六级作文写作.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,大学英语六级考试流程,14,：,50-15,：,00,试,音时间,15,：,00-15,：,10,播放考场指令，发放作文考卷,15,：,10,取下耳机，开始作文考试,15,：,35,发放含有快速阅读的试题册（但,15,：,40,才允许开始做）,15,：,40-15,：,55,做快速阅读部分,15,：,55-16,：,00,收答题卡一（即作文和快速阅读）,15,：,55-16,：,00,重新戴上耳机，试,音，,准备听力考试,16,：,00,开始听力考试，电台开始放音,听力结束后完成剩余考项。,17,：,20,全部考试结束,每一部分完成的时间？,作文,30,分钟,快速阅读,15,分钟,听力,35,分钟,阅读理解（,15,选,10+2,篇阅读,25,分钟,完型填空,15,分钟,翻译,5,分钟,大学英语六级考试作文写作,1.,写作的内容,写作,(Writing),部分考查考生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为,15%,。写作部分根据考生所熟悉的题材出题。考生根据规定的题目和所提供的提纲、情景、图片或图表等，写出一篇不少于,150,词的短文。考试时间为,30,分钟。,2.,写作的要求,写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作，思想表达准确，意义连贯，无重大语法错误。写作部分考查的技能包括：,1),思想表达,表达中心思想,表达重要或特定信息,表达观点、态度等,2),篇章组织,围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点,连贯地组句成段，组段成篇,3),语言运用,运用恰当的词汇,运用正确的语法,运用合适的句子结构,使用正确的标点符号,运用衔接手段表达句间关系（如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等）,4),写作格式,运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式,大学英语六级考试写作部分要求考生达到大学英语课程教学要求（试行）,（以下简称,教学要求,）中的较高要求，即“能就一般性的主题基本表达个人观点，能写所学专业论文的英文摘要，能撰写所学专业的英语小论文。能描述各种图表，能在半小时内写出,150180,词的短文，内容完整，条例清楚，文理通顺。”,(,近四年作文变化趋势,),作文主题来源,字数要求,历年作文题汇总（,最新到最旧）,1.Due attention should be given to the study of Chinese(,忽视中文现象,),语言文化类,120,字,2.Should parents send their kids to art classes?,（家长送孩子参加各种艺术班）,社会现象类,150,字,3.On the importance of a Name.(,名字的重要性,),杂项,4.How to improve students mental health?(,大学生心理健康,),社会现象类,150,字,5.Will E-books replace traditional books?(,电子图书,),科技类,150,字,6.Digital age(,数字时代,),科技类,150,字,7.Should one expect a reward when doing a good deed?(,做好事图不图回报,),社会现象类,150,字,8.The importance of reading classics(,阅读经典书籍,),文化类,150,热点话题：,社会现象,科技类问题,新的热点,辛亥革命？,食物安全,语言表达是否正确无误？,Chinglish,生搬硬造的专有名词,书写是否让人看了就不想看？,是否用了考官看着就头大，被人用过,N,遍的词？,是否有让考官逼视你英文的小错误？,Long time no see,狂犬病，（,a kind of disease which cause by dog bite,not human bite?,）,Rabies,.Putonghua(,普通话？,)Mandarin,主流,(up classic?)mainstream,辛亥革命（,xinghai revolution?,）,the Revolution of 1911,用汉语拼音凑数的英文翻译,Sun zi strategies,Chun qiu,Chu ci,孙子兵法,Strategy of war by Sun Tzu,春秋,The Spring and Autumn Annals,楚辞,The songs of Chu,孙中山,不翻译成,Sun Zhong shan,而是,Dr.Sun Yat-sen,“,Dr.Sun Yat-sen”,为“孙逸仙博士”的英文写法。,在西方，先生以“,Dr.Sun Yat-sen”,之名闻于世。,词汇量不足,影响写作的最大问题,对词汇的选择是否恰当（,appropriate,）？,是否用了,Clich.,使用词汇是否准确,(accuracy),？,How to improve then?,积累,大量表达法！,可以取代“,think”,的词有哪些？,believe,suppose,guess,claim,maintain,argue,insist,hold the opinion/belief that,in favor ofsupport.,Important,的同义词？,Vital,adj,重要的,Crucial,adj,重要的,significant,adj,有意义的,capital,adj,首都的，重要的，主要的,significance,n,重要；意义（,sign+ific,带有,+ance,带有信号,有,意义）,Importance,n,重要,词组：,attach great importance to.,the significance of.is crystal clear.,同义词的使用：,解决：,solve,resolve,deal with,cope with,handle,tackle,消除：,get rid of,eradicate,eliminate,依赖：,rely on,depend on,count on,十分：,very much,immensely,hugely,largely,greatly,enormously,tremendously,损害：,damage,hurt,injure,harm,impair,给予：,give,offer,render,impart,provide,发展：,develop,cultivate,foster,优势：,advantage,merit,virtue,benefit,upside,strength,缺陷：,disadvantage,defect,demerit,drawback,downside,weakness,重视,attach