GMAT-逻辑推理题critical-reasoning.ppt

Click to edit Title Slide,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,Click to edit Title Slide,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,Critical Reasoning,Peter Pan,A000002,股票在明天还会上涨,到今天为止，,A000002,股票出现三天连续上涨,该股票出现三天连涨后，第四天,也,会上涨,Premise,Conclusion,Assumption,Assumption,Premise,Conclusion,Critical Reasoning,Argument Structure,Critical Reasoning,Argument Structure,A000002,股票在明天还会上涨,到今天为止，,A000002,股票出现三天连续上涨,根据数据统计，该股票出现三天连涨后，第四天有,80%,的情况都是上涨,。,这段,时间该股票的运行情况和以前第四天出现上涨的情况相似,中国股市从来没有规律,Critical Reasoning,Argument Structure,Studying regularly is one factor that has been shown to improve ones performance on the SAT.Melissa took the SAT and Scored a 1500.If she studies several times a weak,Melissa can expect to improve her score,.,Melissa,can expect to improve her score.,Studying regularly is one factor that has been shown to improve ones performance on the,SAT.,Melissa took the SAT and Scored a 1500.,Studying several times a weak qualifies as studying regularly,Assumption,Premise,Conclusion,Critical Reasoning,Find the Premise,stated,pieces of information or evidence that generally provide support for the given conclusion,could be Facts,opinions,claims,s,howing background,t,elling,a story,Several industries have recently switched at least partly from older technologies powered by fossil fuels to new technologies powered by electricity.It is thus evident that less fossil fuel is being used as a result of the operations of these industries than would have been used if these industries had retained their older,technologies,.,Critical Reasoning,Common Signal Word,Premise,Conclusion,Assumption,Therefore,As,a,result,Suggests,Indicates,Accordingly,So,Consequently,Thus,Hence,It,follows that,Since,Due to,As a result of,Because,Given that,As,Manager:the new manufacturing process should save us time in the end,even though the first step of the five-step process will take twice as long as,it does under the old process.Far fewer of the components will be found,defective and the sole purpose of steps two and three under the old process,is to weed out defective components.As a result,we should be able to,eliminate,two of the five steps in the existing manufacturing process.,Which of the following would be most useful in evaluating the claim made in,the argument?,Therefore Test,(,1)X,therefore Y.If this works,Y is the conclusion.,(2)Y,therefore X.If this works,X is the conclusion.,Critical Reasoning,Find the Conclusion,X:The new process should save us time.,Y:we should be able to eliminate two of the five steps in the process,.,Critical Reasoning,Draw,the Conclusion,紧跟前提条件,Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of,a countrys,currency over time.However,many economists no longer,recommend,this policy.A currency of lesser value causes a countrys exports to,be more competitive,in the international market,encouraging domestic,industries,and making the economy more attractive to foreign investment,.,The,statements above most strongly support which of the,following inferences,?,(,A)Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in,the national,deficit.,(B),Curbing government spending can make a countrys exports,less competitive,.,(C)Many economists now recommend higher levels of,government spending,.,(D),An increase in the value of a currency will result in reduced,government spending,.,(E)Competitive exports indicate a-weak currency,.,Critical Reasoning,Draw,the Conclusion,Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of,a countrys,currency over time.However,many economists no longer,recommend,this policy.A currency of lesser value causes a countrys exports to,be more competitive,in the international market,encouraging domestic,industries,and making the economy more attractive to foreign investment,.,The,statements above most strongly support which of the,following inferences,?,(,A)Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in,the national,deficit.,(B),Curbing government spending can make a countrys exports,less competitive,.,(C)Many economists now recommend higher levels of,government spending,.,(D),An increase in the value of a currency will result in reduced,government spending,.,(E)Competitive exports indicate,a weak,currency,.,F,）,Government,investment,can make a countrys exports less competitive.,超,出,前提讨论范围,超出前提讨论范围,偷换概念,因果倒置,因果倒置,Increases in the level of high-density lipoprotein(HDL)in the human bloodstream lower bloodstream-cholesterol levels by increasing the body,capacity to rid itself of excess cholesterol.Levels of HDL in the bloodstream of some individuals are significantly increased by a program of regular exercise and weight reduction.,Which of the following can be correctly inferred from the statements above?,Individuals who are underweight do not run any risk of developing high level of cholesterol in the bloodstream.,Individuals who do not exercise regularly have a high risk of developing high level of