广州专用(沪教牛津版)八年级英语上册主要知识点.doc

Unit 1 NewspapersUseful phrases and expressionsTake charge of 主管，掌管Vote for 投赞成票Take note 记录Be responsible for 负责，有责任Talk .over 详谈Make a list of .把。列成清单Be free for (someone) 对（某人）免费Pay.for 付费Make a decision about. 对。作出决定In one weeks time 一周后A copy of 一份For free 免费From the air 从空中Of ones own 某人自己的Have the habit of. 有。的习惯Try ones best 尽力Try to (do something) 尽力（做某事）Try doing something 尝试做某事Believe in oneself 相信自己Once a week 每周一次Be pleased with. 对。满意Keep fit 保持健康Have a high fever 发高烧At break 课间休息Not at all 一点也不，完全不Get on well 相处得好For this reason 因为这样language: should and ought to (positive) should not and ought not to (negative)辨析：Other, the other, another1. Other 表示泛指，没有特定的范围。 E.g. Lei Feng always helped other people. 2. The other 意为“另一个”，一般用于两者之间。其句型为：one.the other.（一个。另一个。）E.g. The old man has two sons. One is a soldier, the other is a worker.3 another 表示三者或者三者以上的其他任何一个。意为“再一；又一”E.g. Would you like another cup of tea?Notice: the other 和other 后均可加名词，但是意思有所不同，“the other+名词”表示一定范围内出一部分外其余的全部，而other+名词表示出去部分以后的另一些，但不是剩下的全部。辨析：spend, cost, take, pay “花费”1 spend 主语必须为人，常用于一下结构：1.1 spend time/money on sth 在某物上花费时间、金钱。 E.g. I spend two hours on this maths problem. 1.2 spend time/ money (in) doing sth. 花费时间、金钱做某事。 E.g. They spend two years (in) doing this bridge. 1.3 spend money for sth. 花钱买某物E.g. His money was spent for books.2 cost 的主语是物或者某种活动，还可以表示“值”，常见的用法如下：2.1 sth. cost (sb)+金钱表示“某物花了（某人）多少钱”。E.g. A puter costs a lot of money.2.2 (doing) something cost (sb) +时间表示“（做某事）某物花了（某人）多少时间。”E.g. Remembering these new words cost him a lot of time.3 take 后面常跟双宾语，常见的用法如下：3.1 it takes sb.+时间+ to do sth. 做某事花费了某人多少时间。E.g. It took them three years to build this road.3.2 doing sth. Takes sb.+时间表示“做某事花了某人多少时间”。E.g. Repairing this car took him the whole afternoon.4 pay 的基本用法：4.1 pay (sb.) money for sth. 付钱给某人买某物。E.g. I have to pay him two dollars for this bread.4.2 pay for (sth) 付某物的钱。E.g. I have to pay for the lost book.4.3 pay for sb. 替某人付钱。E.g. Dont worry. I will pay for you.辨析：till, until 两者都可以用作介词和连词，也都可以用于肯定句和否定句中。Till 比 until 的语气轻，一般不放在句首。辨析： ago, before.Ago 表示从现在算起一段时间“以前，”和动词的一般过去式连用。放在所修饰词后面。E.g. I knew him many years ago.Before 用于表示从过去的某时算起若干时间以前，通常与动词的完成时连用。E.g. I have never heard of her before.辨析：Alone 与lonely Alone 独自一人,充当标语形容词（不作定于用）。 充当状语。 E.g. She lives alone in the house.Lonely 孤独的，指心理上的愁闷。可作表语和定语。E.g. He doesnt fell lonely.知识点拓展：Agree with sb. 表示“同意某人或者某人所说的话”。E.g. He agree with me. Agree to +表示“建议，计划，办法”的词。E.g. He agreed to our suggestion.Agree on+ 表“具体协商的文件，计划”等。E.g. We agree on the plan.Agree to do sth. 同意做某事。E.g. We agree to go swimming. Leave 的用法： leave 作动词，表示“留下，丢下。” 英语中表示“把某物遗忘在某处”常用“leave+某物+地点”。E.g. He left his key at home.As well as 的用法：As well as 而且，还，也As well as 可以用来连接两个相同的成分，如名词，形容词，代词，介词，此时虽然连接的是两个并列成分，但是强调的重点在前面不在后面。意思为：“不但。而且” “既。又”“除了。之外，还有。”翻译时要先译后面再译前面。E.g. Living things need air and light as well as water. 生物不仅需要水，还需要空气和阳光。As well as 还用于同级比较。Notice： as well “也”，一般用于肯定句句末，相当于too.Much too 与 too much Much too “太”，副词短语。too much “太多”形容词短语。E.g. He felt much too tired because he has too much homework.Unit 2 detectives and crimes Useful phrases and expressionsThe same .as.和。同样的。No longer 不再 Break into 强行闯入Go to jail 进监狱Instead of 代替。， 而不是。Behind bars 坐牢At the back of .在。的后部At the front of .在前部Go in 进入室内Refuse to do sth.拒绝做某事Bump into someone/something 碰撞到某人、某物 Take away 带走，拿走Get away 逃离，脱身At the time of .在。期间Say goodnight to someone 向某人道晚安Knock at 敲，击Break.down 打到From a distance 从远方，从远处In addition to 除。