英语语法口诀记忆法.pdf

英语语法口诀记忆法第一章 词类与句子的*1.陈述句变疑问句口诀：*“是，情，助”，移向前，主语让步往后缩，现 在过去do来变，谓语只把原形现，最后莫忘问号 点。*2.对划线部分提问的程序;*一代（用疑问词代替划线部分）*二移（把疑问词移至句首）*三倒（颠倒主谓语，但对主语提问时除外）*四抄（照抄其他部分）第二章构词法*可总结为：*构词方法有多种，转化就是词 类变，派生要加前后缀，合成 方法也常见，单词多加变新意;长词难记可截短，掐头去尾成 混合，有时还见缩写词。第三章名词 名词复数(The plural)一般词尾加s，s,/之后es,辅音+y变i,-es莫忘还 加上。.部分名词复数的规则变化-1)以。结尾的名词变复数。a.力口s。如：photo-photos piano-pianos radio-radios zoo-zoos b.力口es。如：potato-potatoes tomato-tomatoes 巧记以-。结尾加三S的词，或总结为一句话：黑人英雄爱吃土豆西红柿。Negroes and heroes like to eat potatoes and tomatoes.c.均可。如：zero-zeros/zeroes 2)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数。.记住f(e)结尾的名词：妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌；.半片树叶遮目光，躲在架后己命保。knife-knives leafleaves wolf-wolves wife-wives life-lives thief-thieves shelf-shelves 不变的为：belief-beliefs roof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs*巧记单数变复数时不同形的名词：*男女脚步牙鹅，老鼠孩子加虱婆。*man-men woman-women foot-feet toothteeth；*goose-geese mouse-mice louse-lice childchildren*同形的有：*中日人民爱护羊，鹿儿小鱼单复都一样。*sheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish Japanese-Japanese*Chinese-Chinese第四章限定词*限定词分前中后，倍数分数是前位，冠词算是中位词，还有指代和物代；基数序数相关词，都作后位限定词。前位中位只一个,后位可以有多个。*三类限定词的搭配顺序为:*前位一一中位一一后位。冠词(Article)*i）定冠词的用法。*特指都熟悉，上文已提及;*世上独无二，序数最高级;*普通变成专用名,*零冠词的用法。*专有名词不可数,*复数名词表泛指,*颜色语种和重复,方位only弹乐器。学科球类三餐饭;节日星期月份前;称呼习语加头衔。第五章代词 注意事项(1)当人称代词在分裂句中作中心成分时，常用作主格。It is he who did it.但在非正式语体中也可用宾格。It is me that did it.,编，辐S乱盆爵甯空爵yt/except+人称代词:的结 Nobody but she can solve our problem.只有她能解决我们的问题。Everody except he agreed to the idea.除他之外每个人都同意这.但若安吾被分隔而此短语出现在句尾时，则用宾格。Nobody but she can solve our problem but her.Everybody except he agreed to the idea except him.用作句子宾语时，只能用宾格。、I interviewed everybody but/i,力,除他之外我请了每个人。They caught him cheating on the exam,(not his)他布抓着蒯在考试中作弊。八（42/在a里。吟/华培媛卫平之后引用第一二人称反身 代词作王语，却木用弟二人新皮身代骨。-i ng作补语，Anyone but yourself would have noticed the change.除你本人外大家都注意到了变化。、Nobody but myself noticed the change.除我自己再 没人汪意到变化。*Nobody but himself noticed the change.应该说：Nobody but he himself noticed 己再笈人注意到变化。the change.除他自(5)反身代词本身不能单独作主语。Myself drove the car.I myself drove the car.我自己开车。(6)但在and,or,nor连接的并列主语中，第二 个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself作主语。Charles and myself saw it.(7)第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己 感到骄傲。第六章数词*基数词的构成是：”连，百位之后and,千位点“J;一逗千，二（逗）百万，三逗号用读百 十段是 个分就O*基数词变序数词歌*基变序，有规律，词尾加上-th;一、二、三,是转例,结尾字母t,d,d；八去t,九去e,ve要用f替；ty改成tie,再加-th 变几十；几十几也简单，前用基来后用序。第七章动词*现在分词的变法可概括为：单词之后加-ing,有e先要砍它去，辅音y 直接加，还有重读闭音节，字母双写好亲 热。*过去式及过去分词可概括为：*过去两种加二ed,e尾单词直接-d,辅音字 母加y,-ed之前变i。*加-ing要双写的常见动词可概括为：*一个明两个d和g,(swim)(nod,rid)(dig,beg)5 三n,四p,十个t(run,win,begin)(dip,drop,mop,stop)*(sit,hit,fit,set,get,let,put,regret,forget,pat)o 规则动词加ed的读音：*清读t,浊元d,t d后面读id。