关键和新兴技术国家标准战略.pdf

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 1 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY MAY 2023 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 2 Table of Contents Executive Summary.3 What Standards Are and Why They Matter.4 Standards for Critical and Emerging Technology.6 The Objectives of the Critical and Emerging Technology Standards Strategy.8 Conclusion.14 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 3 Executive Summary Strength in standards development has been instrumental to the United States global technological leadership.Standards development underpins economic prosperity across the country and fortifies U.S.leadership in the industries of the future at the same time.Bolstering U.S.engagement in standards for critical and emerging technology(CET)spaces will strengthen U.S.economic and national security.The U.S.Government has long engaged in these standards development processes through an approach built on transparency,private sector and public sector leadership,and stakeholder engagementa process that reflects the United States commitment to free and fair market competition in which the best technologies come to market.Government support for scientific research and development(R&D),an open investment climate,and the rule of law have also been critical for U.S.standards leadership.Americas workers,economy,and society have benefited significantly as a result,as have those of like-minded nations alongside which the United States has collaborated to forge technological progress.Today,however,the United States faces challenges to its longstanding standards leadership,and to the core principles of international standard-setting that,together with like-minded partners,we have upheld for decades.Strategic competitors are actively seeking to influence international standards development,particularly for CET,to advance their military-industrial policies and autocratic objectives,including blocking the free flow of information and slowing innovation in other countries,by tilting what should be a neutral playing field to their own advantage.The United States must renew our commitment to the rules-based and private sector-led approach to standards development,and complement the innovative power of the private sector with strategic government and economic policies,public engagements,and investments in CET.By supporting our unrivaled innovation ecosystem and related international standards development as part of a modern industrial strategy,we can ensure that CET are developed and deployed in ways that benefit not only the United States but all who seek to promote and advance technological progress.Strengthening the U.S.approach to standards development will lead to standards that are technologically sound,earn peoples trust,reflect our values,and help U.S.industry compete on a level playing field.This strategy outlines how the U.S.Government will strengthen U.S.leadership and competitiveness in international standards development,and ensure that the“rules of the road”for CET standards embrace transparency,openness,impartiality and consensus,effectiveness and relevance,coherence,and broad participation.UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 4 What Standards Are and Why They Matter From computers and smartphones to cars and lightbulbs,societies rely on technology standards for everyday life.In the broadest sense,standards are the common and repeated use of rules,conditions,guidelines,or characteristics for products or related processes,practices,and production methods.1 They enable technology that is safe,universal,and interoperable.Standards define the requirements that make it possible for mobile phones sold in different countries to communicate across the world,for bank cards issued in one country to be recognized at ATMs in another,and for cars to run on fuel purchased from any gas station.Standards also help manage risk,security,safety,privacy,and quality in the development of new innovationsIn short,good standards are good for business,good for consumers,and good for society.Standards Developing Organizations(SDOs)consist of experts from industry,academia,civil society groups,and government,all of whom share a common goal of ensuring safety,interoperability,and competition in a particular technology or technology application.In well-functioning SDOs,ideas are selected not on the basis of the nationality,employer,or personality originating them,but instead on the basis of technical merit.Six principles govern the international standards development process:transparency,openness,impartiality and consensus,effectiveness and relevance,coherence,and a commitment to participation by low-and middle-income countries.The private sector has led U.S.engagement with SDOs for more than 100 years.An example of how this system works comes from the communications industry.Qualcomm Technologies provided the proposal in the 1990s that became the basis for all 3G standards,while NTT Docomo,a large mobile phone operator in Japan,provided the proposal that later became LTE,the predominant standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals.This private sector leadership has come with significant assistance from government and academia.In 1901,the Congress established the National Bureau of Standardswhich has since become the National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST)as the authoritative domestic measurement science research and standards laboratory.Not long after,five engineering societies and three Federal agencies banded together to establish a national non-governmental body now known as the American National Standards Institute(ANSI).ANSI is a private,nonprofit organization that administers and coordinates the U.S.standardization system and is the sole U.S.representative to the International Organization for Standardization(ISO)and the International Electrotechnical Commission.Industry,consortia,and private-sector groups often complement the roles of NIST,ANSI,and ANSI-accredited SDOs,working together to develop standards to solve specific challenges.To date,this approach,supported by U.S.leadership,has fostered an effective and innovative system that has supercharged U.S.and global economic growth.In an era of rapid technological transformation and global scale,standards will continue to define and drive the markets of the future.Standards for CETadvanced technologies that are 1 https:/www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/revised_circular_a-119_as_of_1_22.pdf UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 5 significant for U.S.competitiveness and national security-carry strategic significance.2 The United States will work with all nations committed to an open and transparent standards system to lead the way in these new arenas-just as we did with previous internet,wireless communications,and other digital standards.Failing to do so will risk the United Statesand the worldsinnovation,security,and prosperity.2 https:/www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/02-2022-Critical-and-Emerging-Technologies-List-Update.pdf UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 6 Standards for Critical and Emerging Technology The United States will prioritize efforts for standards development for a subset of CET that are essential