great importance to,把时间和精力放在,上,focus time and energy on,有直接,/,间接关系,be directly/indirectly related to,提出折中提议,set forth a compromise proposal,缓解压力,/,减轻负担,relieve stress/burden,优先考虑,/,发展,give(top)priority to sth.,与,比较,compared with/in comparison with,.,相反,in contrast/on the contrary.,.,代替,replace/substitute/take the place of,.,经不起推敲,cannot bear closer analysis/cannot hold water,也不例外,be no exception,从另一个角度,from another perspective,.,导致，引起,lead to/give rise to/contribute to/result in,.,对,产生有利,/,不利的影响,exert positive/negative effects on,.,利远远大于弊,the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.,对,有益,be beneficial/conducive to,热烈的讨论,/,争论,a heated discussion/debate,有争议性的问题,a controversial issue,人们普遍认为,It is commonly believed/recognized that,完全不同的观点,a totally different argument,双方的论点,argument on both sides,不可否认,It is undeniable that/There is no denying that,毫无疑问,Undoubtedly,/There is no doubt that,无可非议,blameless/beyond reproach.,不可推卸的义务,unshakable duty,对,必不可少,be indispensable to,.,就,达到绝对的一致,reach an absolute consensus on,有充分的理由支持,be supported by sound reasons,对,有害,do harm to/be harmful to/be detrimental to,采取有效措施来,take effective measures to do sth.,.,对,观点因人而异,Views on vary from person to person.,对这一问题持有不同态度,hold different attitudes towards this issue,支持前,/,后种观点的人,people/those in favor of the former/latter opinion,有,/,提供如下理由,/,证据,have/provide the following reasons/evidence,必然趋势,an irresistible trend of,有其自身的优缺点,has its merits and demerits/advantages and disadvantages,How to write,？,Organization,作文组织架构,两种写法：,一边倒,作者明确表明赞同一方观点并进行论证支持,两方面,作者对题目观点从两方面进行阐述。,面对作文题思考的五个问题,写提纲,(outline),怎样写引言,主体部分分几段,每段的主题句是什么,结尾主要内容是什么,如何写提纲？,例：作文题,Food,can be produced,cheaper,if we use improved,fertilizers,（农药）,and better,machinery,.,However some methods may be,dangerous,for,human health,and may have negative effects for,local communities,.,What is your opinion?,中文自写提纲：,观点一：化肥,+,农机,=,食品 制造成本降低,观点二：化肥,+,农机,=,损害健康，危害社区,我的观点：支持观点二,建议,A,，管制化肥,B,，寻找新化肥,C,，改进农机,怎样写引言,作文如果提供一些背景资料和相关信息，引文可以针对背景资料中的关键词，,阐明观点，,不可以过于笼统，又不能过于具体。,引文的,最后一句话,应该对下文的内容和结构有所,暗示,作文例题,At present it is,hard for college graduates to find job,Many people claim that college teachers should give priority to,practical courses,like computer science and business over such,tradition ones,as history and geography.,What do you think?,These days there is a growing tendency for college students to have difficulties in finding jobs when they graduate.,A large number of people hold the opinion that lack of practical knowledge,among other things,contributes to this situation,.In light of this,they contend that college teachers should lay more stress on practical courses than on traditional ones.,For my part,I am in favor of their viewpoint.,不同的首段写法,开头问了一个问题，结尾就必须,回答,这个,问题,首段开门见山阐述了观点，结尾可以,重申,这个,观点,。,前后呼应,在英语议论文的写作中是很有必要的。,主体部分分几段,？,每段的主题句是什么？,分论点,(main ideas),是否清楚,(clear),？