*lie lay lain躺*lay laid laid放下；产蛋*lie lied lied撒谎。*口诀:规则的“撒谎”，不规则的“躺”，“躺”过就“下蛋”，“下蛋”不规则。第八章情态动词*8.1 can/could/be able to*canbe able t。相同能力能力不同两种时态各种时态(肯定句中)过去 一般的能力(肯定句中)过去具体的能力*(1)表示能力。*(2)表示过去的能力时，可用could和was/were able to,但在肯定句中，could所表示的能力是泛指过去的一般能力。*如果要表示过去做某具体事情的能力，要用was/were able to。*但在否定句中无此限制。*I couldn7 t/wasn7 t able to play the piano when I was at school.当我在学校的时候不会弹钢琴。*(3)表示可能性。*A gas can be turned into a liquid.气体(可)能转化为液体。*(4)表示许可，在非正式场合，可以代替may。*You can go home now.你现在可以回家了。must/have to*(1)must表示出于主观意识而必须要做某事,have to却表示由于某种客观原因而不得不做某事。除此以外，have to自身有时态的变化形式。*Must的三种否:定形式绝不熊、一定不要mustn，3 be not to不必needn t推测can t-Musi wehand in our exercises today?我们今天必须交 作业吗？*(2)must常用于肯定句中表示猜测：对现在或未 来的事进行猜测时，后接动词原形；对已经发生 的事进行猜测时，后接have+过去分词。第十章被动语态*1被动语态的意义及结构*在不知道动作的执行者是谁或没必要说出 动作的执行者是谁的情况下用被动语态。可总结为：*动作谁做不知道，说出谁做没必要，接受 动作者再强调：主动变成被动式，先宾摇 身变后主,动词+be变pp,时态全由be来 管，by-可要可不要。注意：_,(1)have及类似hqvg盥静态碰词become,hold,lack,resemb 1 e,sui-t无被动语态。如:-Bob has a book in his hand.*A book was had by Bob.This little room becomes(适合)her.*She is became by this little room.趟僦蝙吾魏罩翻臃鹳解He hurt himself.*Himself hurt is by him.We should help each other,f*Each other should be helped.(3)少数动词只有被动句,无主动态。如:She was born in Beijing.She is reputed to be the best singer here.第十一章虚拟语气 在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的 宾语从句中的虚拟语气。.可总结为：.一个坚持两命令，三个要求四建议。.一个“坚持”：insisto.两个“命令”：command,ordero 三个要求”的:request,demand,require。四个“建议”：propose,suggest,advise,recommando第十二章非谓语动词*跟不定式作宾语的动词：*要想干，同意办，愿意不愿意，决定尽量干。*(1)要求，想要，希望：want,wish,hope,expect,intend,meano*(2)同意：agree,promiseo*(3)意愿:care,hate,refuse。*(4)决定，企图：determine,decide,attempt,try,manageo*跟不定式作宾补的动词是：*(1)劝教命请叫：advise,teach,order,command,ask,tell。*(2)允许又警告：allow,permit,warno*(3)使役帮想望：cause,let,have,make,help,get,wish,want,expecto*(4)知觉全部上：feel,hear,watch,see,observe,notice。*后接动词不定式作宾语补足语省略不定式 符号“to”的一些常用特殊词：*一感feel,二听hear,listen to,三让have,let,make,四看see,look at,observe,watch；还有except和but,前面 有do to略去；主语从句有do式，to有to无都可以。只能接动名词作宾语的动词:*放弃享受可后悔，坚持练习必完成，延期避免非介意，*考虑要求不自禁，建议冒险去献身，错过否认不喜欢。*即动词：*give up放弃 enjoy享受 repent后悔 keep(on)继续*insist on坚持 practise练习 finish完成 dislike厌 ZEE 心*admit接受 acknowledge 承认 postpone延迟 delay耽 误 -*avoid避免 escape避免 mind介意 consider考虑*require要求 carin t help不禁 suggest建议*既跟动名词也跟不定式意义差别不大的动 词：*试图开始继续爱，讨厌忽略计划要 求更喜欢。即动词：attempt,begin,start,continue,deserve,dread,hate,intend,like,love,need,neglect,omit,plan,prefer,require。第十三章形容词、副词*1、形容词在句中的位置*形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前。如果 有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，顺 岸为:*限观形，色国材，用途分词或名词。