2023年亚洲及太平洋城市的未来.pdf

Crisis Resilient Urban FuturesThe Future of Asian&Pacific Cities 2023The Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP)is the most inclusive intergovernmental platform in the Asia-Pacific region.The Commission promotes cooperation among its 53 member States and 9 associate members in pursuit of solutions to sustainable development challenges.ESCAP is one of the five regional commissions of the United Nations.The ESCAP secretariat supports inclusive,resilient and sustainable development in the region by generating action-oriented knowledge,and by providing technical assistance and capacity-building services in support of national and local development objectives,regional agreements and the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-Habitat)is headquartered in Nairobi,Kenya.The Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific serves the region and country programmes in the region from Fukuoka,Japan and from its supporting office in Bangkok,Thailand.Within the United Nations system,UN-Habitat is a focal point for the monitoring,evaluation and implementation of the New Urban Agenda(Habitat III,2016).UN-Habitat promotes with governments and partners the Sustainable Development Goals,in particular Goal 11:Make cities and human settlements inclusive,safe,resilient and sustainable.In the urbanizing world,UN-Habitat promotes transformative change in cities and human settlements through knowledge,policy advicetechnical assistance and collaborative action to leave no one and no place behind.Its programmes aim to advance sustainable urbanization as a driver of development and peace towards building a better quality of life for all.*The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory,city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The shaded areas of the map indicate ESCAP members and associate members.*1|Crisis Resilient Urban FuturesUnited Nations publication Sales No.E.23.II.F.11 Copyright United Nations 2023All rights reserved Printed in Incheon ISBN:9789210029100e-ISBN:9789213584835ST/ESCAP/3096Crisis Resilient Urban FuturesThe Future of Asian&Pacific Cities 2023 jamesteohart-Low angle shot of modern glass buildings and green with clear sky backgroundThis publication may be reproduced in whole or in part for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder,provided that the source is acknowledged.The ESCAP Publications Office would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source.No use may be made of this publication for resale or any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission.Applications for such permission,with a statement of the purpose and extent of reproduction,should be addressed to the Secretary of the Publications Board,United Nations,New York.Any reference to a commercial entity or product in this publication does not imply endorsement.The Future of Asian&Pacific Cities|2ForewordThe path to a sustainable future for Asia and the Pacific runs through our regions cities economic,social and cultural centres for nearly 2.5 billion people and home to the worlds largest urban population and number of people living in informal settlements.The megatrend of urbanization across the Asia-Pacific region has not come without difficulties.Many of the multiple crises the world faces intersect in our cities,creating new challenges and further exposing long-standing issues,such as inequality,urban poverty,affordable housing and an expanding infrastructure gap.Our cities are where these interlinked crises are most visible,often affecting the most vulnerable communities.This report provides guidance on how cities can better manage urbanization,while building resilience to crises and ensuring that future development is sustainable.To do so requires a focus on four thematic areas:First,we must ensure that urban and territorial planning remains the foundation of how our cities are developed and managed.Especially in times of crisis,holistic urban planning and housing policies are essential to reaping the benefits of safe,sustainable and livable cities.Second,as the climate emergency continues to generate more severe impacts,our cities must lead the transition to low-carbon and resilient-development pathways.While shifting to low-carbon energy sources and transformative adaptation,cities need to leverage nature-based solutions for integrated responses to the climate,clean air and biodiversity crises.Third,our cities must leverage digital innovation with inclusive urban governance policies to build resilience,while overcoming the digital divide.The pandemic has highlighted the urgency to ensure that no one and no place is left behind in urban digital transformations.Finally,the urgent need to respond to multiple crises must be matched with a resolve to safeguard urban finances.A climate responsive urban economic recovery must expand and diversify local revenue sources,strengthen transparency measures in municipal finance systems,use land-based financing instruments and incentivize private sector investment.Given the multidimensional nature of crises,cities cannot face these challenges alone.Multi-level governance,the engagement of all stakeholders and strengthened partnerships are essential if we are to build crisis-resilient cities.I remain grateful to UN-Habitat for our collaboration on this important flagship publication and for our continued commitment to promote sustainable urban development across our region.In May of this year,a milestone was achieved when Member States at the seventy-ninth session of the Commission adopted a resolution recognizing the need to build urban resilience against interlinked crises and reaffirming the vital role of ESCAP in fostering regional cooperation for sustainable urban development and localization of the Sustainable Development Goals.We see hope in the dynamism and resolve of the regions cities not just in recovering from the pandemic,but also as testing grounds for policy and innovation.I am hopeful that through local action,regional cooperation and strong partnerships,the recommendations in this report will help us to create new approaches and solutions to our shared urban challenges.Armida Salsiah AlisjahbanaUnder-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Secretary of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific3|Crisis Resilient Urban FuturesThe present and future of humanity are in cities.More than half of the worlds population lives in cities and by 2050,this proportion is expected to reach nearly two thirds.The vision of Sustainable Development Goal 11 to make cities and communities inclusive,safe,resilient,and sustainable has thus never been more critical than today.Yet,vast challenges exist in achieving this vision,and alarmingly,we are nowhere close to meeting the Goals targets by the 2030 deadline.The recently launched Sustainable Development Goal 11 global synthesis report coordinated by UN-Habitat shows how far we are from achieving the targets set in 2015 to ensure a better quality of life across our cities and human settlements.Some 2.8 billion people are estimated to be affected by different forms of housing inadequacy,including at least 318 million people experiencing homelessness.Globally,2.2 billion people still lack safely managed drinking water,3.4 billion