,在议论文的正文，一定要有,2-3,个理由段论证,自己的立场,这些,分论点,就应该是,本段论述的核心,和主题。,有效的主题句即,分论点,+,支持句,的理由段结构能很好的解决跑题和论证不知所云的问题。,论证方法？举例,/,解释,/,推理,/,比较,根据不同的题目类型选择不同的论证方法,例：作文题目,At present it is,hard for college graduates to find jobs,Many people claim that college teachers should give priority to,practical courses,like computer science and business over such,tradition ones,as history and geography.What do you think?,In the first place,emphasis on practical courses is demanded by ever-developing society.,As society has entered the information age and commercialization is sweeping across the world,computer and business courses are geared to the social demand.,（解释）,Conversely,if a student has little knowledge of computers or business,he will lag behind the times.,（推理）,By contrast,it seems that traditional courses are out of date.They are either too theoretical or too academic,so that they cant directly applied to the tasks of real life.,（比较）,In the second place,practical knowledge has a direct bearing on future job prospects.,There is no denying the fact that the students better equipped with practical knowledge are more competitive in job hunting,（对比举例）,while those majoring in history,geography and the like have few job opportunities.,It turns out that many of them have to take jobs below their abilities.Harsh reality confirms that traditional courses have lost much ground.,结尾主要内容是什么？,结尾一定要给人,完整,的感觉，否则分数会大打折扣,总结,全文，深化主题,不要简单机械的重复,引言中的话，,照抄开头主题句,。再次强调中心论点，突出重点，对主题句进行,转述，释义,作文例题,At present it is,hard for college graduates to find job,Many people claim that college teachers should give priority to,practical courses,like computer science and business over such,tradition ones,as history and geography.What do you think?,When all the factors are examined,we may safely come to the conclusion that the balance should be tipped toward,practical courses,in school curriculums.,（再次给出自己的立场）,College education,in my opinion,should become more attuned to the demands of employers.,分论点间的联系,(link),是否紧密？,分论点应该在审题思路拓展时一并考虑，分论点是否重叠，是否能从,多角度论证,自己立场，这些都是考生拿分的关键。,学会从常见的几个角度来分析不同的问题。,经济角度，环保角度，健康角度，时间效率角度，情感等,广泛的阅读,才能开阔自己的视野，写作的思路才能打开。,21,世纪报，南方周末,如果是在没法那么广泛的阅读，可以,阅读,专门为考试编写的,思路拓展书,。,Grammar,词汇,句型,段落的连贯性,(coherence),段落的连贯性着眼于句与句之间的连接与组织，它包含句与句之间,外部结构,及,过渡词,(transition),的通迅自然和,内部逻辑关系,的清晰明确,。,英语写作与汉语写作是完全不同的。不能将头脑中的汉语句子译成英语。,英语,民族的,思维模式,是,线性的,，因此往往先一个主题句，然后沿着这一线索发展。,这一思维模式决定了每一句子都是为了辅助说明中心思想而自然流畅地,承接,前面的句子，就像一条流淌的意识流。,过渡语,(transition),可以是一个,词,、一个,短语,、一种,语法手段,或者是一种,表达方式,，用来使句与句、段与段之间逻辑地连接起来使他们相互之间关系明确，推动文章向前发展或使文章意义转折，使发展脉络清楚明白。,解说性过渡语：,now,thus,for,in this case;,强调性过渡语：,indeed,certainly,above all,转折性过渡语：,but,however,yet,unless,except for;,举例性过渡语：,for example,for instance,thus;for one thing,to illustrate,as an illustration,a case in point,namely,that is,incidentally,等,比较性过渡语：,like,similarly,likewise,in the same way;,对照性过渡语：,in contrast,on the other hand,instead,unlike;,让步性过渡语：,admittedly,nevertheless,of course,although,after all;,总结性过渡语,：,in conclusion,to sum up,all in all,finally,表示强调的过渡词：,naturally,obviously,clearly,of course,in fact,as a matter of fact,actually,in particular,that is to say,in this case,any way,in any case,on no account,certainly,indeed,above all,first of all,surely,no doubt,等,表示递进的过渡词：,furthermore,moreover,besides,also,in addition,too,like wise,whats more,not only but also,等。