*即：限定词一表示说话人评价的形容词一表示大 小、形状、新旧的形容词一表示颜色的形容词一 表示国别、来源、材料的形容词一表示用途或目 的的形容词或分词、名词等类别词一名词的中心 I司O*2、形容词与副词的比较级*规则变化如下:一般要加erest,e不发音先取e辅音单个先双写，若加y变i；多音单词看前面,加more变成比较级，most加成最高级。第十四章感叹句、强调句和 疑问句*反意问句可总结为：*原意问句两部分，前回陈述后面回；am百 定用aren t,wish祝愿用may问；否定 词后全肯定，词缀不算定不定；不定代词分人物，人可看作单复数，物体只能用单数；复合句子看主语，有“我”作主看从句，注意转移否定词；have,must 用处 多,不同形式不同意；祈使反意用will,let祈使有两种，有我用shall,无我用 willo*陈述部分有have,疑问部分根据实际情况而定：*动词have表示有，问句好变提句首，要想 否定加not,助动have也如此；have还有 许多意，疑问都用do打头，否定要用do noto第十五章定语从句*基本构成为：先行词+引导词+从句。*可总结为：*定语从句有两种，限定加上非限定，不定 代词最高级，only,veiy序数词，人物混 杂there be,that最能来修饰;非限定中它 不行。as前后都可以，which 修饰句中间,还作宾语跟介词。*定语从句的简化*定语从句似短语，复句可变简单句；经常 动作进行时，短语要用-ing；将来动作情 态意，要用短语不定式；带有介词更简单,可以直接用介短；非限定中系表句，短语 要用形容词；被动句子也好变，p.p.短语 用一遍。第十六章状语从句的口诀*16.1原因状语从句*可总结为：*because语气数最强，能被修饰能强调；since,as语气弱，可在前面可在后，还有 朋友好几个(seeing that,now that),但遇过去便分裂，now that不能替;可怜 for语气弱，悄悄跟后推缘由。第十九章直接引语和间接引语*可总结为：*直接引语变间接，人称变化有规律，一随 丰L二随宾，第三人称不更新;寸态都要 往前提，ago变成before,next前面加个 the；这变那来变去；问句顺序变陈述，-般同同用if,祈使加to踉原幻；若是客观 或虚拟，加上情态不变时；当时当地来转 述，时地状语都不变。加没出莅嘈饰1 册修 称、邙转果所 人_的如宾晴得化日 变”一句句需。个人 晨“从从J S H爵三人支兵人1-费王胤需打I。密空=ii凝乂部二翦1-1一照譬镰主用。矍日音第可7f/IE:不饕可驾 由r s?l 立买笥工弟。n 0 月勺占磐而勤,=第二十二章独立主格*独立主格(Absolute Construction)可概 括为：主从主语皆相同，短语状语用分词；主从 主语不相同，独立主格最好成。*分词、“介短”、形、副词，主语加前为 一张。with结构不可轻，与in结构大不同,in中 名词无修也无朋。人体部分能作主，Vt动词用P.P.，Vi动词-ingo*独立主格结构的构成*名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词。*名词（代词）+形容词。*名词（代词）*名词（代词）*名词（代词）+副词。+不定式。+介词短语构成。第二十四章主谓一致 1语法一致(Grammatical Concord)(1)不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)，用单数谓语形式。如：The work is important.这项工作重要。To serve the country is our duty.为祖国服务是我们的义务。(2)复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。The children are taken good care of.孩子们得到很好的照料。They have gone to Chengdu.他们去成都了。.(3)以“and或both-and连接的并列主语,承写作复数用。What he says and what he does do not agree.他言行不一致。Both Tom and I are fond of English.我和汤姆都喜欢英语。(4)以“and”连接的并列主语，如果指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽 象概念)，作单数用。Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.火腿肠是一顿好早餐。A cart and horse was seen in the distance.远处能看见有一套马车。量修襦寸:嚼曜I藏语，“and”前、后的单数词语都有each,every,many,Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享 有平等权益。.(6)语由many”罢有二缜二寞鲁than one+名词”构成，接单数谓语；“agood Qgreat)many+复名 接复数由语。Many a man has done his duty.许多人尽了义务。A great many teachers were present at the meeting.许多老师出席了会议。more than two(three,)+复名接复数谓语。More than one hundred students have attended the concert.不止一百名学生听了 这场苜东会。建由5/an+单名+or two”构成，大多接单数谓语：“one or two+复名”接 复数谓语 Only a man or two is(are)needed.只需一两个人。One or two reasons were suggested.提出一两条理由。田奥/an+单名+and a half”主语常接单数谓语；one and a half+复名”多接复数谓语。