大学物理学(绪论)-.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,欢迎大家进入物理世界,绪论,Introduction,一、为什么要学习物理学？,1.Physics,：研究物质的,基本结构,、,相互作用,和物质最基本、最普遍的,运动形式,及其,相互转化规律,的学科。,是,自然科学,的许多领域和,工程技术,的基础。,In short,：探讨物质,基本结构,和,运动最基本规律,Come from a Greek term physis meaning nature,内容：力学、热学、声学、电磁学、光学、相对论、量子力学、核物理与粒子物理、天体物理等,(,按研究领域分类,),空间尺寸：从亚核粒子到浩瀚的宇宙（微观、宏观、宇观）,时间,尺度：,从微观粒子的寿命到宇宙的年龄。,速率范围：,0(,静止,)-3,10,8,m/s(,光速,),物理学的研究对象,宇宙,(,一,),勇气号于,2003,年六月升空,“,卡西尼,”,号土星探测器进入土星轨道效果图,(NASA,图片,),美航空航天局,(NASA),和欧空局,(ESA),合作研究的,“,卡西尼,惠更斯,”,土星探测器经过,6,年半,35.2,亿公里的飞行，,2004,年,7,月,1,日成功进入了土星轨道。并且向地球传回了几组照片。,美丽的土星及土星环,X,光照片,距土星,150,多万公里以外使用滤镜拍摄,Titan,土星的月亮,(,卫,6,）,理想与现实,让科学家兴奋的土星环照片,真实的,Titan,中国人的光荣与梦想,神舟系列飞船,探索宇宙的代价,2003,年,2,月,1,号，哥伦比亚号返航时坠毁,A,B,Which is a picture of the Milky Way?,A,is what we see from Earth inside the Milky Way while,B,is what the Milky Way“might”look like if we were far away looking back at our own galaxy from some other galaxy.,What is a Galaxy?,200,000 light-years,Galaxy,：,a,massive collection,of stars,gas,and dust kept together,by gravity,Suns Stellar Region,太阳系在银河系中不过是沧海一栗，银河系在宇宙中仅为天地之一落叶,What is a Galaxy?,If our solar system was only the size of a cell,in the,human,body,our,galaxy would,still measure,over one,mile across.,宇宙从哪里来?又向何处去?,上帝创世说与盘古开天地,老子,:,天下万物生于有,有生于无,道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物,霍金,:,宇宙存在起始点,而且有生于无,Edwin Hubble at Mt.Wilson,Hubble guiding the Hooker,100 inch telescope in 1923.,The Hooker 100 inch telescope atop Mt.Wilson,near Pasadena,CA.It was the largest telescope in the world from 1917-1947.,Hubbles observations at the 100 inch during the,1920s led him to the conclusion that the universe,is expanding,and that an objects recession velocity,is proportional to its distance from the observer.,大爆炸宇宙学,1940s,Gamov,和,Alpher,首先提出宇宙起源于约,150,亿年前一次猛烈的巨大爆炸。,宇宙的爆炸是空间的膨胀，物质则随着空间膨胀（宇宙是无中心的）。,随着宇宙膨胀和温度降低，构成物质的原初元素相继形成。,George Gamov,Possible Fates of the Universe,物理学的研究对象,物质,(,二,),物质是无限可分的吗,?,什么是场物质,?,微电子学,光电子学,介观物理与纳电子学,J.J.Thomson,s Plum Pudding Model of the Atom(1897),He proposed that the electrons are embedded in a positively charged pudding,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906,Joseph John,Thomson,United Kingdom,University of Cambridge Cambridge,United Kingdom,b.1856d.1940,in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases,Alpha Scattering,Rutherford,s Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus(1911),He found that,once in a while,the a-particles were scattered backwards by the target,Solar System Model of the Atom,The atom consists of electrons orbiting around small but dense central nucleus,Lord Ernest Rutherford,1908,诺贝尔化学奖,Bohr,s Model of the Hydrogen Atom(1913),He proposed that only certain orbits for the electron are allowed,Bohr,s Empirical Explanation,Electrons can only take discrete energies(energy is related to radius of the orbit),Electrons can jump between different orbits due to the absorption or emission of photons,Dark lines in the absorption spectra are due to photons being absorbed,Bright lines in the emission spectra,aredue,to photons being emitted,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922,Copenhagen University Copenhagen,Denmark,Niels Henrik David,Bohr,b.1885d.1962,for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935,for the discovery of the neutron,James Chadwick,United Kingdom,Liverpool University Liverpool,United Kingdom,b.1891d.1974,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990,for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons,which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics,Jerome