新版轮机英语unit37__Regulations_of_Fire_Fighting.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lesson,37,Regulations of Fire Fighting,第,37,课 消防规则,Precaution against fire,防火注意事项,The only sure way to avoid the consequence of a disastrous,（,di,za:str,s,灾难性,的）,fire at sea is not to have one.,避免（船舶）在海上因灾难性火灾而引起重大损失的最好方法就是排除一切安全隐患。,Most ship fires in peace time,（和平时期）,are caused by,carelessness,（粗心）,ignorance,（无知）,or stupidity,（糊涂）,.,在和平时期，大部分的船舶火灾都是由于粗心、无知或糊涂造成的。,It is therefore the,duty,（职责）,of all,seafarer,s,（,si:ferr,，船员,）,to see that,（确保）,they are not found,guilty,（,adj,.,违背的）,on any,of these,count,s,（,注意事项,，罪状）,.,因此，确保自己没有违背这些注意事项中的任一条是所有船员的职责注意：动词,find,后常跟形容词作宾语补足语。,In,accommodation,（居住舱室）,the greatest attention must be paid to,the,safe disposal,（安全摆放）,of,cigarette end,s,（烟头）,and,match,es,（火柴）,.,在（船员的）居住舱室，必须十分注意烟头和火柴的安全摆放。,One should always,be certain that,（确保）,the match is actually,extinguish,ed,（熄灭）,and the cigarette end,properly,（完全地）,stub,bed,out,（,snuff out,，掐灭,）,before being put in a safe,receptacle,（容器）,.,火柴和烟头在被投放到安全容器中之前，应该确保火柴和烟头已经熄灭。,The,rotating top type,（,顶旋式,）,of,ash tray,（,烟灰缸,）,is safest as there is no chance of the contents being,scatter,ed,around,（散落）,the,cabin,（居住舱室）,should the ash-tray,slide off,（滑落）,the table in,rough weather,（恶劣天气）,.,顶旋式烟灰缸是最安全的，因为即使在恶劣天气下散落在居住舱室的物体也不会使烟灰缸从桌面滑落。,Matches should not be kept,loose,（散乱的）,and should be,safety type,（安全型）,though,（可是）,this name should not be taken too,literally,（字面上）,as,（因为）,they,are,still,liable to,（容易）,self-ignition,（自燃）,under certain,circumstance,s,（环境）,.火柴不可以散乱放置并且应使用安全型火柴，可是，不能完全从字面上来理解安全型火柴这个称谓，因为在一定的环境下它们仍然容易自燃。,All,electrical appliance,s,（电气设备）,must be firmly,secure,d,（固定）,and served by,permanent connection,s,（固定连接）,wherever possible.,所有的电气设备必须可靠固定，并尽可能采用固定连接。,If,flexible leads,（软导线）,must be used they should be as short as possible and so arranged that,chafing,（摩擦侵蚀）,or,cutting off,（切割）,the wires in service,（在使用中）,is not possible,whilst the correct size of,plug,（插头）,and,socket,（插座）,with an effective,earth connection,（接地）,should be used.,如果必须使用软导线，应尽可能的短以避免出现在使用中摩擦侵蚀或切割软导线，同时应使用带有有效接地的合适插头和插座。,Cases have been found where two loose wires,（松动线路）,to a,portable lamp,（手提灯，航灯）,were merely held into a,socket,（,插座）,by matchsticks,（类似火柴棒的固定物）,and fires have been caused by portable lamps being,so placed,如此放置,that they fell over,in rough weather,（恶劣天气）,.,现已发生引起火灾的案例：手提灯的两条松动线路仅通过类似火柴棒的固定物固定在插座上，在,恶劣天气,时手提灯滑落而引起火灾。,Heat from the,electric light bulb,电灯泡,itself can ignite,combustible material,（可燃物）,and this is an all too common cause of fire.,Makeshift,代用品,paper shades,deeply charred,严重地烧焦,have been found in cabins,（居住舱室）,and the occupants,（居住者）,seem to have been,blissfully,幸福地,unaware of the danger.,来自电灯泡本身的热量就可点燃可燃物，这也是火灾发生的一个常见原因。在居住舱室中发现临时使用的简易纸质灯罩已严重烧焦，而住居者还（满脸）幸福地，似乎没意识到危险。,On no account should,combustible material,（可燃物）,be allowed to come into contact with a,naked light bulb,（裸灯泡，没有灯罩的灯泡）,-,proper shades should be provided.,决不允许可燃物与裸灯泡直接接触，如需接触应适当遮盖。