A month and a half has passed.月半已过去了。One and a half tons of coal are sold.已卖了一吨半煤。9)主语由短语“a kind/sort/type+名词”，谓语用单 形式。This kind of apple is sweet.这种苹果甜。This kind of apples is sweet.但kind/sort/type前有these/those修饰，同时of-词组中 名词为复数，则动词用复数。These kinds of apples are sweet.(10)主语后接with”等构成的短语修饰成分时，谓 语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的 常用的词是：with,along with,together with,as well as,but,besides,except,added to,including,like,no less than,rather than,more than等。*A woman with two children has come.一位妇女 带着两个孩子来了。*I,as well as they,am ready to help you.他 们和我都愿意帮助你。*(11)“one of+复数名词+定语从句”的先行词 如果是“复数名词”，从句的谓语用复数形式。*This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year.这是今年出版的最佳小说之-o(关系词“that代novels)*(12)为了强调one或者前加this,the,the only”等时，定语从句接单数谓语。2、意义一致原则(Notional Concord)“people,police1）有些集合名词如：“people,police 翻藕翻催人mi poultrycattle（牛,作主语时;The police have caught the murderer.警方已才甫获凶手。Domestic cattle provide us with milk.beef,and hides.牛给我们墀供奶、肉和皮子。(2),有些集合名词如army,audience,.company,.committee,crew,crowd,staff,family,public,government.group,party,union,coup1e.populations team峰指“自冰时作单数:措其中的“成 摄务时作复数。That herd of cows and calves is the healthiest the farm has had in some time.那群牛是农场饲养的最健康 的牛。*That herd of cows and calves are moving toward the sheds by twos and threes.那群牛三三两两的向牛栏走 去。Our family is a happy one.我们有个幸福的家庭。*The family are early risers.这家人都起得早。但上述集合名词也可有复数形式，如families,two classes.等。有些变复数形式后意义不同，如：peoples,多个民族；youths,男青年；folks,亲友。*不可数名词的集体名词如foliage machinery,equipment,furniture,随后的动词用单数。*All the machinery in the factory is made in China.*(3)不定代词each,one,much,(a)little,either,neither,another,the other(+单名)等作主语时，谓 语常用作单数。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。*Each of the girls(Each girl)has a new hat.每个女 孩都有顶新帽子。*Neither skirt suits me.|BNeither of the skirts suits/suit me.两个裙子者&不适合我。*(4)复合不定代词someone,somebody,something,anybody,anyone,anything,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,no one,nothing等作主语时,谓 语一般作单数用。*Is every body here?都到齐了吗？*There was nothing special then.那时没什么特别情况。*(5)不定代词(a)few,many,several,both 作复数用。、*Few(of the guests)were familiar to us.没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。-*Both/Both(of)these are interesting.两部影 片都有趣。*(6)下列代词：half(of),plenty(of),the rest(of),(a)part(of)等，须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。什*Half of the apples are bad.苹果中有一半是 坏的。*Half of the apple is bad.这只苹果坏了一半。(7)表示“运算”的数词，减或除用单数，加或乘，单、复数均可。Forty minus fifteen leaves twenty-five.40减15是25。Ten times four makes(make)forty.10乘以4得40。.(8)表”时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。Twenty years is not a long time.20年光阴，弹指一挥 筒。