I.Friedman,Henry W.Kendall,Richard E.Taylor,物质是无限可分的吗,-,“,毛子,”,我们为什么要研究基本粒子,?,介观物理学与单原子操做,iron atoms on a copper surface,The Scanning Tunneling Microscope,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986,for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope,38,经典,量子,隧道效应,39,导体表面,自由电子,探针,表面电流,表面结构,狮子的能量必须满足,才能越过高墙,按经典的观点：,量子：,同样用势能表示,狮子可能穿过,势垒到左方,实际：,势垒,40,中国科学院化学研究所研制的,CSTM-9000,型扫描隧道显微镜,“,原子和分子的观察与操纵,”,-,白春礼,插页彩图,1,41,硅表面,7,7,重构图象,“,原子和分子的观察与操纵,”,-,白春礼 插页彩图,2,解决许多理论和实验上的疑难问题,42,用,AFM,得到的癌细胞的表面图象,“,原子和分子的观察与操纵,”,-,白春礼,P.98,图,4-8,基于,STM,工作原理或扫描成像方法的派生显微镜系列,原子力,(AFM),磁力 分子力显微镜 等等,43,1994,年中国科学院科学家,“,写,”,出的,平均每个字的面积仅百万分之一平方厘米,“,原子和分子的观察与操纵,”,-,白春礼 插页彩图,13,操纵原子不是梦,“原子书法”,44,一氧化碳,“,分子人,”,“,原子和分子的观察与操纵,”,-,白春礼,P.151,图,7-8,“,扫描隧道绘画”,45,移动铁原子,什么是场物质,The most famous photograph,This is one of the most famous images in photographic history and propelled him within two more weeks into an international celebrity.The medical implications were immediately realised and the first images of fractured bones were being made by January 1896 even though none yet knew what the mystery rays were.,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901,磁场的应用（,MRI,）,The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003,物理学的研究对象,运动,(,三,),运动的四种形式,:,物理,(,化学,),运动,生物运动,思维运动,社会运动,物理运动的分类,:(,低高速,),机械运动,;,分子热运动,;,电磁运动,;,原子及原子核内部运动,机械运动,分子热运动,Bose-Einstein condensate(BEC),Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001,电磁运动（,Maxwell,方程组）,原子及原子核内部运动,Fusion Powers the Sun and Other Stars,伦琴与,X,射线,谁真的理解运动,?,？,绝对时空观与相对时空观,时间是绝对的均匀的吗,?,空间是弯曲的吗,?,质量与运动无关吗,?,How did Einstein arrive at the specialtheory of relativity?,过去与未来,弯曲时空与黑洞,Classical Physics Timeline,Modern Physics Timeline,物理学本质上是实验科学,永远没有实验支持的物理理论是无意义的,理论的指导作用对物理学发展的影响,理论家与实验家,物理规律的相对性与绝对性,相对性的存在,-,例一,未来的证明,-,例二,继承与创新,Tycho Brahe,1546-1601,Sir Isaac Newton,1643-1727,Nicolaus Copernicus,1473-1543,Claudius Ptolemy,85-165,Johannes Kepler,1571-1630,Galileo Galilei,1564-1642,Newton said he stood on the shoulders of these giants;the last one is Galileo.,Egypt,Maxwell,的继承,创新是科学研究的灵魂想象力比知识更重要,“I was sitting in a chair in the patent office at Bern when all of a sudden a thought occurred to me:,If a person falls freely he will not feel his own weight,.I was startled.This simple thought made a deep impression on me.It impelled me towards a theory of gravitation.”,The“Happiest Thought”of Einsteins Life(1907),物理学的分支及近年来发展的总趋势,物理学,经典物理,现代物理,力学,热学,电磁学,光学,相对论,量子论,非线性,时间,t,关键,概,念,的,发,展,力学,电磁学,热学,相对论,量子论,1600 1700 1800 1900,物理学的发展经历了三次大的突破，导致了三次工业革命,(1)17,、,18,世纪 牛顿力学、热力学,机械工业,蒸汽机,第一次工业革命,(2)19,世纪,70,年代 法拉第,麦克斯韦的电磁理论,工业电气化,第二次工业革命,(3)20,世纪以来 相对论、量子力学,促进了原子能、计算机、激光等的广泛应用,(4)20,世纪,80,年代以来，以高技术为核心的科技革命,六个高技术群：能源、材料、信息、生物、空间、海洋,物理学的研究成果源源不断地在高技术发展中得到应用，而高技术的发展又对物理学提出层出不穷的研究课题。,2.,物理学与工程技术的关系,科学解决,理论问题,技术解决,实际问题,3.,培养科学素质，培养正确的方法论和科学观。,要反对,伪科学,4.,培养自学能力，适应大学学习生活。,二、教学环节：,1.,上大课,2.,答疑和作业,3.,考核,:,平时,20%,期中考试,10%,作 业,10%,期末,80%,4.,重学,作业要求,科学与真理的关系,作业格式,:,姓名,:,班级,:,学号,:,标清题号，画好标准草图,10-27,解,:,建立图示坐标系,并选取图示微元则,dq,单独存在时在,P,点产生的电势为,:,三、如何学好大学物理？,1.,大学物理的特点,:,(,中学,),特殊规律,例,:,直线、匀速度、恒力,(,大学,),一般规律,(,普遍,),例,:,曲线、变加速、变力,数学方法：应用微积分及其他高等数学工具。,2.,课堂做到四到,(,耳、眼、脑、手）,3.,及时复习，独立完成作业,4.,学习态度端正（关键）。,更上一层楼：,多思考、多总结、多读书,“大学物理学”，张三慧主编,“新概念物理教程”，（,5,本）赵凯华，罗蔚茵,“费曼物理学讲义”一套,3,卷,参 考 书,“,科学是一种,方法,。它教导我们：一些事物是怎样被,了解的，什么事情是已知的，现在了解到了什么程度,如何对待疑问和不确定性，证据服从什么法则；如,何思考事物，做出判断，如何区别真伪和表面现象,”,。,R.P,费曼,“,我从不迷信权威，但命运捉弄了我,我自己变,成了权威,”,A.,爱因斯坦,希望两位著名物理学家的话，能成为大家学习,物理的座右铭。学习课程除了掌握基本知识外，更,重要的是学习一种科学的,思维方法,。正如一个古老,的故事所讲的那样，学生从老师那里得到的，应该,是一个点石成金的,法则,，而不是一堆,金子,。,