,The correctly,rated fuse,（额定保险丝）,should always be used in a circuit.,电路中应使用恰当的额定保险丝,。,When a fuse burns out,repeatedly,（重复地）,one of,heavier load,（,过载负荷,）,is often fitted though the fault,which may be in the wiring,remains undetected,（未发现,）,.,当保险丝频繁被烧坏时，在线路布置中肯定存在导致故障发生的未被发现的过载负荷。,Similarly,the addition of,extra appliances,（额外设备）,to a circuit which is not designed to carry the additional load,（额外负荷）,will cause the wires to overheat,producing failure of the insulation,（绝缘）,a short circuit,（短路）,and the resultant fire.,同样地，线路中附加的非设计的,额外设备,导致了额外负荷，使得线路过热，绝缘失效，短路并最终起火。,The most usual cause of accommodation,（居住处所）,fires,however,has been the habit of smoking in bed.,然而，起居处所的火灾通常都是由躺在床上吸烟引起的。,It seems,beyond comprehension,（,难理解）,that people do not realize that just before sleeping the senses are,dul,led,（迟钝的）,and it is impossible to be certain that the last cigarette will be properly extinguished.,这似乎让人很难理解，因为人们没有意识到在睡前人的感觉是迟钝的，并且也无法确认香烟是否已经完全熄灭。,Although people know that this action has cost the lives of many others,they still believe that they could not make such a mistake as to fall asleep whilst smoking.,尽管人们都知道很多人为此而付出了生命，他们仍然认为自己不会犯还吸着烟就睡着了的错误。,Many fires have originated,in ships galleys,在船舶厨房,generally because of overheated pans of fat catching fire,but sometimes because of oil leakage where oil fired cooking stoves were fitted.,船上厨房间引起的火灾，通常是加热肉类脂肪的锅过热而引起的，也有是因为在烹饪中油的漏洒。,In,cargo spaces,proper,stowage,堆装物,and ventilation should prevent overheating and possible,spontaneous combustion,自燃,在货舱,，妥善堆放货物和有效通风可防止过热和可能自燃的发生。,and providing no cigarette ends or,unextinguished,matches are drop among the cargo,it will be safe.,倘若在货舱中没有丢弃的烟头或未熄灭的火柴，货舱将会是安全的。,Illegal,不合法的，非法的,smoking in cargo and storage compartments and in forbidden spaces such as the centre-castle on,tankers,has taken,a heavy toll,沉重的代价,of both ships and crews.,在货舱、仓库以及,油船,中部船楼等禁止吸烟处的非法吸烟，己经使船舶和船员付出了沉重的代价。,In the machinery spaces,precautions should mainly take the form of cleanliness,the prevention of oil leakage,and the removal of all combustible materials from,vulnerable,易受伤的，脆弱的,positions.,在机舱，应做好以下防范措施,:,清洁、防止漏油以及易着火地点易燃物质的清除。,Even a thick accumulation of paint,often found in old ships,can help to spread a fire.,一些老船甚至经常可见的厚层油漆，也会导致火灾的传播。,To prevent oil escaping unseen the pipes carrying hot oil under pressure should be above the floor plates,lighting above and below the floor plates,should be bright and comprehensive,and clean save-alls should be placed under the,burners and filters,.,为防止看不见的高压热油管漏油，应将其布置在防滑铁板上面，防滑铁板上面和下面的照明应当,良好并且覆盖面广,，应在,燃烧器和过滤器,下面布置干净的承油盘。,Oil burners should be carefully assembled and any which drip oil or burn unevenly should be changed.,燃烧器应小心装配，在漏油或燃烧不均匀时应做出调整。,Care should be taken before changing burners and filters to ensure that there is no pressure on them when they are opened.,在调整燃烧器和过滤器前应仔细检查，确保它们在打开时没有压力。,All,joints and glands,in oil lines and at pumps should be kept tight and leakage prevented,whilst,all broidery bars and the oil tight,coamings,designed to contain any overflow of oil should be intact and kept clean.,油管和泵的所有,接头和填料盖,应保持紧固，防止泄漏,;,同时，被设计用来盛装任何溢出,石油的油密封栏板和围护,都应保持完整和清洁。