新世纪实用英语写作Chapter5.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,素彩网,-ppt,模板免费下载,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,素彩网,-ppt,模板免费下载,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Chapter 5,DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN WRITING,Developing Critical Thinking Skills,5.1 Critical Thinking and Writing,5.2 Argumentative Writing,5.3 Effective Ways of Developing Critical Thinking Skills,5.1 Critical Thinking and Writing,What is Critical Thinking,Critical Thinking in Writing,Logical Reasoning,Common Logical Fallacies,(1)What is Critical Thinking,analyzing capacity,summarizing capacity,synthesizing capacity,reasoning capacity,appraising capacity,(2)Critical Thinking in Writing,Advancing a thesis,Issues involved in advancing a thesis,作用,例子,效果,标题,提出需要解决的问题,Origins of the Great English Vowels Shift”(英语元音大转移溯源),引起读者的注意力或兴趣,主题,引发读者思考,“The Great English Vowels Shift was results of the dynamic interactions of the speakers over time”(英语元音大转移是语言动态发展的结果),引发读者不同的看法或观点,What Is a Thesis,标题和主题的区分可通过下面的表格阐释：,How to Advance a Thesis,Three critical questions can help to choose a thesis:,Does the thesis assert an arguable opinion,Does the thesis respond to a concern or question at issue,Does the thesis lend itself to reasoned support,Issues Involved in Advancing a Thesis,论证就是引用一个或一些为真的判断来确定另一个判断的真实性的思维过程。任何论证都是由三个方面组成的，包括论点、论据和论证方式。论点是论证的对象。论点是整个论证推理过程中的中心。论据是论证中确定论点真实性所依据的判断。,一篇有说服力的文章应当答复以下三个问提：,What is the question at issue,What is the authors point of view,Do the authors reasons elicit readers belief,(3)Logical Reasoning,Inductive Reasoning归纳推理,在科学研究中归纳推理应用广泛。归纳推理指的是通过观察具体的例证得出一般性结论的推理过程。,Deductive Reasoning演绎推理,演绎推理与归纳推理形成鲜明对照。演绎推理得出的结论是肯定的、无疑义的。演绎推理的含义是利用普遍适用的规那么和前提得出结论。,Inductive or Deductive Reasoning,When it rains,the grass gets wet.It rained today.,Therefore,the grass is wet.,The grass has been wet every time it has rained.,Therefore,if it rains tomorrow,the grass will get wet.,Two Rules to Follow in Reasoning,在演绎推理过程中，应当注意推理的有效性deductive validity。为了实现推理的合理性和有效性，应当遵循两条原则：,所有前提中提到的内容都是真实的；,三段论式的推理是符合理性的。,Specific Rules for Deductive Reasoning,自从亚里士多德以来，逻辑学家提出了众多的衡量演绎推理的准那么，下面试举几例说明：,中项必须有周延性,三段论式中，两个前提不能都是否认的,个特称前提不能得出结论,中项必须有周延性,大前提：All zebras are striped.,小前提：This animal is striped.,结论：Therefore,this animal is a zebra.,三段论式中一定要有三个项(terms)，即大项、中项、小项；上述例子中，is a zebra是大项，striped是中项，animal是小项，其中中项起到连接大前提和小前提的作用。这个三段论式的结论是错误的，因为中项没有周延性(distributed)。换句话说，斑马zebra只是身上有条纹的动物中的一个种类。这个三段论式中的“有条纹的striped判断词并没有涵盖所有身上有条纹的动物。因此，这是一个无效的推理。上述例子说明，演绎推理三段论式中的中项必须具有周延性。,三段论式中，两个前提不能都是否认的,大前提：No member of the Green Party voted for the tax cut.,小前提：Mr.Jacobs did not vote for the tax cut.,结论：Mr.Jacobs is a member of the Green Party.,上述三段论式中的小项Mr.Jacobs没有对削减税收投赞成票，但是这并不说明Mr.Jacobs 属于Green Party。在这个三段论式中，不能两个前提都具有否认的含义。因此，结论是错误的。,两个特称前提不能得出结论,大前提：Janet Baker is a soprano.,小前提：Janet Baker is a musician.,结论：,如果两个前提都是特称肯定命题，那么这两个前提中没有一个项是周延的。这样，不管哪一个项做中项，都是不周延的，因此不能得出结论。,总之，归纳推理中所选用的样本必须是真实的，同时结论的可靠性应该随着样本量的增大而增强。演绎推理的前提应具有真实性，推理过程应该是有效的，同时不违反逻辑思维的规那么。,Hasty Generalization,(,轻率的概括,):,证据不充分时所做的归纳,。,e.g.Deaths from drug overdoses in Metropolis have doubled in the past three years.Therefore,more Americans than ever are dying from drug abuse.,False Analogy,(,虚假的类比,):,因为两种事物之间有某些相似之处，就得出结论说，这两种事物之间在其他方面也相似。,e.g.X is too old to be the principal because an old dog cannot learn new tricks.,Equivocation,(,模棱两可,):,指在论述中改变了概念的含义。,e.g.It is not in the public interest for the public to lose interest in politics.,4Common Logical Fallacies,Either.or.Reasoning(两者取一):指复杂的问题让人感觉似乎只有两个解决方案供选择，即或者选A 或者选B，而实际的选择不只限于A 或B。,e.g.Either go to university or forget about getting a job.,Begging the Question(循环论证):争论时提出一个观点，但是提出的论据是以提出的观点为根底。,e.g.Wrestling is a dangerous sport because it is unsafe.,Red Herring(转移注意力):在争论中提出一个不相关的问题以引开听众的注意力。,e.g.Why worry about pandas becoming extinct when we should be concerned about the plight of the homeless,Self-Contradiction,(,自相矛盾,):,这种逻辑错误是指两种情况不能同时都是真实的。,e.g.Only when nuclear weapons have finally destroyed us will we be convinced of the need to control them.,Post Hoc/False Cause,(,错误的因果关系,),：因为,A,发生在,B,之后，就认为,B,是,A,发生的原因,.,e.g.Since Governor Lee took office,unemployment for minorities in the state has decreased by 7 percent.Governor Lee should be applauded for reducing unemployment among minorities.,Argument to the People,(,利用人的偏见,):,这种错误利用了人们的偏见。,e.g.In a court of law,the jury vote by majority;therefore,they will always make the correct decision.,Argument to the Person/Ad Hominem(用情感代替理智):把听众或读者的注意力从论点本身转移开，去关注提出论点的人的外貌、习惯或性格。,e.g.We could take her position in favor of jailing child abusers seriously if she were not so nasty to the children who live next door to her.,Argument to Ignorance(诉诸无知):如果一个观点不能被证明是错误的，那么它就是正确的。这种错误很有煽动性，因为它利用了人们的迷信心理或者无知。,e.g.Since no one has proven that depression does not cause cancer,we can assume that it does.,Bandwagon(人云亦云):有这种思维的人认为，多数人都在说或做的事情就是正确的。