新视界大学英语三-综合教程-Unit1.ppt

Two kinds of judgement译文译文Digging1 There are two different ways people judge you.Sometimes judging you correctly is the end goal.But theres a second much more common type of judgment where it isnt.We tend to regard all judgments of us as the first type.Wed probably be happier if we realized which are and which arent.Digging2 The first type of judgment,the type where judging you is the end goal,includes court cases,grades in classes,and most competitions.Such judgments can of course be mistaken,but because the goal is to judge you correctly,theres usually some kind of appeals process.If you feel youve been misjudged,you can protest that youve been treated unfairly.译文译文Digging3 Nearly all the judgments made on children are of this type,so we get into the habit early in life of thinking that all judgments are.译文译文Digging4 But in fact there is a second much larger class of judgments where judging you is only a means to something else.These include college admissions,hiring and investment decisions,and of course the judgments made in dating.This kind of judgment is not really about you.译文译文Digging5 Put yourself in the position of someone selecting players for a national team.Suppose for the sake of simplicity that this is a game with no positions,and that you have to select 20 players.There will be a few stars who clearly should make the team,and many players who clearly shouldnt.The only place your judgment makes a difference is in the borderline cases.Suppose you screw up and underestimate the 20th best player,causing him not to make the team,and his place to be taken by the 21st best.Youve still picked a good team.译文译文DiggingIf the players have the usual distribution of ability,the 21st best player will be only slightly worse than the 20th best.Probably the difference between them will be less than the measurement error.译文译文Digging6 The 20th best player may feel he has been misjudged.But your goal here wasnt to provide a service estimating peoples ability.It was to pick a team,and if the difference between the 20th and 21st best players is less than the measurement error,youve still done that optimally.译文译文Digging7 Its a false analogy even to use the word unfair to describe this kind of misjudgment.Its not aimed at producing a correct estimate of any given individual,but at selecting a reasonably optimal set.译文译文Digging8 One thing that leads us astray here is that the selector seems to be in a position of power.That makes him seem like a judge.If you regard someone judging you as a customer instead of a judge,the expectation of fairness goes away.The author of a good novel wouldnt complain that readers were unfair for preferring a potboiler with a racy cover.Stupid,perhaps,but not unfair.译文译文Digging9 Our early training and our self-centeredness combine to make us believe that every judgment of us is about us.In fact most arent.This is a rare case where being less self-centered will make people more confident.Once you realize how little most people judging you care about judging you accurately once you realize that because of the normal distribution of most applicant pools,it matters least to judge accurately in precisely the cases where judgment has the most effect you wont take rejection so personally.译文译文Digging10 And curiously enough,taking rejection less personally may help you to get rejected less often.If you think someone judging you will work hard to judge you correctly,you can afford to be passive.But the more you realize that most judgments are greatly influenced by random,extraneous factors that most people judging you are more like a fickle novel buyer than a wise and perceptive magistrate the more you realize you can do things to influence the outcome.Digging11 One good place to apply this principle is in college applications.Most high school students applying to college do it with the usual childs mix of inferiority and self-centeredness:inferiority in that they assume that admissions committees must be all-seeing;self-centeredness in that they assume admissions committees care enough about them to dig down into their application and figure out whether theyre good or not.