,Oil should not be allowed to accumulate on tank tops or in bilges and special care must be taken to prevent any uncontrollable overflow of oil from,storage or settling tanks.,油柜顶部或舱底禁止有积油，应特别注意以防止任何不受控制的油溢出,日用柜或沉淀柜。,In this respect,some of the arrangements provided in older ships for,overflow pipes,and for gauging,the contents of the settling tanks,were very dangerous.,这样看来，在一些旧船上安装的,回油管,以及沉淀柜油位测量等装置是十分危险的。,With the older float and wire type of gauge,which fortunately is rarely found nowadays,the,pulley,滑轮,carrying the wire was often not carried far enough above the top of the tank,so that should the tank be overfilled the oil could overflow into the engine room or over the boilers.,好在现在很少使用老式的浮子式浮尺以及线规，带线的滑轮不能在油柜上升得足够高，因此在货舱装得太满时油将会溢流进机舱或锅炉上方。,Fires are still caused by overflow pipes not being led to a safe place and,by loose or missing flange covers,on the top of the tank.,回油管未能引到安全地方以及,舱顶法兰盖松懈或遗失,，都能引起火灾。,Oil level indicators,should be of a type which will not allow oil to escape in the event of damage to them and it is preferable that they should be of a type which does not require,piercing,刺骨的，敏锐的,of the lower part of the-tank.,应选择这种类型的油位指示器,:,在发生损坏时,油位指示器,可防止漏油，最好是无需舱底钻孔类型的。,Wood,paints,spirits,tins of oil and rags or waste should not be kept in boiler rooms or/and machinery spaces,secure stowage in the tunnel or steering gear flat being suitable for such items,whilst dirty oil and oily rags should not be allowed to accumulate.,不能在锅炉间或机舱内存放木材、油漆、酒精、成桶油以及抹布或垃圾等，这些物品应安全堆放。在烟道或舵机平台，应禁止堆积污油和油布。,All electric wiring should be permanent,well maintained and kept clean and dry,and not overloaded by,the gradual addition of extra appliances.,逐步增加额外的设备。,所有电线应为固定连接，保养良好并且保持干净和干燥状态，不会因额外电器设备的并入而发生过载。,The question of smoking in the machinery spaces is a,vexed,使烦恼,one.,在机舱吸烟是一个很棘手的问题。,It seems,evident,明显的,显然的,however that even in places where the danger is greater than in ships engine and boiler rooms,it is impossible to make certain that a no smoking rule can be enforced,so that it is better to admit that people will smoke,and to provide suitable receptacles for the,disposal,处理,of the cigarette stubs.,然而，显而易见，即使在比机舱和锅炉间更危险的地方，禁烟规则也很难得到实施。因此，最好的办法是允许人们吸烟，并提供适当的容器用来存放和处理烟头。,Certain ships,e.g.tankers and certain,bulk dangerous goods carriers,散装危险货船,will of course have to restrict the places where smoking may be allowed.,一些船舶，比如说油船和一些散装有毒液体船应对允许吸烟的地点进行限制。,But it seems wise to ensure that any person wishing to smoke should have the opportunity of doing so in a safe place at reasonable intervals.,确保任何人在想吸烟时，都可以找到一个安全的地点和合适的吸烟时间，这个做法似乎是明智的。,Fire extinguishing appliances,消防设备,Water pumps,hydrants,and,hoses,消防泵、消火栓及水龙带,The finest cooling medium and the most universal fire extinguisher of is water.,水是最佳冷却介质，同时也是使用最广的灭火介质。