,e.g.Everyone knows that eating chocolate makes children active.,Overgeneralization(过度概括):在证据尚不充分的根底上做出了具有高度概括性的结论。这种错误的陈述经常与all，always，never 等表示绝对含义的词语连用。,e.g.All democrats are liberals.,Non Sequitur(无前提的推理):这种逻辑错误指的是结论与前提不相关。,e.g.I can tell she is an atheist,because she never goes to church.,Guilt by Association(语义株连):逻辑推理的三段论式中起媒介作用的中项或联接项没有得到周延。,e.g.Dogs have four legs.Lambs have four legs.Therefore,dogs are lambs.,5.2 Argumentative Writing,Composition types in writing:,1 Comparative Argument Essay,2 Pro-and-Con Essay,3 Inductive-and-Deductive Essay,4 Cause-and-Effect Essay,1 Comparative-Argument Essay,比较型议论文主要用于比较一个事物的不同方面，或几种相似的事物的不同之处,多有涉及某一事物的正反、利弊、优劣等两方面的问题，如,advantages and disadvantages,benefits and problems,positive and negative aspects,similarities and differences,success and failure,The Advantages and Disadvantages of Studying Abroad,Studying overseas has been accepted as a desirable option for many Chinese families lately.Obviously,it promises a great range of rewards.In the first place,its a chance to have access to advanced science and technology as well as desirable working conditions,which is barely available at home.In addition,exposed to entirely new ideas and customs,one can polish his foreign language and has a wonderful experience.,However,studying abroad might as well become the source of endless hardships.Above all,learning a foreign language is far from an easy thing at the beginning for almost everyone.Besides,a completely new environment constitutes a barrier to overseas students,which is especially true to the young.An additional difficulty lies in the financial pressure for families left behind.It can be very costly to study abroad.,It has always been a harsh decision to make,and it is sensible to take into consideration all the relevant factors,which include financial conditions,accessibility of help in cases of emergency and the students adaptability to new surroundings.Personally,I redeem that going abroad promises more chances.,Sample Writing,The Positive and Negative Aspects of Online Shopping,One of the controversial issues today is online shopping.According to a recent survey:a large proportion of the public used to shop online and an even greater proportion is planning to give it a try.,Shopping online is not only a fashion,but its advantages have also been well recognized.Convenience and low prices can always top others to be the best reasons for some consumers to choose internet to do their shopping.No one can deny the many benefits that it has brought about.However,everything always has pros and cons,and its the same case with online shopping.Deception and poor quality are often listed as the most troublesome problems with this way of purchasing.And whats more important is that as long as we go on shopping in a virtual world,these problems seem to be unavoidable.,In order to make the best out of the online shopping as well as avoid potential risks,I suggest that we should not shop this way unless we are too occupied to do it in the mall in person,or the shops online are owned by our friends or acquaintances.Only in this way can we enjoy online shopping to the full.,Sample Writing,Going on a Self-tour or a Package Tour,When faced with choices for a pleasant vacation,some never hesitate to choose a self-planned tour over a package one.In the first place,this way of touring promises freedom and flexibility to certain degree,since they can pick up their favorite sites and decide on the time spent at each place,let alone what to have for meals,which often makes a great part of the fun in traveling.,However,thats not the case with every person,because some others will definitely choose a package tour to spend their time in a more efficient and easy way.As is obviously revealed by the word package,such a tour will save the tourists huge amount of energy by providing planned itinerary,arranging every detail before gathering the travel-lovers together.Besides,no one can deny the possibility for one to develop great relationship on the road.,Viewing the contradictory opinions,both approaches have favorable advantages for potential tourists.So I dont think it would make any sense to rush into a choice before taking into account the relevant situations,including fund,time,the target destination or even the personal physical conditions.,辩论型议论文主要是就目前社会热点话题或有争议性的观点和问题发表议论，要求写作者审视正反两方面的论据，通过对同一问题的两种不同观点进展比较或比照，从不同角度进展分析和评价、支持或驳斥，然后提出自己的看法并加以论证说明，最后得出结论。