lack safely managed sanitation and 1.9 billion lack hygiene services.A total of 99 per cent of urban residents are exposed to air pollution above World Health Organization standards.These figures are especially challenging in todays context of interlocking crises that are sending shock waves across regions,countries and communities,including in the Asia and Pacific region.This report on the future and resilience of Asian and Pacific cities is especially timely.It brings to light the risks faced by the regions 2.48 billion urban dwellers in the face of shocks and stressors,while calling for urgent action from public and private stakeholders at all levels.The report emphasizes key themes urban and territorial planning;climate resilience;digital transformation and finance as well as specific sub-themes,such as housing adequacy and local action to move cities in the region towards more resilient and sustainable futures.These same themes resonate with many of the priorities of the 134 United Nations Member States,which convened this year at the second session of the United Nations Habitat Assembly in Nairobi,and adopted resolutions for scaled and accelerated action pertaining to adequate housing,localization,climate,planning and smart cities.The time is now to translate resolutions and recommendations into concrete actions and investments.The immense opportunities inherent to urbanization must be leveraged fully in Asia-Pacific cities to ensure that economic growth translates into shared prosperity for all across cities.We must also support the uptake and scaling of the numerous effective practices led by local governments and stakeholders that are already demonstrating the potential for change.In this vein,I appreciate our long-standing engagement with the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and our other partners to guide sustainable urbanization policy and practice in the region,including through the collaborative preparation of this report.Maimunah Mohd Sharif Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations and Executive Director of the United Nations Human Settlements ProgrammeThe Future of Asian&Pacific Cities|4About the ReportThe Future of Asian&Pacific Cities Report 2023 entitled,“Crisis Resilient Urban Futures”,provides a comprehensive analysis and assessment of sustainable urban development in the Asia and Pacific region at a time of great disruption and uncertainty resulting from multiple interlinked global crises in a post-pandemic era.This report aims to extend valuable insights into the spatial,economic,social,environmental and governance aspects of cities,offering holistic policy recommendations towards a sustainable urban recovery from these crises.Understanding the dynamics and characteristics of its cities is crucial for national and local governments,businesses,local communities,researchers and urban planners.Through this report,ESCAP and UN-Habitat continue to work together to provide an updated,reliable resource for decision makers seeking to gain a deeper understanding of the trends,challenges and future opportunities within the landscape of the cities in Asia and the Pacific.The report builds on three previous editions in this series:In each of these reports,the key existing and emerging trends in urban development within the region are explored.The present report continues to take a forward-looking perspective,capturing the transformative messages of the New Urban Agenda(2016)and continuing the thematic tracks established in the 2019 edition of this report.The current edition also has set a much-needed agenda for a sustainable urban recovery across the region.The 2023 report is released in a year when progress towards realizing Sustainable Development Goal 11 on sustainable cities and communities is under review globally by the General Assembly.This year also marks the halfway point of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,providing an opportune time for reflection,recalibration and reinvigoration of efforts towards achieving sustainable development at all levels of government and society.The report calls for a renewed commitment,collaboration and innovation to overcome local challenges and create a more equitable and sustainable urban future for all to“leave no one and no place behind”.As always,this flagship report combines a wealth of primary and secondary data,incorporating information from reputable sources,such as national statistical agencies,cities,academic and research institutions,in addition to international organizations and development partners.An extensive research process involving data collection,analysis and interpretation was carried out to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information presented.Throughout the report,case studies and comparative analysis are used to provide a comprehensive understanding of the similarities,differences and practices across various typologies of cities in the Asia-Pacific region.The findings and insights presented are intended to inform and guide decision makers in developing more informed urban policy formulation,investment strategies and urban planning approaches.It is expected that this report will serve as a valuable resource for governments,civil society organizations,businesses,researchers,development partners and anyone interested in gaining a deeper understanding of the dynamic and evolving nature of Asia-Pacific cities.Significant contributions from national and local governments,development partners,civil society,academia,the private sector and other stakeholders to the reports contents were also made during the dedicated reviews of Sustainable Development Goal 11 which took place as part of the regional and subregional multi-stakeholder forums on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals convened by ESCAP:The Future of Asian&Pacific Cities 2019;The State of Asian and Pacific Cities 2015;and The State of Asian Cities 2010/11.5|Crisis Resilient Urban FuturesSixth North East Asia Multistakeholder Forum on Sustainable Development,78 September 2022,Ulaanbaatar,MongoliaSixth North and Central Asia Multistakeholder Forum on Sustainable Development,67 October 2022,Almaty,KazakhstanSixth South East Asian Multistakeholder Forum on Sustainable Development,78 November 2022,Bangkok,ThailandSixth South and South-West Asia Multistakeholder Forum on the Sustainable Development,57 December 2022,Islamabad,PakistanSixth Pacific Multistakeholder Forum on Sustainable Development,67 December 2022,Suva,FijiSDG11 Roundtable,Tenth Asia-Pacific Forum on Sustainable Development,2730 March 2023,Bangkok,ThailandDedicated in-person thematic consultations on the report took place at the following eventsNinth CityNet Congress,2024 September 2022,Kuala Lumpur,MalaysiaESCAP Expert Group Meeting on“Localizing the Sustainable Development Goals to Address Interlinked Crises in the Post-Pandemic era”,as part of the Regional Observance of World Habitat Day,3 October 2022,Bangkok,ThailandTwenty-Eighth World Congress of the Eastern Regional Organisation for Planning and Human Settlements,58 October 2022,Surabaya,Indonesia Fifth Spatial Planning Platform Meeting,1-3 February 2023,Kathmandu hosted by UN-Habitat ROAP,the Ministry of Land,Infrastructure,Transport and Tourism,Japan,and the Ministry of Urb