,表示因果关系的过渡词：,therefore,as a result,consequently,thus,hence,so,accordingly;because of,because,for,for this reason,since,as,due to,owing to,thanks to,on this account,on that account,in this way,otherwise,等。,理论和实践相结合,integrate theory with practice,扩大知识面,expand ones scope of knowledge,身心两方面,both physically and mentally,.,社会发展的必然结果,the inevitable result of social development,引起了广泛的公众关注,arouse wide public concern/draw public attention,发挥着日益重要的作用,play an increasingly important role in,交流思想,/,情感,/,信息,exchange ideas/emotions/information,.,跟上,的最新发展,keep pace with/catch up with/keep abreast with the latest development of,.,的健康发展,the healthy development of,日益激烈的社会竞争,the increasingly fierce social competition,眼前利益,immediate interest/short-term interest,.,长远利益,.interest in the long run,责任感,/,成就感,sense of responsibility/sense of achievement,竞争与合作精神,sense of competition and cooperation,开阔眼界,widen ones horizon/broaden ones vision,.,学习知识和技能,acquire knowledge and skills,经济,/,心理负担,financial burden/psychological burden,考虑到诸多因素,take many factors into account/consideration,环保,(,的,)environmental protection/environmentally friendly,社会进步的体现,a symbol of society progress,科技的飞速更新,the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology,.,提供就业机会,offer job opportunities,致力于,/,投身于,be committed/devoted to,方便快捷,convenient and efficient.,在人类生活的方方面面,in all aspects of human life,满足需求,satisfy/meet the needs of.,可靠的信息源,a reliable source of information.,社会进步的反映,mirror of social progress,增进相互了解,enhance/promote mutual understanding,充分利用,make full use of/take advantage of,承受更大的工作压力,suffer from heavier work pressure,保障社会的稳定和繁荣,guarantee the stability and prosperity of our society,做出共同努力,make joint efforts,为社会做贡献,make contributions to the society,打下坚实的基础,lay a solid foundation for.,综合素质,comprehensive quality.,扬长避短,Exploit to the full ones favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones,取其精髓，取其糟粕,Take the essence and discard the dregs.,句型,(Variety),句子,(sentence),和结构,(structure),的选择上是否多样化（,varied,）？,语法（,grammar,）是否准确（,accurate,）？,是否简单,(simple sentence),和复杂句,(complex sentence),长短结合使用？,不同结构的英语句子有不同的作用，考察标准强调的是能否根据表达的需要选用不同类型的句子。,文章中表达不同语言功能的,常用高分句型,2.,是否使用一些,惯用法,(idiomatic),和较不常见,(less common),的表达？,词汇方面要关注的不仅有数量还应该有词汇的等级，考生在背单词时应多留意用较少见的,同义词替换,常见的一些词；,3.,是否,避免重复,（,repeat,）用词？,同一个意思能否有多种不同的表达方式？,4.,是否使用词汇的正确形式,(correct form),?,不同词类的变形，名词复数等单词形式的正确变化也要注意。,5.,单词拼写（,spelling,）是否准确？,作文检查,1.,是否使用了正确的,语法结构,，比方说，动词,时态一致、主谓一致、,用词准确、,词性,(,尤其是名词、动词、形容词,),、,名词单复数,、冠词错误和介词错误。,2.,句式是否有变化,(,如各种从句的使用、分词结构等,),3.,使用了一定的,词汇量,(,如用同义词或词组来避免过多的重复,),4.,标点、拼写没有错误。,5.,在每段的,主题句,中都表明了这个段落的中心思想，所有,扩展句,都紧扣主题。,6.,使用了,过渡性词语,，因而句子之间和段落之间都有逻辑性和条理性。