,For carbonaceous materials,which are usually absorbent,a copious supply is preferred,whilst for,hydrocarbon materials,碳氢化合物材料,which in ships are usually oils,the water should be broken into small particles,in a special nozzle,to give the greatest heat absorbing surface area and to prevent any disturbance of the surface of the burning liquid.,对吸水性强的炭质材料，灭火时首先应提供足够量的水。对烃类材料一一在船上通常也就是油着火时，应通过一,特殊喷嘴,将水分解成微小颗粒状，以提供最大的热量吸收面积并防止任何对燃烧液体表面的干扰。,Water,even in the form of a spray,is of little use on,spirit or petrol fires,and it is safer not to use it on electrical appliances as it will act as a conductor(particularly if sea water)and can result in the operator receiving a,severe shock,重症休克,.,对,酒精或汽油着火,来说，即使喷雾状的水也无济于事。在电气设备着火时用水来灭火是不安全的，因为水是电导体,(,尤其是海水,),，用水灭火将会给操作人员带来极大的冲击。,Imagine how happy a fire brigade would be if they were called to a fire which was entirely surrounded by water.,在消防队得知发生火灾的地方周围水源充足时，他们的愉悦心情可想而知。,Their greatest worry regarding adequate supplies would be non-existent,and they would be able to get on with the job without having to,run out,用完,and couple up long lengths of hose.,他们最担心的是没有足够的水。如果水源充足方便，他们就可以迅速投入灭火工作，而无需释放或连接长长的水龙带。,Yet this is the position aboard ship,and if we can only ensure that this water will be readily available at a suitable pressure with the hoses and nozzles appropriate to the type of fire,we will be well equipped to deal with almost any eventuality.,然而船上的实际情况是：如果能够保证随时可以找到适当压力的水以及和火灾类型相适合的水龙带和喷嘴，我们就可以应付所有的突发火灾。,Most ships have an arrangement of,fire main and hydrant valves,whereby at least two jets of water may be directed on a fire in any part of the ship.,绝大多数船舶都有,消防总管和消火栓,，且至少能产生两股能达到船上任何着火部位的水柱。,The water supply to the fire main is generally provided by at least two power operated pumps in the machinery spaces,together with an alternative supply which can be brought into operation should the engine room be,untenable,不能防守的，不能维持的，支持不住的,.,消防总管的水通常至少有两台机舱内的动力驱动泵供应，在万一机舱不能进入时还可直接供水。,This is usually provided by a separate auxiliary pump driven by a diesel engine or by an electric motor coupled to an emergency generator.,这种供水通常是由柴油机带动的，或直接与应急发电机相连的电动机驱动的独立工作的辅泵,(,应急泵,),完成。,A,shut-off valve,截止阀,is fitted in the rising main from the engine room and may be operated from outside the space,so that if the engine room is,abandoned,离弃，丢弃the emergency pump can supply the deck line even if there is a burst water main in the engine room.,机舱以上的消防总管安装了截止阀，并可从机舱外操作此阀，这样就保证了在机舱消防总管爆裂采取弃舱的情况下，应急消防泵可向甲板管路供水。,The fire main can also be pressurized,if necessary,from the shore or another ship by use of the,international shore connection,国际通岸接头在需要时，消防总管也可以通过国际通岸消防接头由岸上或别的船舶增压。,The ideal arrangement,particularly in accommodation spaces,should allow one person to run out,sufficient hose,preferably from a,reel,卷筒,and by merely opening one valve to have an adequate jet or spray immediately available so that any fire could be,dealt with,处理,before it could get a good hold.,尤其是在起居处所，最理想的消防布置就是：可由一人从转轴上释放,足够长的消防水龙带,，仅靠打开一个阀就可立即获得足够的喷水或水雾，这样，所有的火灾都可以在扩散前得到很好的控制。