以外Kill oneself 自杀Lose money 输钱Be angry with someone 生某人的气Language :infinitives（动词不定式）gerunds (动名词）不定式充当句子各种成分的具体用法：1 不定式作主语。1.1 动词不定式放在句首作主语，表示某个具体或将来的动作。E.g. To swim in the river is dangerous.1.2 在现代英语中为了平衡句子，常用it 作形式主语，而把真正作主语的不定式放在后边。E.g. It is dangerous to swim in the river.1.3 在1.2 的情况下，可以用介词for 或of 来引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。E.g. It is difficult for the foreigners to learn Chinese.2 不定式作宾语。2.1 动词不定式可以作某些动词的宾语，表示具体的动作或行为。E.g. I can not afford to buy a new car.2.2 有些动词后既可以接不定式又可以接动名词作宾语。但意思却不尽相同。动名词作宾语表示经常性，习惯性，而不定式表示某次具体的活动或行为。这样的动词有：start, begin, continue, fear, like, love 等。I like swimming, but i dont like to swim in such a cold weather.2.3 有时可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正作宾语的动词不定式放在后面。E.g. I find it hard to persuade her.2.4 有些动词后面接不定式作宾语表示动作尚未发生，接动名词作宾语表示动作已经发生。Remember, forget, stop etc.3 动词不定式作表语。 E.g. My job is to teach you English.4 动词不定式作宾语补足语4.1 动词不定式可以在某些动词后面作其宾语补足语。此类动词有：ask, allow, except, encourage, force, permit, order, persuade. Request.E.g. He helps me to study English.5 动词不定式作主语补足语。 The boy was made to work all day long.6 动词不定式作定语。6.1 动词不定式可以用在名词后面作定语。 E.g. I have many letters to answer.7 动词不定式作状语。7.1 表目的。E.g. He worked hard to support his large family.7.2 表结果。E.g. He hurried home to find his wife gone.7.3 表原因。E.g. We are proud to be Chinese. 辨析：hope, wish, except. to do sth. Hope I hope to see you soon.=I hope that I will see you soon. that - clause to do sth. that -clause(虚拟语气） I wish that I could see you soon.wish sb. to do I wish you to have a good time. sb. +adj./n.(双宾语） Wish you successful/ success. to do sth. except that-clause I except you to win the game. sb. to do sth. Unit 3 modern machines Useful phrases and expressionsBe unaware of 没有意识到；不知道 Be dependent on 依靠，依赖 More importantly 更重要的是For the time being 暂时，眼下Have great understanding of . 对。有很深的了解Make mistakes 犯错Link.together 把。连接起来Language: 1. the parative of adjectives.(形容词比较级） 2. The superlative of adjectives (形容词最高级）1.1 形容词比较等级构成：单音节词以及少数一er, ow, le 结尾的双音节词，一般加-er和-est构成比较级和最高级，多音节词加more和most构成比较级和最高级。(cold, large,thin)有些是不规则的，需要特别记忆。 E.g. Many-more-most little-less-least ill-worse-worst old-older/elder-oldest/eldest 1.2 形容词比较等级应该注意的问题：1.2.1 比较级钱可以用表示程度的数量词，倍数，百分数等，用作状语。E.g. I am a head taller than you. Our room is twice as large yours.1.2.2 形容词比较级前加much,even, still, far, a little, lot 等，加强语气。1.2.3 比较级+and+ 比较级，表示“越来越。”； the + 比较级, the + 比较级表示“越。，就越。”1.2.4 同类东西方能比较。E.g. The weather in Qingdao is cooler than Jinan.(错误）The weather in Qingdao is cooler that in Jinan.(正确）1.2.5 使用比较级时，要把自己除外，常与other或者else连用。E.g. He is younger than the boys in his class.(wrong)He is younger than other boys in his class.1.2.6 as .as 之间可以加名词，但是要注意名词的语序。E.g. I have as many books as you.辨析：in future, in the future 与 in the near future1. in future 以后，今后 E.g. Please be on time in future.2. in the future “将来，未来”，距离现在较远E.g. Man may be able to live on the moon in the future.3. in the near future 不久的将来E.g. Our spaceship will go to the moon in the near future.由time 组成的词组：All the time 一直，始终At a time 一次，每次At any time 随时，在任何时候On time 准时in no time 立即at all time 总是，始终Time and time again 一再，屡屡Have a good time 玩得高兴，过得愉快At one time 过去有一段时间At times, from time to time 有时，不时At the same time 同时In time 及时At one time 一度，同时By the time 到。的时候For the first time 第一次to的固定用法： The key to the door 门上的钥匙The way to the school 去学校的路The entrance to . 到。的入口The reply to . 。的回答介词with的用法：1 和。（一起）；同。（一起） e.g. Have dinner with a friend shake hands with sb.2 在。