,通常辩论型议论文有两种类型：,A or B 类型,My view on 类型,(2)Pro-and-Con Essay,I cant stand the pressure and competition,explained one friend of mine when asked why he decided to quit his highly-paid but demanding position in his company recently.My friend may have his own reasons,but I dont think his decision is wise in reality.,It is true that my friends case is not unique.In the last few years quite a number of men and women have chosen to do something less competitive at the cost of a comfortable,easy life a highly-paid job can obtain.They are afraid that the stresses and strains of work will rob them of joy and happiness and do them harm both physically and mentally.In fact,however,stress isnt the bad thing it is often supposed to be.Unless it gets out of control,a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge,and to give purpose and significance to an otherwise meaningless,idle life.People under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize their own personal worth-the very aim of a human life.,Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it.What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather than to escape from it.,Is Stress a Bad Thing,Why We Work,Why do we work The answers differ from one person to another because they adopt different attitudes towards work.Some people live to work.They devote themselves to their work.The aim for which they work is to realize the value of life,to promote the development of society and to make more people live happily.They make great contribution to society and at the same time they also find pleasure from their work.,On the contrary,other people work to live.They regard work as a way of making a living.The purpose for which they work is to kill time or to make enough money to support themselves and their families.They often consider work as what they have to do.So they cant pick up pleasure and enjoyment from their work.Such people,once they can afford to support themselves and their families,perhaps quit their work.,In my opinion,we shouldnt go to the extremes.Since we are members of society,we should do what we can to better it so that we can live in more comfortable and more convenient surroundings.Good life is an assurance of smooth work.Only when we realize this can we live happily and work well.,Although honest is believed to be a virtue,there are still dishonest people in our society.For example,some businessmen sell fake commodities to their consumers;some students cheat in the exams.,Dishonest people are short-sighted.Those who sell fake products may make money at first,but consumers wont buy their products any more.As a result,they would lose their fortune or even be sent to prison.By contrast,honest people would gain a lot.Those who always tell the truth or keep their promise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well.Such persons are sure to have a lot of good friends.Because they are trustworthy and respectable,everyone is eager to make friends with them.Besides,it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job.Generally speaking,every employer wants his employees to be honestSo we can say that anyone who is honest will get rewards for good deeds.,In a word,honest wins trust,respect and honor.So it is important that we should be honest.,It Pays to Be Honest,Pet Raising,Nowadays,with the improvement of the peoples living standard,some people form a habit of raising small or domestic animals as pets.Some raise small dogs or cats as their pets while others raise various birds or fishes as their pets.There are still even some people raising snakes and other unusual animals as their pets.,Does anyone have the same opinion of raising animals as pets No,some people object to the idea of raising animals as pets.To them,animals have their own right to live a natural life like human beings.On the other hand,the way people raise animals as pets have a negative influence on the surroundings such as dogs barking at midnight,dogs chasing people on the street and so on.Whats more,some animals will transmit some diseases.,In my opinion,I do not like the idea to raise animals at pets.Animals have their own right to lead a life as they like.We should not deprive them of their natural right.In this way,we will live in a peaceful world in harmony with the other living creatures.,(3)Inductive and Deductive Essay,阐述说明型议论文要求写作者就某一问题或现象正面阐述自己的观点，并分析说明其理由。通常要用例证对其重要性、必要性、利弊关系或正误关系等进展论证说明，有时还需要提出解决问题的方法或建议。这样的写作充分展现了思辨的分析技能与推理技能。,阐述说明型议论文有两种类型：,How or What 类型,Suggestion or Measure 类型,Achieving contentment,“Contentment is natural wealth,luxury is artificial poverty,and this is what Socrates has told us.For many of us,it has been ingrained into our lives that the proper way to diffuse discontent is to purchase the outward item that is seemingly causing the discontentment.,However,we were frustrated with clutter.We discovered the time that was wasted managing our possessions and determined that we value other things far more than physical belongings.It is our sense of contentment.Not only does contentment provide the opportunity for minimalism,it also reduces your stress level,improves your outlook,relaxes your body,and makes your life enjoyable.There is an unmis