for U.S.competitiveness and national security,including the following areas:Communication and Networking Technologies,which are enabling dramatic changes in how consumers,businesses,and governments interact,and which will form the basis of tomorrows critical communications networks;Semiconductors and Microelectronics,including Computing,Memory,and Storage Technologies,which affect every corner of the global economy,society,and government,and which power a panoply of innovations and capabilities;Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning,which promise transformative technologies and scientific breakthroughs across industries,but which must be developed in a trustworthy and risk-managed manner;Biotechnologies,which will affect the health,agricultural,and industrial sectors of all nations,and which will need to be used safely and securely to support the health of our citizens,animals,and environment;Positioning,Navigation,and Timing Services,which are a largely invisible utility for technology and infrastructure,including the electrical power grid,communications infrastructure and mobile devices,all modes of transportation,precision agriculture,weather forecasting,and emergency response;Digital Identity Infrastructure and Distributed Ledger Technologies,which increasingly affect a range of key economic sectors;Clean Energy Generation and Storage,which are critical to the generation,storage,distribution,and climate-friendly and efficient utilization of energy,and to the security of the technologies that support energy-producing plants;and Quantum Information Technologies,which leverage quantum mechanics for the storage,transmission,manipulation,computing,or measurement of information,with major national security and economic implications.There are also specific applications of CET that departments and agencies have determined will impact our global economy and national security.The United States will focus standards development activities and outreach on these applications,which include:Automated and Connected Infrastructure,such as smart communities,Internet of Things,and other novel applications;Biobanking,which involves the collection,storage,and use of biological samples;Automated,Connected,and Electrified Transportation,including automated and connected surface vehicles of many types and unmanned aircraft systems,many of which may be electric vehicles(EVs),along with the safe and efficient integration into smart UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 7 communities and the transportation system as a whole,including standards to integrate EVs with the electrical grid and charging infrastructure;Critical Minerals Supply Chains,where we will promote standards that support increased sustainable extraction of critical minerals necessary to manufacture renewable energy technologies,semiconductors,and EVs;Cybersecurity and Privacy,which are cross-cutting issues that are critical to enabling the development and deployment of emerging technologies and promote the free flow of data and ideas with trust;and Carbon Capture,Removal,Utilization and Storage,which can build on evolving standards for CO2 storage,and emerging standards for point source carbon capture,removal,and utilization,especially as those standards relate to monitoring and verification.UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 8 The Objectives of the Critical and Emerging Technology Standards Strategy The lifeblood of SDOs is good-faith engagement on the technical merits.As such,this strategy focuses on increasing U.S.private and public sector engagement with SDOs that will sustain and strengthen this foundational ethos.The U.S.Government and its partners in the public and private sectors will launch new efforts to do this.In so doing,we will foster U.S.and likeminded nations competitiveness in emerging markets and work to vigorously promote our shared values and market economies based on impartial and effective standards.The U.S.Government will pursue the following four objectives and corresponding eight lines of effort in its strategy:Objective 1:Investment Science,technology,research,experimentation,and innovation have been the keys to the United States long standing as a global leader.Continued broad bipartisan support for Federal investment in cutting-edge R&D will enable the United States to achieve the greatest aspirations of this century.Standards are substantially driven by technical contributions that flow from R&D,and greater U.S.investment in pre-standardization research and analysis helps facilitate contributions to standards-setting discussions.Context:Novel discoveries,technical insights,and refinements are at the core of many new standards,especially in CET.Historically,the U.S.Government has facilitated this vital innovation.Government R&D investments catalyzed U.S.standards leadership and shaped successful standards that include Wi-Fi,the C computer programming language,and the suite of technologies comprising cellular communications.Action:The U.S.Government will bolster its support for R&D in CET and further increase investment in pre-standardization research.Innovation,cutting-edge science,and translational research will remain the drivers of U.S.influence and leadership in international standards development.To this end,the Biden-Harris Fiscal Year(FY)2024 budget funds CHIPS and Science Act discretionary investments at over 80 percent of the FY24 authorized levels.Line of Effort#1:Increase R&D funding to ensure a strong foundation for future standards development.The Administration will work with the Congress to increase funding for R&D through appropriations as requested in the Biden-Harris Administration FY24 budget.This budget features spending levels for basic and applied research that top$100 billion.Total Federal R&D is$210 billion,an increase of nearly$9 billion over the FY23 level and an historic amount.As part of these efforts,we will accelerate fundamental research to drive technical contributions to international standards,fostering the translation of these research results and measurement science into globally accepted specifications and features.In addition,we will explicitly recognize as within scope SDO participation by Federal R&D grantees and funding recipients,when appropriate.For example,the National Science Foundation is currently updating its proposal and award policies and procedures to include participation in standards development activities.UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT NATIONAL STANDARDS STRATEGY FOR CRITICAL AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 9 Line of Effort#2:Support the development of standards that address risk,security,and resilience.The U.S.Government is uniquely suited to lead standards development on topics of national security.For example,it has developed standards that support priority access for public safety and emergency services during disasters and wide-scale emergency events.U.S.Government supportincluding through our national labsfor standards like these will enable future innovation and development to be done in as secure and resilient a manner as possible.We will continue to support the development of standards that consider the impacts and effects of risk(comprised of threats,vulnerabilities,and consequences)and account for security concerns.O