译文译文DiggingThese combine to make applicants passive in applying and hurt when theyre rejected.If college applicants realized how quick and impersonal most selection processes are,theyd make more effort to sell themselves,and take the outcome less personally.译文译文judgment 释义释义n.C,U an opinion that you have after thinking carefully about something 判断；看法；评价例句例句It is still too soon to form a judgment about this.现在对此作出判断仍为时过早。翻译翻译WordsWords例句例句I respect his judgment and Ill follow any advice he gives me.我尊重他的判断能力，会接受他提出的任何建议。翻译翻译释义释义vt.to make a wrong judgment about a person or situation 错误地判断；错误估计WordsWordsmisjudge例句例句The defeat showed how badly hed misjudged the mood of the electorate.这次失败表明他对选民的情绪判断大错特错。翻译翻译例句例句I misjudged the turn and hit the sidewalk.我对拐弯处判断错误，驶上了人行道。翻译翻译释义释义a.not fair or reasonable 不公平的；不合情理的例句例句Its so unfair Mary gets more money for less work!太不公平了玛丽干的活少，拿的钱却多！翻译翻译WordsWords例句例句The unfair dismissal will be properly investigated.无理解雇一事将会得到彻底调查。翻译翻译unfair sake 释义释义n.C(usu sing)(for sbs;for the of sth)the benefit or good of someone or something 利益；好处例句例句He moved to the seaside for the sake of his health.为了健康，他移居到海边。翻译翻译WordsWords例句例句翻译翻译They tried to keep their marriage together for the sake of the children.他们为了儿女尽力维持着婚姻关系。真题真题Some women could have made a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.(Jan.2000,CET-4,Vocabulary and Structure)释义释义n.U the quality of being simple and not complicated,especially when this is attractive or useful 简单；简易；简明例句例句翻译翻译WordsWords例句例句His idea stood out because of its simplicity.翻译翻译他的构想因简明而突出。Because of its simplicity,this test could be carried out easily by a family doctor.这种测试简单易行，家庭医生就可以进行操作。simplicity 真题真题For hosts and guests,the change means greater simplicity and comfort.(Dec.2003,CET-4,Reading Comprehension)释义释义1a.(usu before noun)not clearly belonging to a particular type（类型）不确定的，含糊不清的例句例句Its a borderline condition,perhaps ready for surgery.情况不确定，大概可以做手术了。翻译翻译WordsWords例句例句 borderline candidate可上可下的候选人 翻译翻译borderline 释义释义2n.sing an imaginary point dividing one feeling or state from another,where it is hard to tell the difference between the two 不明确的界限；含混不清的境况例句例句Do not cross the borderline between admiration and love.不要跨越欣赏与爱慕之间的含混界线。翻译翻译WordsWords例句例句I didnt sleep well recently,always wander at the borderline of sleep and wakefulness at night.我最近睡不好，夜里总是处于半梦半醒的状态。翻译翻译borderline screw 释义释义v.(very infml)(up)to make a serious mistake or spoil something,especially a situation(使)弄糟；（使）搞乱例句例句I screwed up my exams last year.去年我考砸了。翻译翻译WordsWords例句例句Dave screwed up my files,now I cant find anything.戴夫搞乱了我的文件，我现在什么也找不到。翻译翻译释义释义1vt.to think that someone has less power or ability than they really do 小看，轻视（某人的权力或能力）例句例句I thought it would be an easy game but I had underestimated my opponent.我以为比赛应该很轻松，可是我低估了对手。翻译翻译WordsWords例句例句The first lesson I learnt as a soldier was never to underestimate the enemy.翻译翻译作为一名士兵，我学到的第一堂课就是绝不要小看敌人。真题真题 But the challenge is not to be underestimated.(Jan2002,CET-4,Reading Comprehension)underestimate 释义释义2n.C a wrong idea that something is smaller,less important etc than it really is 低估；估计不足例句例句People doubt that the accident casualty is an underestimate.人们怀疑事故伤亡人数有可能被低估了。