第5章数词、形容词和副词的翻译.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第五章数词、形容词和副词的翻译,I.Translation of Numeral,1.Translation of number,Literal Translation,Converting English unit into Chinese unit,英语中一些较大的数目汉译时可以换算，用汉语“万”、“亿”等汉语词语译出。如：,Foreign-funded enterprises exported,$665,000,000 worth of goods,up 33%over 1994,the report said.,译文：该报道称，外资企业出口了价值,6.65,亿美元的商品，比,1994,年上升了,33%,。,注意：需要加以注意的是，英美等国在大数计数法上是有所不同的。英国、德国采用的是“百万进位制”，而美国、法国等国采用饿则是“千进位制”。因此，“,billion”,、“,trillion”,、“,quadrillion”,、“,quintillion”,等数词在两种计数法里表示大小不同的数值。翻译中遇到这类大数时，必须首先弄清楚原文采用的是何种计数法，这样才能做到正确的表达。,billion,法、美,十亿；,英、德,万亿，兆,trillion,美、法,万亿、兆；,英、德,百万兆,quadrillion,英、德,百万的四次幂,乘方,之数,(1,后有,24,个,0,的数,);,美、法,千的五次幂,乘方,之数,(1,后有,15,个,0,之数,),quintillion,美、法,百万的三次方；,英、德,百万的五次方,Practice 1,1,、液态溴在,58,沸腾，在这个温度它变成红褐色的气体。,2,、等电压到了,150,伏再开始下一个操作。,3,、试验证明，能量节约可达,40%,左右。,2.Translation of Indefinite numerals,Practice 2,1,、在几千个备件中，只有一个不合格。,2,、许多县已建立了发电站、化肥厂以及许多别的工厂。,3,、元素周期表由属于,8,个族的,100,多个化学元素组成。,4,、这些材料在,150,以下变得十分柔软、易于弯曲。,5,、煤的含氧量每增加,1%,，其热值则下降约,1.7%,。,6,、迄今为止，已经发现了大约,25,种神经传递素。,3.Translation of multiples increasing and decreasing,英语,表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样，其中有一些很容易译错,其主要原因在于：英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下：,1.Multiples increasing,，,要特别注意所增加的倍数是否包含基数。如包含基数，通常可译为：增加到,倍；增加为,倍。而不包含基数表示净增时，可译为：增加了,倍。常用倍数增加表达法及译法的有下列,4,种：,1.increase,by,n,times,增加了,n-1,倍或增加到,n,倍；,2.increase,n,times,增加了,n-1,倍或增加到,n,倍；,3.increase,by,a factor of,n,增加了,n-1,倍或增加到,n,倍；,4.increase,to n,times,增加到,n,倍或增加了,n-1,倍；,The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.,化肥产量比,1986,年增加了,4,倍（增加到原来的,5,倍）。,That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.,那可使代谢率提高到原来的,2,倍或,3,倍（即提高,1,倍或,2,倍）。,The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.,漏电压增加了,3,借（即增加到原来的,4,倍）。,The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.,集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。,注：在这类句型中,increase,常可被,raise,，,grow,，,go/step up,，,multiply,等词所替代。,Examples:,2.Multiples comparison,英语中表示倍数比较的句型通常可译为“比,多,倍”、“相当于,倍”、“是,倍”等。常用倍数比较表达法及译法有下列,4,种。,A is n times greater(longer,more,)than B.,“A,是,B,的,n,倍”或“,A,比,B,大,n-1,倍,(,净增,n-1,倍,)”,A is n times as great(long,much,)as B.,“A,相当于,B,的,n,倍”或“,A,比,B,大,n-1,倍,(,净增,n-1,倍,)”,A is larger than B by n times,“A,是,B,的,n,倍”或“净增,n-1,倍”,A is n times the size(length,amount,)of B.,“A,是,B,的,n,倍”,This book is three times as long as,（,three times longer than,，,three times the length of,）,that one.,这本书的篇幅是那本书的,3,倍即长两倍）。,The melting point of this metal is greater than that of copper by approximately 2.5 times.,这种金属的熔点大约比铜高,1.5,倍。,注：当相比的对象,B,很明显时，,than,（,as,，,of,）,B,常被省去。,III.There is a n-fold increase/growth,应译为：增加,n-1,倍（或增至,n,倍）。这个句型还有其它一些形式：,A record high increase in value of four times was reported.,据报道，价值破记录地增长了,3,倍。,IV.double,（增加,1,倍），,treble,（增加,2,倍），,quadruple,（增加,3,倍）。