Twenty years have passed since he left.他离开已20 个年头了。(9)“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。About 30 percent/of the books here are(7s)worth reading.这些书中30%值得读。Only sixty percent/three-fifths of the work was done yesterday.昨天只干完了60%即3/5的工作。(10)以“-ices”结尾的学科名词，如physics,mathematics,mechanics,optics,politics,statistics,economics,linguistics,athletics,作单数。Mathematics seems easy to me.我似乎觉得数学不难。但是，表“具体的学业、活动”等时，多用作复数。Her mathematics are weak.她数学差。(指“运算能力”)What are your politics?你的政治观点如何？The economics of the project are still being considered.这个工程的经济效益正在被考虑。(11)“works工厂，means方法，series系列，species物种，aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体 意义来决定单、复数。*This works was(These works were)built two years ag。.这(几)家工厂是两年前修建的。*Every means has(All means have been tried.各种 办法都试过了。*(12)英语中有一些疾病名称是以-s或-es结尾，如 arthritis,bronchitis,rickets,mumps,diabetes等，这类名词通常作单数用。*Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.腮腺炎是一种 传染病。*(13)群岛、山脉、海峡等地理名词用复数。*The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of plant and animal life.喜马拉雅山脉有种类繁多的动植物。*The Straits of Gibraltar have not lost their strategic importance.直布罗陀海峡没有失去它战略上 的重要性。*(14)英语中有一些由两个部分组成的物体名称，是以-s 结尾。如scissors,glasses,shorts,trousers,suspenders,通常用复数。*John s new trousers are black and white.约翰的裤 子是黑色和白色。*如果说有单位词，则由单位词的单、复数决走：*One pair of scissors isn t enough.一把剪刀不够。*Two pairs of scissors are missing from the room.屋 子里的两把剪刀丢了。还有一些名词,如archives,arms clothes contents,eaves,fireworks,goods,minutes,morals,remains,stairs,suburs,thanks,wages,通常用复数。_ His thanks were most profuse.他一再表示谢意。The archives of this society are kept in the basement.这个社会的档案保存在地下室里面。.(15)“the+形容词/分词”作主语，指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。The English speak English.英国人讲英语。The rejected were heaped in the corner.废品 堆在角落里。.(16)%th；+形容词/分词”作主语指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。_ The deceased was his father.去世的是他父亲。The agreeable is not always the useful.好看 的不一定中用。The new and progressive always wins over the old.新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。*(17)”书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常隹单数用。*The United States was founded in 1776.美国成立于 1776年。*The Arabian Nights is very interesting.天方夜谭很有趣。*(18)“what等引导的从句”作主语吁，大多作单数用。*What we need is more practice.我们需要的是更多的实践。*What he says doesn t agree with what he does.他言彳亍不致。*但，若从句是含复数意义的并列结构，或表语是复数时，谓语动词用 单数或复数均可。*What you say and think is/are no business of mine.你怎么说以 及怎么想，不关我的事。、*What he bought was/were some books.他所买的是几本书。(19)由what,who,why,how引导的主语从句,谓语 动词通常用单数：两个由and连接的并列名词性分句，如果表示两件事，动词用复数。、What we need is more time.