翻译翻译WordsWordsunderestimate 释义释义n.C,U the way in which something exists in different amounts in different parts of an area or group 分布例句例句翻译翻译WordsWordsThe country was noted for its uneven distribution of land resources.这个国家以其土地资源的分布不均匀著称。例子例子翻译翻译the general distribution of earthquakes around the world全世界地震总的分布情况 distribution 释义释义a.best or most suitable within a range of possibilities 最优的；最适宜的例句例句翻译翻译WordsWords例句例句翻译翻译The optimal temperature range for growing mushrooms is from 55 F to 72 F.种蘑菇的最佳生长温度在华氏55到72度。We picked the optimal time to leave for the airport.我们选择最合适的时间出发去机场。optimal analogy 释义释义n.C,U a comparison between two situations,processes etc that is intended to show that the two are similar 比拟；比喻；类比例句例句翻译翻译WordsWordsShe drew an analogy between running the economy and a housewifes weekly budget.她用家庭主妇一周的预算类比经济的运行。例句例句翻译翻译By analogy,the heart is a pump and the brain is a computer.打个比方，心脏就是一只水泵，而大脑就是一部计算机。释义释义1ad.(lead sb)to make someone believe something that is not true 使（某人）误信例句例句翻译翻译WordsWordsIts easy to be led astray by the reports on the Internet.网络上的报道很容易让人受误导。例句例句翻译翻译The public was led astray by the false picture of reality given in his book.公众被他在书中对现实所作的虚假描绘迷惑了。astray 释义释义2 ad.(go)to become lost or go to the wrong place 迷路；走失例句例句翻译翻译WordsWordsWe marked the trail,so travelers will not go astray.我们给小路设标志使行人不致迷路。例句例句翻译翻译The cheque I sent them seems to have gone astray.我寄给他们的那张支票好像丢失了。astray applicant 释义释义n.C someone who applies for something,such as a job or loan of money 申请人例句例句翻译翻译WordsWords成功的申请者将会接到电话通知。Successful applicants will be notified by telephone.例句例句翻译翻译广告吸引来许多申请者。The advertisement attracted a number of applicants.application释义释义n.C,U a formal request for permission to do or have something 申请；请求例句例句翻译翻译WordsWords本大学欢迎成年学生的入学申请。The university welcomes applications from mature students.例句例句翻译翻译他们接受了我加入俱乐部的申请。They accepted my application to join the club.It is essential that these application forms be sent back as early as possible.(Jan.2000,CET-4,Vocabulary and Structure)真题真题释义释义例子例子翻译翻译WordsWords一批备用的社区项目志愿者 a pool of volunteers for community projectsa talent pool of great student athletes例子例子翻译翻译优秀学生运动员人才库 n.C a group of people who are available to work（可以工作的）备用人员pool rejection 释义释义n.C,U a refusal to accept someone for a job or course of study 拒绝聘用；拒绝录取例句例句翻译翻译WordsWords他在找到工作前一次次遭到拒绝。He faced rejection after rejection before finding a job.Ive sent off ten applications but Ive only had rejections so far.例句例句翻译翻译我寄出去十份申请，但是到目前收到的只是回绝信。extraneous 释义释义a.not relating to the subject or situation you are dealing with 无关的例句例句翻译翻译WordsWords我删掉了一些无关的东西。I deleted some extraneous material.例句例句翻译翻译他的报告包含了太多无关紧要的细节。His report contains too many extraneous details.释义释义a.always changing your mind about who or what you like（心理）多变的，无常的，不坚定的Praise none too much,for all are fickle.对人莫过赞，人人都会变。PhrasesPhrases例句例句翻译翻译The group has been notoriously fickle in the past.这伙人过去一直是出了名地善变。例句例句翻译翻译fickle 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译他对人很有观察力。perceptive a.able to notice or understand things quickly and easily 观察敏锐的；善于理解的PhrasesPhrasesHes very perceptive about people.例句例句翻译翻译一位善解人意的教师真的能帮助害羞的孩子。A perceptive teacher can really help a shy child.释义释义n.C(usu sing)the final result of a process,meeting,activity etc 结果；结局；后果PhrasesPhrases例句例句翻译翻译What was the outcome of your interview?你面试的结果如何?例句例句翻译翻译Its too early to know the outcome of her illness.现在要想知道她的病情结果还太早。outcome We are most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome.(Jun.1996,CET-4,Reading Comprehension)真题真题释义释义例句例句翻译翻译她接受了自已不如对手的现实。She accepted her inferiority to her rivals.n.U the fact that someone or something is not as good,important,intelligent etc as someone or something else 低人一等；下级；次等PhrasesPhrases例句例句翻译翻译He who envies admits his inferiority.嫉妒别人说明对自己感到自卑。