cholesterol in the bloodstream late in life.,Exercise and weight reduction are the most effective methods of lowering bloodstream cholesterol levels in humans.,A program of regular exercise and weight reduction lowers cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of some individuals.,Only regular exercise is necessary to decrease cholesterol levels in the bloodstream of individuals of average weight,.,Critical Reasoning,Draw,the Conclusion,The average fuel efficiency of vehicles sold nationwide during the,period 2000-2004,was 25 miles per gallon;the,corresponding figure,during the,period 1995-1999,was 20 miles per gallon.The national average price of gasoline,during the,period 2000-2004 was$2 per gallon;the corresponding figure during the,period,1995-1999 was$1.60 per gallon,.,The statements above,if true,best support which of the following conclusions?,(A)The average fuel efficiency of vehicles sold nationwide should reach 30,miles per,gallon for the period 2005-2009.,(B)The national average price of gasoline during 1997 was lower than the,corresponding,price during 2003.,(C)Rising gasoline prices lead consumers to purchase more fuel-efficient cars.,(D)Between the two described time periods,the national average fuel efficiency,and the,national average gasoline price both increased at roughly the same rate.,(E)Consumers spent more money on gasoline during the period 2060-2004,than during,the period 1995-1999.,Critical Reasoning,Draw,the Conclusion,Logic fallacies,Critical Reasoning,Draw,the Conclusion,In certain congested urban areas,commuters who use public transportation,options,such as trains and subways,spend approximately 25 percent less,time in transit,on average,to reach their destinations than commuters who,travel by car.Even individuals who drive their entire commute in,carpoo,l,lanes,which are typically the least congested sections of roadways,still,spend more time,on average,than commuters who use trains and subways.,The,statements above,if true,best support which of the following,assertions,about commuting in the congested urban areas mentioned above?,(A)Waiting in traffic accounts for approximately 25 percent of the,commuting,time for individuals who drive to their destinations.,(8)Walking between a subway or train station and ones final,destination does,not,on average,take longer than walking between ones car,and ones,final destination.,(C)Using carpool lanes does not,on average,reduce driving time by more,than 25 percent.,(D)Individuals who commute via public buses spend approximately 25,percent,more time in transit than those who commute using public trains,or subways,.,(E)Subways and trains are available in the majority of congested,urban areas,.,Critical Reasoning,Draw,the Conclusion,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,(A)Viewers are more interested in sports and weather than in personal,interest,stories.,(B)The programming content of Nighttime News is more closely aligned with,the,interests of the overall audience than is the content of World News.,(C)Some World News viewers liked the new Nighttime News programming,better,than they liked the World News programming.,(D),There are other possible causes for an increase in the number of viewers,of,Nighttime News,including a recent ad campaign that aired on many,local,affiliates.,(E)The quality of World News will remain constant even if Nighttime News,improves,.,For several years,Nighttime News attracted fewer viewers than World News,which broadcasts its show at the same time as Nighttime,News.Recently,the producers of Nighttime News added,personal interest stories,and,increased coverage of sports and weather.The two programs,now,have a,roughly equal number of viewers.Clearly,the recent programming changes,persuaded viewers to switch from World News to Nighttime News.,Which,of the,following,is an assumption on which the author relies?,(1)bridge a gap between any premise and the conclusion,and,(2)support/strengthen/validate the conclusion.,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,Premise,Conclusion,Assumption,The local university recently hired a new soccer coach.Although she has several years,worth of,coaching experience and is a diligent student of the game,she was never a member of,a collegiate,soccer team.For this reason,the new coach will be unable to build a,successful program,.The argument above is based on which of the following assumptions?(A)The local university should have hired a former collegiate,soccer player,as its new coach.(B)Coaching experience is one of the most crucial factors for,coaching,success.(C),The previous,coach at the university was dismissed due to her lack of,success,(D)To build a successful soccer program as a coach,one,must,be,a former collegiate soccer player.