英语雅思大作文优质公开课获奖课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,IELTS,大作文写作手法,IDA,IELTS,IELTS,目录,How are Task 2 answers assessed?,1,Ways to develop a paragraph,（论证方法）,2,雅思议论文论证结构,3,大作文分类,4,Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria,Task Response,(i.e.how fully and appropriately the candidate has answered all parts of the task;the extent to which the candidates ideas are relevant,developed and supported;the extent to which the candidates position is clear and effective),Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria,Coherence,连贯性,and Cohesion,衔接,i.e.how well the information and ideas are organised and presented i.e.paragraphing;how well the information is linked),Examiners assess the answers according to these criteria,Lexical Resource,词汇资源,(i.e.the range of vocabulary used,how accurately it is used and how appropriate it is for the task),Argumentative devices-Ways to develop a paragraph,（论证方法）,exemplification,（举例说明），,explanation,（解释说明），,cause and effect,（因果论证），,comparison and contrast,（比较与对比）,concession and refutation,（让步与反驳），,classification,（分类）,Exemplification,Example:,a specific fact,idea,person,or thing that is used to explain or support a general idea,or to show what is typical of a larger group,举例相关关联词：,For example,For instance,Take(Consider)as an example,A case in point,such as,including,Some people think that animals,should be treated as friends.Yet others only consider animals as sources of food and clothing.To what extent do you agree or disagree?,Sample Answer,There is a growing tendency nowadays,for some people to treat animals as living meat and walking fur.This leads to the cruel slaughter of animals all over the world every year.Yet,in my opinion,instead of killing animals,human beings should treat them as their friends.,It is an undeniable fact that,animals play a vital role in maintaining the subtle balance of the earths ecological system.The lack of this essential part will bring about the destruction of the whole world.Therefore,to some extent,killing animals is equal to digging our own graves.,For thousands of years,many animals have given loyal service to humans.Pigeons convey messages in wartime,and dogs help to detect crime.Even pigs,which many people think are the most stupid animals,are used in the battle against drugs.,There is no doubt that,our lives would be far less convenient without a little help from our animal friends.,Animals also help humans in a spiritual way.,There is nothing better than,keeping a cat or a dog if you want your kids to be more independent and responsible.,It is also noted that,senior citizens live longer if they keep pets after their retirement.,To sum up,animals are human beings friends.Those who regard animals as merely a source of food and clothing should at least bear one thing in mind:Being kind to animals is being kind to ourselves.Therefore,for our own future benefit,please treat animals with love and care.,Topic sentence:,A growing number of environmental problems are no longer confined to a certain region or country.,For example,oil spills can pollute international waters and the loss of the ozone layer may lead to the melting of ice caps and glaciers,which in turn,may raise sea levels worldwide.,练习,Topic sentence:,The advertisements on TV,newspaper and other kinds of media may confuse consumers and make them rush to purchase products which they dont really need.,Take the cell phone for example.Its functions and practical use are often exaggerated in advertisements.Whats more,the advertisements even create a fashionable atmosphere for cell phones which appeals to young people to change their phones continuously while ignoring the basic service of cell phones is just to make a phone call.,Explanation,解释：,It means,That is to say,In other words,To put it another way,By that I mean,I believe,the traditional family,with both parents providing emotional support and role-models for their children,is the most satisfactory way of bringing up children.,Education after birth plays a significant role in ones development.,Education,which helps children develop their thinking and accumulate their knowledge,is a deciding factor of ones success.For example,a high-school level person commonly may not succeed to the extent of a person who has received a university education.This is not only because of the greater breadth of knowledge acquired,but also due to a more critical and focused way of thinking that is imparted and refined during ones senior education.,I think,an ability to keep clear perspectives in life,is a more essential factor in achieving happiness.,By that I mean,an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives(the welfare of our families,the quality of our relationships,making other people happy,etc.)and what is not(a problem at work,getting annoyed about trivial things,etc.),Cause and Effect,Cause:,because of,as a result of,due to,thanks to,owing to,because,as,since,for,Result:,as a result,as a consequence,accordingly,in this way,thus,hence,so,therefore,练习,妇女不应该当兵，因为她们的体力不如男子。,Women should be join in the army,Women should not be a member of the army,Women should not take up a military career,because they are not as strong as men,because they are inferior to men in physical strength,because of their physical inadequacies,In many countries schools have severe problems with student behavior.What do you think are the causes of this?What solutions can you suggest?,范文：,Poor student behavior seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.,In many countries,the birth rate is decreasing,so that,families are smaller with fewer children.These children are often spoilt,not in terms of love and attention,because,working parents do not have the time for this,but in more material ways.They are allowed to have whatever they want,regardless of price,and to behave as they please.,This means,that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.,When,they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline.They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.,Comparison and Contrast,similarly,likewise,in the same manner,in the same way,but,while,whereas,whilst,on the contrary,in contrast,by contrast,on the other hand,instead,rather,conversely,Plane is the fastest means of transportation.,It used to take us about 10 hours to go to a place by car.Now,we can go there in no more than 1 hour by air.,What used to take us 10 hours by car can now be covered within 1 hour by air.,Concession and Refutation,although,while,admittedly,it is true that,it is often the case that,but,however,nevertheless,Although old people are unlikely to face physically challenging tasks,there are many jobs that are especially suitable for old people,such as jobs that call for more experience and wisdom than physical power.With their rich experience in both work and life,many old people would make good consultants,instructors,coaches,doctors and psychologists,to mention only a few.,Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys.In adulthood,it is men,not women,who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war.Obviously,in raising children,a more patient,gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one.Although there are certainly gentle men and aggressive women,by and large,females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.,论证方法总结及分类论证,妇女是否应当参军？