氧酸,酸,过氧酸,酸,过氧酸,酸,Acid,过氧醋酸的缺点,Peroxyacetic Acid Disadvantages,对金属离子敏感,腐蚀软金属,浓缩时有醋酸味,不能完全杀灭真菌,化学消毒剂杀菌力的比较,Relative Antimicrobial Activity of Chemical Sanitizers,%RELATIVE EFFICACY,革兰氏阳性,GRAM+,BACTERIA,革兰氏阴性,GRAM-,BACTERIA,酵母,YEASTS,霉菌,MOLDS,过氧醋酸,Peroxyacetic Acid,“,氯“,Chlorine,“,碘,”,消毒,Iodophors,酸性阴离子,Acid,Anionics,“,季铵”,Quats,消毒剂,vs.,微生物,热水,Hot Water,PMO(Pasteurized Milk Ordinance),-,最少摄氏,170,度,5,分钟,IDF(International Dairy Federation),-,最少摄氏,185,度,15,分钟,结合“时间”和“温度”是热水消毒,(Hot Water Sanitizing),最重要一环,热水的优点,Hot Water Advantages,经济,容易供应,广泛杀菌能力,不含腐蚀性,渗透,热水的缺点,Hot Water Disadvantages,过程缓慢,形成水垢,损害器材,凝聚水点,不安全,成本高,(,能源,器材,水处理,),增加消毒剂的效能,Maximizing Sanitizer Effectiveness,清洁表面,全面接触,温度,浓度,接触的时间,酸碱度,水的质量,微生物的种类,微生物的数量,为何要把清洁及消毒两个程序分开,Why Should Cleaning&SanitizingBe Carried Out As Two Steps?,任何的残余污垢都会影响消毒剂在化学及物理学上的效能,微生物可能会隐藏于污垢中,使消毒剂不能直接发挥效能,抗化学杀菌剂微生物排列,Descending Order of Resistanceto Germicidal Chemicals,细菌孢子,Becterial spores,霉菌,Mycobacteria,无类脂病菌或小病菌,Non lipid or small viruses,真菌,Fungi,营养细菌,Begetative bacteria,类脂病毒或中等大小病毒,Lipid or medium sized viruses,消毒剂使用方法,Sanitizer Application,喷射浸或循环流动,泡沫,打雾,接触时间,:EPA 30,秒,Label 1-2,分鐘,一般消毒剂使用指引,General Guideline forSanitizer Application,1.,消毒应为清洁过程之最后步骤,(,先清洁,后消毒,),2.,消毒完成后超过,4,小时,应在使用前重新消毒,细菌数量,0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 etc.,清洁后时间,(,分钟,),延滞期,8,16,32,64,128,256,迅速增长,消毒剂对污水处理系统的影响,Effect of Sanitizers on Waste Treatment Plants,不正确使用,大量排放或泄漏,影响因素,消毒剂对污水处理系统的影响,Effect of Sanitizers on Waste Treatment Plants,QACs“,季铵,”,-,受阴离子活性抑制,Chlorine“,氯”、,Iodine“,碘,”,及,Peroxy“,过,氧醋酸,”,-,于短时间失效,Acid/Carboxylic“,酸性,”,-,于酸碱度,4.0,时失去效能,影响因素,二氧化氯的优点,Chlorine Dioxide-CIO,2,Advantages,氧化力强的化学物质,较,“,氯,”,能抵受有机物质,对不锈钢腐蚀性较低,对酸碱度敏感性较低,二氧化氯的缺点,Chlorine Dioxide-CIO,2,Disadvantages,不安全,有点毒性,对光及热敏感,成本高,臭氧的优点,Ozone-O,3,Advantages,强烈的氧化气体,广泛控制细菌活动,臭氧的缺点,Ozone-O,3,Disadvantages,不稳定,对酸碱度敏感,对温度敏感,安全的问题,有毒,成本高,腐蚀性,紫外光的优点,Ultraviolet-UV Advantages,不受酸碱度及温度的影响,不会留下味道及气味,低毒性,理想的消毒剂,Ideal Sanitizer,广普杀菌能力,迅速消灭细菌,方便及可溶于水中,稳定,能抵受污垢、硬水等,环保及不含有毒物质,不含腐蚀性,经济,使用安全,为何要使用消毒剂,Why Do We Sanitize?,保障产品的安全,保障产品的质量,-,延长保存期,遵守政府的法例,