(E)The university does not plan to provide the new coach with the resources necessary to build a successful program.,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,紧跟,结论，不能转移话题重心,紧跟结论,When news periodicals begin forecasting a recession,people tend to spend,less money on discretionary purchases.Therefore,the perceived threat of,recession decreases the willingness of people to purchase products that they,regard as optional or luxury goods.,The argument above assumes that,_,(A)there are more luxury goods available after a recession is forecast,(B)recently,the threat of recession has been increasingly publicized as news,periodicals have grown more pervasive,(C),most people do not regularly read news periodicals,(D),peoples perception of the threat of recession increases when news,periodicals begin forecasting a recession,(E)the people who spent the most money before a recession was forecast,were among those who curtailed their spending after the recession became,apparent,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,紧跟结论,Premise,Conclusion,Assumption,News periodicals publish the forecast of a recession,People spend less money on discretionary items,Therefore,the perceived threat causes people to spend less money,As a,result,peoples perception of the threat of a,recession increases,As a,result,peoples perception of the threat of a,recession,does not,increases,Negating any correct assumption will destroy the argument,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,紧跟结论,Sam is currently the deputy mayor of,Geneva County,.Therefore,Sam,should be,the next mayor of Geneva when the current mayor retires,Which of the following is an assumption,on which,the author relies?,Imagine two possible answer choices:,(A),Sam is the most honest person in the whole county.,(B),The deputy mayor is always the best person to become the next,mayor when,a current mayor retires.,Sam is NOT NECESSARILY the most,honest person,in the whole county.,The,deputy mayor is,NOT NECESSARILY,the,best person,to become the next,mayor when,a current mayor retires.,Always,.only.all:insert Not necessarily.,or,Some.not in place of All.,(B)Tomatoes are always red.,LEN:Tomatoes are NOT NECESSARILY always red.,Never,.none,not one.not once:change to At least one or at least once.,(D)Not one player was late for practice.,LEN:AT LEAST ONE player was late for practice.,Some,a few,several:change to No or None.(Notice that this may sound,extreme),(A)Some cats purr when you pet them.,LEN:NO cats purr when you pet them.,Sometimes,on Occasion,often:change to Never.(Notice that this may sound,extreme),(A)Cats sometimes purr when you pet them.,LEN:Cats NEVER purr when you pet them.,At least,at most.more than,less than:change to the mathematically opposite term.,(C)She has at least three different job offers.,LEN:She has LESS THAN THREE different job offers.,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,紧跟结论,For several years,Nighttime News attracted fewer viewers than World News,which broadcasts its show at the same time as Nighttime,News,Recently,the producers of Nighttime News added,personal interest stories,and,increased coverage of sports and weather.The two programs,now,have a,roughly equal number of viewers.Clearly,the recent programming changes,persuaded viewers to switch from World News to Nighttime News.,Which of the,foll,o,wing,is an assumption on which the author relies?,(A)Viewers are more interested in sports and weather than in personal,interest,stories.,(B)The programming content of Nighttime News is more closely aligned with,the,interests of the overall audience than is the content of World News.,(C)Some World News viewers liked the new Nighttime News programming,better,than they liked the World News programming.,(0)There are other possible causes for an increase in the number of viewers,of,Nighttime News,including a recent ad campaign that aired on many,local,affiliates.,(E)The quality of World News will remain constant even if Nighttime News,improves,.,Assumptions can serve to fill in a logic gap,Assumptions can establish the feasibility of the premises of the argument,Assumptions can eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusion,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,Categories of Assumption,Sidneys get-rich-quick scheme is sure to succeed.He will buy,undervalued properties,in foreclosure.Then he will resell the properties to,a local real estate,developer and generate large profits.,Undervalued,properties exist in foreclosure,and easily,can be found and purchased by Sidney.Assumptions can serve to fill in a logic gap,Assumptions can establish the feasibility of the premises of the argument,Assumptions can eliminate alternate paths to reach a given conclusion,Assumptions,can,eliminate,alternate causes for a given conclusion.,Critical Reasoning,Find the Assumption,Categories of Assumption,A magazine published an article proclaiming that one can get a,promotion by,playing golf with ones boss.Kevin concludes that the best way for him,to get,promoted is to take golf lessons and join his bosss country club,.,There,are no other better ways to gain a,promotion than,to