,In many countries,women are not able to join in the army to share equal basis with men and some people think that only men should be a member of the army,navy and air force.To what extent do you agree or disagree?,应当；不应当；主体客体分类,Why should?,战争的状态和要求,The way battles are fought has undergone dramatic changes and so women have an equal basis as men.,参军的职责,Just as men have the responsibility of bringing up children with women,so women should bear the burden of protecting their own country by joining in the army.,Why should not?,（军人必备的条件？物质,/,非物质？）,妇女体力不行（妇女不应当当兵是因为她们的体力不如男子。）,男女分工不同,Culturally speaking,women are not fit for the position of killing.,分类：主体,/,客体,主体分类：什么妇女？,客体分类：当什么兵？,完整文章分析：,Many people believe that women make better parents than men and that this is why they have the greater role in raising children in most societies.Others claim that men are just as good as women at parenting.Write an essay expressing your point of view.,Sample Answer:,The view that women are better parents than men has shown itself to be true throughout history.This is not to say that men are not of importance in child-rearing;indeed,they are most necessary if children are to appreciate fully the roles of both sexes.But women have proven themselves superior parents as a result of their conditioning,their less aggressive nature and their generally better communication skills.,From the time they are little girls,females learn about nurturing.First with dolls and later perhaps with younger brothers and sisters,girls are given the role of career.Girls see their mothers in the same roles and so it is natural that they identify this as a female activity.Boys,in contrast,learn competitive role far removed from what it means to nurture.While boys may dream of adventures,girls conditioning means they tend to see the future in terms of raising families.,Girls also appear to be less aggressive than boys.In adulthood,it is men,not women,who prove to be the aggressors in crime and in war.Obviously,in raising children,a more patient,gentle manner is preferable to a more aggressive one.Although there certainly exist gentle men and aggressive women,by and large,females are less likely to resort to violence in attempting to solve problems.,Finally,women tend to be better communicators than men.This is shown in intelligence tests,where females,on average,do better in verbal communication than males.Of course,communication is of utmost importance in rearing children,as children tend to learn from and adopt the communication styles of their parents.,Thus,while it is all very well to suggest a greater role for men in raising children,let us not forget that women are generally better suited to the parenting role.,雅思议论文论证结构,Argument,Some people think that Others believe that Discuss and give your opinion.,题目特点：题目当中包含着针锋相对的两种观点。要求讨论并且提出你自己的观点。,平衡式,交代双方观点,观点一及其理由,观点二及其理由,我的观点倾向性,-,一或二或折中）,注意：中心思想常在末段首句,雅思议论文论证结构,Some people believe that money spent on space research benefits all of humanity.Others take the opposite view and say that money for this type of research is wasted.Discuss these views and give your opinion.,雅思议论文论证结构,Sample Answer,：,For over fifty years,a number of nations have been involved in the exploration of outer space.This research has been very costly,of course.Has this money been well spent or wasted?,Some people believe that all or most space research should be eliminated because of its incredible expense,not only in terms of money,but also in terms of scientific and human resources.These people point out the fact that it cost billions of dollars to send astronauts to the moon,but all they brought back were some worthless rocks.These people say that the money and effort now being wasted in outer space could be spent on more important projects right here on earth,such as providing housing for homeless people,improving the education system,saving the environment,and finding cures for diseases.,雅思议论文论证结构,However,other people believe that space research has provided many benefits to mankind.They point out that hundreds of useful products,from personal computers to heart pacemakers to freeze-dried foods,are the direct or indirect results of space research.They say that weather and communication satellites,which are also products of space programs,have benefited people all over the globe.In addition to these practical benefits,supporters of the space program point to the scientific knowledge that has been acquired about the sun,the moon,the planets,and even our own earth as a result of space research.,雅思议论文论证结构,I agree with those people who support space research and wish to continue.Space research,as shown,has already brought many benefits to humanity.Perhaps it will bring even more benefits in the future,ones that we can not even imagine now.Moreover,just as individual people need challenges to make their lives more interesting,I believe the human race itself needs a challenge,and I think that the peaceful exploration of outer space provides just such a challenge.,练习,Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions.Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair.,Discuss both these views and give your own opinion,题解：,和从事其他重要职业的人士相比，成功的职业运动员能挣多得多的钱。一些人认为这是完全合理的，而其他人认为不公平。讨论这两种观点并提出你的看法。,雅思议论文论证结构,范文：,As a result of constant media attention,sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities,and those at the top are paid huge salaries.Just like movie stars,they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.,Many people find their rewards unfair,especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists,or even leading politicians who have the responsibility of governing the country.However,sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes,or the level of responsibility he or she holds.Instead,they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate.So the notion of“fairness”is not the issue.,雅思议论文论证结构,范文：,Those who feel that sports stars salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few,and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful.Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career.The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight.So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.,Personally,I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars,but at the same time,it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professions and achievements.,雅思议论文论证结构,用词多样：,“收入高”，题目中用的是,earn a great deal of money,，文中几处地方分别改写成了,are paid huge salaries,super salaries,huge earnings,。,“认为”，文中分别用了,find,feel,和,think,等。,句型多变：,长短句结合：例如第二段和第三段论证用的长句和总结时的短句。,分类式,交代双方观点并指出其复杂性，进行分类,情形一及做法,情形二及做法,总结,Agree or Disagree?To what extent do you agree or disagree?Do you agree or disagree with this view?,同意不同意题型的几种开头写法：,直接提出观点，同意：,情景,+,观点：,让步反驳：,事实,+,对方观点及理由,+,反驳并提出自己观点,直接提出观点，同意：,Creative artists should always be given the freedom to express their own ideas(in words,pictures,music or f