,The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.,这些机器的效率已提高了,2,倍或,3,倍多。,（五）此外，英语中还有一种用,again,而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法，如：,A is as much,（,large,，,long,，,）,again as B.,=A is twice as much,（,large,，,long,，,）,as B.,应译为：,A,比,B,多（大，长，,）,1,倍。,A is half as much(large,1ong,)again as B.,=A is one and a half times as much(large,1ong,)as B.,应译为：,A,比,B,多（大，长,）一半（即,A,是,B,的一倍半）。,Practice 3,1,、由于自动化的结果，那个工厂的生产率增加了,4,倍。,2,、工业电子产品销售额曾叫了,5,倍。,3,、机床产量增加了,3,倍。,4,、电流增加了,2,倍。,Practice 4,1,、这种炉的耗电量比那种类型的多三倍。,2,、这根杆的长度相对于那根的四倍。,3,、氧原子的原子量几乎是氢原子的,16,倍。,4,、氦的原子量比氢的原子量重三倍。,5,、滚动轴承的起动摩擦约比转动摩擦大一倍。,3.Translation of multiples decreasing,在英语里，人可以说“减少了多少倍”和“成多少倍地减少”，但在汉语里却不能这样说。汉语里只能说“减少了几分之几”或“减少到几分之几”。因此，在翻译倍数的减少时，译文应更符合汉语的习惯。常用的倍数减少表达法及译法有以下,5,种：,decrease by 3(n)times,减少了,2/3(1-1/n),；减少至,1/3(1/n),decrease by a factor of 3(n),减少了,2/3(1-1/n),；减少至,1/3(1/n),decrease 3(n)times,减少了,2/3(1-1/n),；减少至,1/3(1/n),3(n)times less than,减少了,2/3(1-1/n),；减少至,1/3(1/n),A is 3(n)times smaller than B“A,是,B,的,1/3(1/n),；,A,比,B,小,2/3(1-1/n),以上均译为：减少到,1/n,或：减少（,n-1,）,/n.,decrease,常被,reduce,，,shorten,，,go,slow down,等词替代。,Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.,新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了,1/3,（即缩短到,2/3,）。,When the voltage is stepped up by ten times,，,the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.,电压升高,9,倍，电流强度便降低,9/10,（即,90,）。,The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.,该设备误差概率降低了,4/5.,The wire is two times thinner than that.,这根导线比那根导线细,1/2,。,There is a n-fold decrease/reduction,这个句型还有其它一些形式，,Eg.A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.,发现迅速减少到,1/7.,The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.,这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了,1/2.,从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出：与汉语不 同的是，,英语,在表述或比较倍数时，无论使用什么句 型（除了不含倍数词的,again,句型外）都包括基础倍数在内，因此都不是净增或净减,n,倍，而是净增或净减,n-1,倍。,3.Decreasing of multiples,Practice 5,1,、新型电容器的引线缩短了,5/6,。,2,、操作费用减少了,1/5,。,3,、电的耗损减少了,3/4,。,4,、这根管子比那根轻,4/5,。,4.,百分比的译法,Practice 6,1,、焊接强度可增加,45%,。,2,、试验证明，能量消耗可降低,30%,。,3,、能量耗损减少到不足,10%,。,4,、它的粮食产量比,1998,年增长了,18%,。,5,、钢产量比去年增加了,30%,。,5.,特殊数量词词组的翻译Practice 7,1,、十有八九，这项试验不可能得出良好的结果。,2,、这些数字表明分子折射度的改进值为一个数量级。,II.Translation of adjectives,1.General methods,Literal translation,Practice 1,1,、尽快予以适当的处理，以免氢蚀致脆。,2,、复杂的计算机系统易于受软件故障所害。,3,、零件必须十分坚固，才不会在使用中破损。,4,、这种钢淬火后变得很硬很脆。,conversion,a.adj.-n.,Practice 2,1,、氢的密度约是空气密度的,1/14,。,2,、氦是一种很轻的气体，重量只为氢的两倍。,3,、冰浮在水面上，因为它的密度比水小。,b.adj.-v.,Practice 3,1,、在热学方面，机械工程师关心的是热力学、流体力学和传热学。,2,、在很大程度上，这是从这类系统获得高精度的原因。,3,、传动比取决于两个啮合齿轮的齿数比。,4,、发电机一旦启动，这些辅助设备就关上了。,c.adj.-adv.,Practice 4,1,、最近，对于某些半导体的奇怪特性有一些发现。,2,、研究和发展对于航空航天工业是特别重要的。,3,、在铜和大多数纯金属里，随着温度的升高，电阻也会明显地增大。,4,、早期激光器的缺点之一是它不能连续地工作。,5,、这些金属离子阻碍电子流动，引起电子运动大幅减弱6,、使用润滑油是为了确保机器正常地运转。