,Marine engineering practice,轮机工程实践,In the machinery spaces where time is,vital,生死悠关的，极其重要的,hoses with spray nozzles,should be permanently attached to,hydrants,at strategic positions,and ideally should have a supply of water at a suitable pressure available at all times,requiring only that the hose be run out and the valve opened so that an effective spray may quickly be played on any fire that may occur.,在机舱着火时，时间是至关重要的，带有喷嘴的水龙带应牢固地连接在消火栓上，而且最好是在任何时候都可以供应合适压力的水。在发生任何火灾时，只要释放水龙带打开水阀就能产生有效喷雾，从而快速灭火。,For this purpose the hose is usually flaked,that is,stowed in a,zigzag,锯齿形,manner similar to the legs of a jumping cracker,firework,爆竹,.,因此，水龙带通常呈折叠盘起，如锯齿状堆放，像盘起的一盘鞭炮。,However,the entire hose has to be,laid out,before it can be used,so again it would be better if a,non-collapsible hose,could be carried on a reel having a,trunnion,炮耳，空枢，耳轴,supply as recommended for the accommodation.,然而，整个水龙带在,释放,后才能使用，因此在起居处所最好使用绕在卷盘轴上的,非折叠型水龙带,。,In both machinery and accommodation spaces,the difficulties of,laying out,铺设,and handling lengths of 63.5 mm diameter canvas obvious.,在机器处所和起居处所，铺设和处理直径,63.5 mm,的帆布水龙带时困难是很明显的。,Experience has shown that generally the,throughput,产量，吞吐量,of water in a 44.5 mm diameter lined hose is comparable to that in a 63.5 mm diameter canvas hose of the same length and at the same pressure and consequently increasing use is being made in these locations of the smaller size hose.,经验表明，直径,44.5 mm,的内衬水龙带的产水量与直径,63.5 mm,的帆布水龙带相当，且工作压力相同。因此，这些场所越来越多地使用小型号水龙带。,To assist in the extinction of ship fires many,special fire appliances,have been developed,both as,portable,and,as fixed,installations and these are dealt with below.,为消灭船舶火灾已研究出了很多,特殊的消防器具,，既有便携式，也有固定式，详见下面叙述。,Portable extinguishers,便携式灭火器,Soda-acid extinguisher,酸碱灭火器,The simplest extinguisher,in the event of a small fire in a cabin,is a bucket of water.,在船舱发生火灾时，最简单的灭火器就是一桶水。,However,it is difficult to,deposit,存放,the water on the right spot from any distance,and usually it all goes in one throw.,但是，我们很难做到无论距离多远都能把水泼洒到合适的位置，通常水都被要求洒向一处。,So a portable device which would project a jet of water with,accuracy over,精确度,a greater distance and for a longer period of time is required.,因此，我们就需要一种便携式的灭火设备，该设备能在较远的距离和较长时间内保证水喷射的准确性。,This has led to the development of the common,soda-acid extinguisher,which is fitted in the accommodation of most ships.,普通酸碱灭火器的出现满足了这些要求，并且在大部分的船上广泛安装与应用。,Chemical foam extinguishers,化学泡沫灭火器,With oil fires however,such a jet of water is not effective as it,disturbs,扰乱,the surface and spreads the oil,so it would be better if we could apply some substance which would cover the surface and prevent the supply of air so necessary to combustion.,然而对油类灭火，这种喷水方法并不奏效，因其破坏了油的表面并使油扩散。因此，如果我们能采用某种可以覆盖油类表面并且能阻止燃烧所需空气供应的物质来灭火，灭火效果将会更好。,This is,embodied,具备,in the typical chemical foam extinguisher which has been adapted from the soda-acid extinguisher by adding a foam-making substance,物质,to give the liquid a,soapysupi,肥皂质的,consistency capable of forming,bubbles,泡,having a tough,impervious,不透的,skin.,由于化学泡沫灭火器具备了这些特性，通过在酸碱灭火器中添加发泡物质使得消防液体具有形成气泡的皂质强度，而气泡表面不易破裂。,It is usually found in machinery spaces and other locations where an oil fire may occur.,通常放置在机舱或其他油类火灾易发生