我们需要的是时间。What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a problem to us.什么 引发的事故，谁负责，对我们仍然是个问题。在以what-分句作主语的SVC结构中，如果主句补语是 复数名词，主句的谓语可用复数。What was real to him were the details to his life.对他最重要的是对生活的细节。3 就近原则(Principle of Proximity)*(1)由下歹Ij词语or,eitheror,nor,neither空r,whetheror,notbut,not oniybut al so等连接的并列主语,按就近原则处理。*What he does or what he says does not concern me.他的行为或 言谈都与我无关。、*Neither you nor I am wrong.你和我都没错。*(2)在倒装句中，谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。*In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.在远处，能听见鼓掌声和人们的呼喊声。*存在句中，实义主语为名词词组并列结构时，只要第一个并列成分不 是复数，谓语便可用单数。如：*There is a tall girl and three fat boys in the team.在队伍里 有一个高个子女孩三个胖男孩。第二十五章名词性从句*1引导名词性从句的连接词*引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类。*无成分连接词：that,whether,if不充当 从句的任何成分。*做成分的连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,whicho*做成分的连接副词：when,where,how,whyo*2 whether与if均为“是否”的意思，但 有区别*(1)whether引导主语从句并在句首。*(2)whether引导表语从句。*(3)whether从句作介词宾语。*(4)从句后有or not”时,用whether。3否定转移(1)肖忠语是I、.we时，inUJ 端器蠢褊肯鳗豳藕、一 I don7 t think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don7 t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。g|：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能 I hope you weren7 t ill.我想你没有生病吧。(2)将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转未多到前面。集温情国盛翟翩they know where to go.看*tomorrow.括勰触蛛甑上般线/suw二云碣嬴曜等动名词、介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语 赢金号槛:啸款客髭据徜蛆凿慝:理?）我记得从It s not a place where anyone would ex罂力歌噩脂觌黔street,tanyo。ect、tQt-see.#_ ne作王语，从句中（4）有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。西为曾巳朝域0方苗善恒累镀）food for itself alone.蚂蚁不只He was not ready to,heHpxniethine.just.because.辑每tie（窑悬器般选鹅加里士爹例生过如同如何,就轻She had not been married many weeks when that man s麴胁驯鼠援牛热螂黯觉胡用骗诵麴亭迷。（否XE状诏many weeks;第二十六章存在句*1 基本结构*There be+主语+地点/时间状语。*there be后接不定式时常用主动形式表示被动意 义。如：*Therea lot of work to do.有许多工作要做。*注意：当该句型主语是something,anything,nothing等不定代词时，后面的不定式用主动形式 或被动形式，意义各不同。、*There is nothing to do.没有事可做。*There is nothing to be done.没有办法。（束 手无策）*2 there be结构中的be的时态*be可用于各种时态。*There is going to be a meeting tonight.今晚 有个会议。*There was a knock at the door.有人敲门。*There has been a girl waiting for you.有个 女孩一直在等你。*There may be a rain this afternoon.今天下午 可能有雨。*There used to be a cinema here before the liberation.解放之前，这儿有一家电影院。*3变体*there be句型中的be还可以换成其他的动词与 there连用，这些词都是表示这态白勺，如live,stand,exist,remain等，或用来描写某事的发 生或某人的到达，如come,appear,enter,follow,occur等。*There lived a rich man.这以前住着一个富翁。*There came a knock at the door.然后有人敲门。*There followed a terrible noise.然后是传来 了可怕的声音。*Suddenly there entered a strange man.突然进 来了一个奇怪的人。