,2,、,Translation of attribute adjectives,译为“,的”,Practice 5,1,、轴承最常见的应用是支撑将功率从一处传至另一处的旋转轴。,2,、万维网是一个独特的通讯和出版媒体。,译为短语,Practice 6,1,、将地热能转变成电能是输送这种能量的一种切实可行的办法。,2,、电子如果运动，就会产生磁场。,译为主谓结构,Practice 7,1,、滚针轴承的承,载能力大,。,2,、还要确保,风量、湿度和温度稳定,方面作出相对多的努力。,3.,形容词作后置定语的译法,1.,齿轮的齿必须具有足够的强度来运转。2.,我们将尽一切努力来改善电力供应。,3.,我们希望一切在开工之前就绪。,4.,科学家们已经找到了一种适合于大多数岛屿的近海和岩海地区的测量方法。,5.,煤是一种适合发电的燃料。,6.,能够买到的变压器只有上海产的。,A mathematical or logical operation must meet a certain,condition,.,Interactive programming,conditions,are now available for some commercial programming language.,The results of a biopsy indicate a rare nonmalignant,condition,.,Doctors learn that he suffers from a blood disorder and hesitate to treat him with an antivenin,which they believe might make his,condition,worse.,The frequency with which the filter should be removed,inspected,and cleaned will be determined primarily by aircraft operating,conditions,.,idle space,无功电流,large loads,中心频率,idle current,间隔接点,large growing,高容量,idle frequency,慢行程,large capacity,有害空间,idle contact,空转,large pressure,生长快的,idle stroke,重载,idle motion,高电压,Black holes,act,like huge drains in the universe.,（把动词,act,转译成名词）,Administrative personnel should be,mathematically,informed if they are to make wise decision.,（把副词,mathematically,转译成名词）,The greater the number of the free electrons in a material is,the better,its,conductivity.,（把,its,所指代的名词还原出来。）,It is possible to differentiate,these reactions,owing to,their,difference in intensity.,（用互换法翻译下划线部分）Of the two possibilities,this is more likely than that.,All that can be done is to convert energy from one form into another.,There were very few,if any,people had been infected with the AIDS virus through blood transfusions thirty years ago.,It is natural that physics should have a continuing influence on philosophy.,What a motor does is to change electrical energy into mechanical driving power.,This suggests that matter can be converted into energy,and vice versa.,It is said that mathematics is the base of all other sciences,and that arithmetic,the science of numbers,is the base of mathematics.Numbers consist of whole numbers(integers)which are formed by the digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,and 9 by combinations of them.For example,247two hundred and forty sevenis a number formed by three digits.Parts of numbers smaller than 1 are sometimes expressed in terms of fractions,but in scientific usage they are given as decimals.This is because it is easier to perform the various mathematical operations if decimals are used instead of fractions.,So today,we dumped another 70 million tons of global-warming pollutants into the thin shell of atmosphere surrounding our planet,as if it were an open sewer.And,tomorrow,we will dump a slightly larger amount,with the cumulative concentrations now trapping more and more heat from the sun.,