,7.,每一段话都得到充分的展开。,8.,提供了足够的细节、,例子,或论据。,9.,明确的观点,。,10.,每一段话都,紧扣,文章的,主题,。,近,11,年的六级考试作文题目：,2009.12 Should parents send their kids to art classes?,2009.6 On the Importance of a Name,2008.12 How to Improve Students Mental Health?,2008.6 Will E-books Replace Traditional Books?,2007.6 Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?,2007.12 Digital Age,2006.12 The Importance of Reading Classics,2006.6 Traveling Abroad,2005.12 A Letter Declining a Job Offer,2005.6 Say No to Pirated Products,200412 Your Help Needed,2004.6 A Letter to the Editor of a Newspaper,2003.12 Reduce Waste on Campus,2003.6 Changes in the Ownership of Houses,2002.12 It Pays to Be Honest,2002.6 Student Use of Computers,2002.1 A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus 2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate,2001.1 How to Succeed in a Job Interview?,2000.6 Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?,2000.1 How I Finance My College Education?,1999.6 Reading Selectively or Extensively?,根据上表我们把这些作文题目分为几类：,1.,校园生活类,2.,课余生活类,3.,热点话题类,4.,工作求职类,可以看出，校园生活类的题材占总数的,50%,。这些题材贴近考生的日常校园生活，是考生最为熟悉和了解、也最容易有感而发的话题。,常考文体,六级作文的体裁主要有议论文、应用文和说明文三类。其中，议论文出现的次数较多（尤其是在最近几年）；应用文出现的次数次之；说明文出现的次数最少。,1.,议论文,议论文占总数的,55%,，所占比重较大。议论文主要用于陈述各种理由，发表作者的看法、观点，因此往往观点鲜明，预期倾向明显。议论文写作要求考生不仅能够清楚、准确地表达出自己的观点，还要进行论证，做到有理有据。,2.,应用文,教学要求,明确提到考生应该能够进行日常应用文的写作，包括信函、简历等。应用文在近,11,年的考试中出现过,5,次，占总数的,23%,。,3.,说明文,说明文在这,22,套六级考试真题中出现过,4,次，占总数的,18%,。,说明文是阐述事物本质、特征、性能、结构用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明对象可以是具体的，如自然环境、仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念、定律等。,在说明文写作的过程中要注意把握一个中心主题，而且要有合理的次序，脉络清晰。,11.2.3,命题形式,主要有以下三类：提纲式、图表式和情景式三类。其中提纲式占绝对主流位置；,图表式出现过,3,次，即,2006,年,6,月的,Traveling Abroad,、,2003,年,6,月的,Changes in the Ownership of Houses,和,2002,年,6,月的,Student Use of Computers,；,情景式只出现过一次，即,2002,年,1,月的,A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus,。,11.3,六级写作技巧训练,1,）议论文写作训练,议论文是四六级作文的重点命题类型。它是指解释、议论、说理的文章，通过运用概念、判断、推理等抽象的逻辑形式来论证和阐明事物的道理。,论说文是指传统的议论文和说明文的结合体。议论文和说明文的相似之处在于两者都是用来解释某个事实或某种思想，可以考查考生的思想内涵和思考能力。它们要求考生以理服人，用确凿的论据、合理的论证和说明来表达个人立场和观点。一般来说，说明文中并不总有议论，但是议论文中一定有说明。四、六级考试的作文往往不是单纯的议论文或说明文，而是两者的混合体，称为“论说文”。,1.,写作要领,近年来，六级作文的命题注重考查考生的思辨能力，既要求考生推理论证，还要表达个人观点。比如,Say No to Pirated Products,Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?,等等，这些命题要求考生针对所提出问题进行论述。,文章只有观点鲜明、论证充分、文理通顺，才能获得高分。,六级的论说文，考查的不仅是考生的语言功底，更是考生的思想内涵及思考能力。,因此，应试时，构思谋篇之后再提笔行文，议之头头有道，论之语出惊人，再加上顺畅、流利的语言表达，这才是六级作文高分突破的关键所在。,简单说来，论说文的结构基本可以这样安排：,第一段：,说明现状；,第二段：,列举原因；,第三段：,归纳结论，提出建议，即“提出问题,分析问题,解决问题”的模式。,论说文分为四个类型，即,对立观点型、道理论证型、问题解决型和解释说明型。,a.,对立观点型,对立观点型论说文，顾名思义是就某一事物或现象给出两种对立的观点，将两种观点进行比较，然后表明自己的立场和看法。,这类作文的主线是：某一事物或现象,其优缺点或有关的正反面观点,“,我”的态度或看法。其框架也相对固定，三段分别可以这样展开：,第一段：,引出有争议的两个观点；,第二段：,对两个观点分别进行详细的论述，可以分为两小段进行；,第三段：,总结、陈述自己的观点。,例：,Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?,（,2007,年,6,月六级考试作文真题）,Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled,Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?,You should write at least 150