身边；在。身上 e.g. Take a pen with you 3 with 用工具 e.g. Write with a pen4 说明表示动作的词，表示“伴随，随着，和。同时” E.g. Change with the temperature. With these words he left the room. 5 （说明名词，表示事物的附属部分或具有的性质）具有；带有；包括。在内。E.g. A country with a long history.6 （表示一致）在。一边，与。一致 e.g. A country with a long history.Pay attention to中的“ to ”为介词，短语中“to”为介词的还有：Look forward to. 期待，期盼。Lead to . 导致。Devote to .致力于。Devote oneself to .献身于。Unit 4 Historical stories Useful phrases and expressionsRush down 急促冲下Send someone to prison 把某人送进监狱On wheels 下面装着轮子的Show respect to .尊重。Make jokes about(someone)开某人的玩笑Pray to.祈祷，祷告。Along with. 与。同样地；除了。以外（还）Feel like (doing something) 想要做某事Succeed in (doing something) 搬到，做成Put in prison 关进监狱With a trick 通过一个计谋Read about 读到Be made of. 用。做的Pour.into.把。倒进。Take care of 照顾，照料Read about 读到Trade in 做。买卖；做。生意辨析：except, except for, besides1 except，介词，“除。之外”，表示例外，排除，含有否定的意思。它表示排除的是同类的事物或者行为。E.g. He gets up every day except Sunday. He went nowhere except the library.2 except for 表示“除。之外”，它后面的宾语一般与句子里所涉及的内容并非同类事物或行为。E.g. The story is well written except for a few spelling mistakes.3 besides 表示“除了。之外还有”。E.g. We all went swimming besides him.辨析：beat, win 1 beat 后接的一般是竞争对手等。E.g. We know it is easy to beat him.2 win 表示“赢得，获胜”，宾语一般是比赛，竞赛等。E.g. We won the game in the end.辨析：be made of, be made from1 be made of 由。制成，能从某物上看出原材料E.g. The sunflowers are made of paper.2 be made from 由。制成，从某物上看不出原材料E.g. The paper is made from wood.辨析：alive, live, living ,lively.1. alive 多用作表语，多用于修饰人，表示“活着的”。它也可以用作定语，放在被修饰词的后面。E.g. He is the oldest man alive in the world.The hunter caught a bear alive.2. Live 作形容词时只用于物，作定语，基本意义是“活的”，它还有很多引申意义。 E.g. This is a live fish.3 living 表示“活着的，现存的”，可指人，也可指物。在句中作表语或者定语。作定语是，可作前置也可以后置。E.g. He is the greatest living novelist in the world.4 lively 表示“有生气的，活泼的。（颜色）鲜明的，真实的。”E.g. What lively colour.He gave a lively description of the football game.Language:1 the present tense and the simple past tense.(现在完成时和一般过去时）现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系，但一般过去时只表示过去的事实。不表示与现在的关系。（关键：动作与现在有关系还是只与过去有关系）。E.g. My car has broken down.(现在仍然是坏的，因此我不得不乘出租车上班）My car broke down. (不知道现在是否已经修好）2 exclamathons 感叹句 What + 不定冠词 +形容词+名词+主语+谓语！ How + 形容、 副词+ 主语+谓语！E.g. What an interesting story it is! How beautiful flowers they are!我们也可以用一个段短语或者句子来表示感叹。 E.g. Oh no!Unit 5 Strange CreaturesUseful phrase and expressionIn no time 立马Take off 拆掉。Sell out 卖光，售完Right away 立刻，马上Take pleasure in .从。中得到乐趣Make a plaint 提出诉求In the shape of. 呈。的形状Beg.someone to do something 请求某人做某事All ones life 一辈子In return 作为回报Start off 首先进行，一开始是Shout at 对。大声说话Respond to 对。作出反应Promise to do something 承诺做某事plain about. 抱怨，投诉。e back 回来，返回Language : adverbs 副词 ：我们通常在形容词后加-ly构成这些副词。（hard, fast, late）既可以作形容词又可以作副词。辨析：begin to do sth。 begin doing sth。都是开始做某事的意思，但是在以下的情况下通常用begin to do sth 。1 主语是物而不是人时。2 begin 为beginning 这个形式时3 其后的动词与想法，感情有关时。E.g. She began to understand it. 辨析：die of, die from1 die of 表示“因。而死”，原因多来自内部，后面常接以下名词：old age , illness, sorrow, cancer, joy, grief, a disease.E.g. She died of illness.2 die from意思为“由于。而死”，原因来自外部，后面常接以下名词： a traffic accident, an earthquake, carelessness.E.g. He died from a traffic accident.拓展：与all 有关的短语After all 毕竟，终究All right 行，好All the same 仍然，还是All the time 一直All though 尽管如此In all 总共Not at all 一点也不与take 有关的短语Take somebodys arm 挽着某人的胳膊Take somebody in ones arms 拥抱某人Take the first place 居首位，得第一Take a holiday 休假Take a day off 请一天假Take photographs 拍照Take ones temperature 测量体温Take a train 坐火车Unit 6 jobs Useful phrases and expressionsBe used