inferiority 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译委员会已决定提高明年的会费。committee The committee have decided to raise membership fees for next year.n.C a group of people who represent a larger job,for example to study something and suggest what action to take 委员会PhrasesPhrases例句例句翻译翻译They decided to form a committee to look into the problem.他们决定成立一个委员会来调查此问题。My sisters professor had her rewrite her paper many times before allowing her to present it to the committee.(Jan.1989,CET-4,Vocabulary and Structure)真题真题释义释义1例句例句翻译翻译医疗卫生系统制度越来越繁琐，人情越来越淡薄。The health care system has become increasingly bureaucratic and impersonal.a.used about large organizations that do not think about peoples individual needs and situations(大型组织)不考虑个人需要的，不讲人情的，客观的PhrasesPhrases例句例句翻译翻译Usually an organization tends to get impersonal when it grows larger.一般来说，一个组织在壮大的过程会失去个人色彩。impersonal 释义释义2例句例句翻译翻译有的商场不设休息区也没有椅子让顾客歇脚，不够人性化。Some shopping malls are quite impersonal since there is no rest area and chair for client.a.used about a place that does not seem friendly because there are no personal features(地方）无人情味的，不够人性化的PhrasesPhrases例句例句翻译翻译a large impersonal city一座人情淡薄的大城市 impersonal 释义释义例句例句翻译翻译批评要批评得及时，不要养成事后批评的习惯。get into/in the habit of doing sth Make criticism in good time;dont get into the habit of criticizing only after the event.养成的习惯PhrasesPhrases例句例句翻译翻译I need to get into the habit of getting up earlier in the mornings.我必须养成每天早晨早点起床的习惯。释义释义例句例句翻译翻译他说你胖，只是开玩笑，请不要往心里去。When he said youre fat,hes just kidding,dont take it personally.to get upset by the things other people say or do,because you think that their remarks or behaviour are directed at you in particular 为某人的言行感到不快PhrasesPhrases例句例句翻译翻译If they tell me what theyre really thinking,I dont take it personally.如果他们告诉我实话，我就不生气。take sth personally释义释义例句例句翻译翻译科学家们在尽力探穷大自然的奥秘。Scientists are trying their best to dig into the secrets of nature.(infml)to try to find information about something 寻找，搜集（信息）PhrasesPhrases例句例句翻译翻译The policeman dug into the files the whole morning.那个警察整个早上都在查阅研究档案。dig into sth判断一个人有两种不同的方式，有时判断的最终目的是正确地判断一个人，不过另外一种则不是如此，并且这种判断要常见得多。我们往往认为所有的判断都属于第一种。如果能意识到哪些是第一种而哪些不是的话，我们也许会更幸福。TranslationTranslation原文原文两种判断两种判断 第一种判断，即把正确地判断一个人作为最终目的的判断，包括法院判决、考试成绩及大部分比赛。这些判断当然可能会有误判，但因为其最终目的是正确地判断一个人，通常会有某种类似于上诉的程序。如果你觉得别人没有正确评价你，你可以表示反对，说你受到了不公平的待遇。TranslationTranslation原文原文几乎所有对孩子的判断都属于第一类，所以在小时候我们就养成了这种习惯，认为所有的判断都是这样。TranslationTranslation原文原文但实际上还有更广泛地存在着的第二类判断，在这种判断中，对你作出判断只是做另一件事的手段。这包括大学招生、聘用及作投资决定，当然也包括在约会时作出的判断。这种判断并不是真正意义上对你作出的评价。TranslationTranslation原文原文假设你要为国家队挑选运动员。简单起见，假设这是一个没有位置要求的运动，并且你需要挑选二十个运动员。有一些明星运动员肯定要在队里，还有许多肯定不能入选。只有那些难作取舍的情况会让你的判断产生差别。即使你搞砸了，低估了排在第二十名的运动员，使他落选了，他的位置被排在第二十一名的运动员所代替，你还是组建了一支好的队伍。TranslationTranslation原文原文如果运动员之间的能力分配正常，第二十一名运动员只会比第二十名略微逊色，或者他们之间的差距比测量误差还要小。TranslationTranslation原文原文那位排在第二十名的运动员可能会觉得自己被错误地判断了。但是在此你的目的不是为人们提供能力评估服务，而是组建一支队伍，如果排名第二十位的与排名第二十一位的运动员之间的差距比测量误差还小，你还是作了最佳选择。TranslationTranslation原文原文用“不公平”来形容这种“不正确的判断”是一种错误的类比。因为在此目的不是为了对某个特定的个体作出正确的评估，而是选择合理的最佳组合。TranslationTranslation原文原文在此，会误导我们的一点是选择者看起来有点权力。这点权力会让人们认为他像个法官。如果你把对你作出判断的人看成是一个顾客而不是一个法官，那么你就没有了对公平性的期望。一部好小说的作者不会抱怨读者更喜欢金玉其外败絮其中的作品，说他们这样做不公平。也许会觉得他们愚蠢，但并没有不公平。TranslationTranslation原文原文 我们早年所受的训练，加上我们总是以自我为中心，使我们认为对我们所作的每个判断都是关于我们本身的判断。但事实上大部分并非如此。这是一个少见的例子，说明不那么以自我为中心会使人更自信。一旦你意识到人们在判断你的时候多么不在意对你的判断是否精确由于大部分申请人的正态分布，在判断会产生最主要的影响的情况下，最无关紧要的往往是判断是否精确，一旦你意识到这一点你就不会把拒绝看成是针对你个人了。TranslationTranslation原文原文 令人惊奇的是，把被拒绝看得不那么针对个人，能帮助你更少地遭到拒绝。如果你认为别人在对你作出判断时会努力做到判断正确，你能做的就是被动地接受。你越了解大部分的判断受随意性及不相关的因素影响很大，大部分人在对你作出判断时更像一个善变的小说购买者而不是一个理智而洞察一切的法官，你就越能认识到你能做一些事去影响最终结果。TranslationTranslation原文原文 这个理论最适用于大学申请。大部分高中生申请大学时带着不成熟的自卑和以自我为中心：自卑体现在他们认为招生委员会肯定是明察秋毫的；以自我为中心是他们认为招生委员会对他们非常重视，所以会认真研究他们的申请并权衡他们是否优秀。TranslationTranslation原文原文这些因素相结合就导致申请人在申请时很被动，并且在被拒绝时感到受伤。如果大