医药公司产品组合优化.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,资料仅供参考,不当之处，请联系改正。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,June 4-8,2004,*,资料仅供参考,不当之处，请联系改正。,Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,June 4-8,2004,*,资料仅供参考,不当之处，请联系改正。,Outline,Optimizing New Drug Pipeline,one business opportunity,Ding and Eliashberg,2002,Management Science,From Pipelines to Portfolios,many business opportunities,Some theoretical insights,An empirical demonstration-GlaxoSmithKline,June 4-8,2004,1,Terms Used in Presentation,Indications,Also known as disease,Each indication is considered as one business opportunity,e.g.,AIDS,We use the terms“,pipeline or project,”to represent the NPD structure for a given indication,We use“,approach,”to represent a specific way(e.g.,a compound,a biological molecule)of drug development tailored for a given indication.,Therapeutical,Classes,Also known as therapeutical,areas,groups,or categories,e.g.,Anti-infective products,Each class has many different indications,We use the term“,portfolio,”to represent the NPD structure for many different indications,within or across different therapeutical classes.A portfolio has many different pipelines(or projects).,June 4-8,2004,2,Optimizing New Drug Pipeline,An Example,Bristol-Myers Squibb wants to develop a preventive HIV vaccine.,NPD in Pharmaceutical Industry,Alternative approaches:,subunit vaccine,recombinant vector vaccine,peptide vaccine,virus-like particle vaccine,plasmid DNA vaccine,“naked DNA”vaccine,whole-inactivated virus vaccine,live-attenuated virus,etc.,Question:How many alternative approaches should the firm pursue at each NPD stage?,Pre-clinical,trial,Clinical,Phase I,Clinical,Phase II,Clinical,Phase III,launch,1,June 4-8,2004,3,Optimizing New Drug Pipeline,Model Output,For each phase in development,we derived the expected reward,variance,and likelihood of having a successful drug candidate.For example,for Phase III,they are,respectively,We solve for the optimal number of approaches to be supported at each phase in development,June 4-8,2004,4,Optimizing New Drug Pipeline,One Key Insight-A Pattern of Underspending?(Ding and Eliashberg,Management Science,2002),June 4-8,2004,5,Firms Target Multiple Business Opportunities,a survey of new drug portfolios in 1450 firms on 12/31/2002,Most firms work on multiple indications.,June 4-8,2004,6,From Pipelines to Portfolios,A conventional approach to portfolio construction,Portfolio construction is the sum of pipelines.,Process:,Develop a(not necessarily optimal)pipeline for each business opportunity independently and calculate the expected value,Rank order each business opportunity,Build a portfolio by supporting those business opportunities whose expected values are above a threshold(e.g.,marginal return,IRR),Example:SmithKline in mid-1990s(HBR,1998),June 4-8,2004,7,From Pipelines to Portfolios,State of Art Practice GlaxoSmithKline,2003,Cardiovascular and Urogenital,Metabolic and Viral Diseases,Microbial,Musculoskeletal and Proliferative Diseases,Neurology and Gastrointestinal,Psychiatry,Respiratory and Inflammation,Six,Centers of Excellence(Therapeutic Class)for Drug Discovery(CEDDs),Indications Supported,In Each CEDD,9(,Stroke)and 3(ED),5(,Obesity)and 7(HIV),7(,Sepsis),2(osteoporosis)and 9(cancers),11(,Alzheimers)and 5(Irritable bowel synd.),9(,Depression),4(,Asthma)and 3(Rheumatoid arthritis),June 4-8,2004,8,From Pipelines to Portfolios,Where does the state of the art practice succeed and fail?,Succeeded:,Correctly recognized the importance of cross-project effects in structuring portfolio,Developed the necessary organizational structure(e.g.,3 tier structure at GSK),Failed:,Risk has not received sufficient attention,ENPV is the most commonly used metric.,No rigorous portfolio evaluation process and optimization model exist.,June 4-8,2004,9,From Pipelines to Portfolios,Research Objectives,Understand how risk and expected reward change as the nature of a pipeline changes.,Today:How Phase III variance and expected reward change as the degree of correlation changes,Indication level,Area level,Develop optimal portfolio,given a certain managerial objective,Today:An application for Glaxo-Smith-Kline(GKS)s Phase III subportfolio,June 4-8,2004,10,From Pipelines to Portfolios,Indication Level-Scenario,Scenario:One indication with two approaches,whose success is conditional on overcoming a common obstacle,Indication 1,Approach 12,Approach 11,p,1,:joint probability of overcoming the common obstacle in Phase III AND other obstacles related to Phase III,p,1i,:probability of overcoming the common obstacle related to Phase III,June 4-8,2004,11,From Pipelines to Portfolios,Indication Level Some Insights(Risk-Reward),Variance,Expected Reward,Variance,Expected Reward,Case 1.Low p,1,Case 2.High p,1,As p,1i,increases,both variance and expected reward at Phase III increase,As p,1i,increases,variance decreases and expected reward increases,at Phase III,June 4-8,2004,12,From Pipelines to Portfolios,Area Level-Scenario,Scenario:One area with two indications,each indication with two approaches.The success of any approach is conditional on overcoming common obstacles at both area and indication level.,Indication 1Area,Indication 2,Approach 22,Approach 21,Approach 12,Approach 11,June 4-8,2004,13,From Pipelines to Portfolios,Area Level Some Insights(Risk-Reward),Case.Low p,1,high p,1a,Variance,Expected Reward,As p,1i,increases,both variance and expected reward at Phase III increase.,We have also characterized situations where higher p,1i,leads to lower variance and higher expected reward at Phase III,June 4-8,2004,14,Work-In-Progress:Evaluating Portfolios Based on other Risk Metrics(Perspectives from Financial Literature),Value-at-Risk(VaR),Measures the likelihood that a given portfolios losses will exceed a certain amount.,Examples,Expected tail loss(expected shortfall),Semi-variance,June 4-8,2004,15,From Pipelines to Portfolios,Accommodating Richer Environment,Managers want/need to know the entire distribution of reward;,Managers want/need to optimize,in addition to evaluate portfolio;,Managers need to relax assumptions used earlier,for example,Allow each approach in each indication to have unique probability of success,Solution:A general model,June 4-8,2004,16,From Pipelines to Portfolios,An Application of the General Model,What we show here,An optimization exercise based on GlaxoSmithKline Phase III Subportfolio(December 2003),The predicted distribution of market payoffs of its current portfolio based on our portfolio model,If GSK were interested in licensing two additional Phase III compounds,which compounds it should add to its existing portfolio,under 3 different 2-tier objectives,What we do not show here(but could be done similarly),Optimization of earlier stage subportfolios,Optimization based on other types of strategic objectives,e.g.,Discontinuing some current projects(portfolio audit),Optimal budget(determine budget based on strategic objectives),June 4-8,2004,17,GSK Phase III Subportfolio,From GSK Website,A,B,J only denote the sequence of indications in a given area,the same letter represents different indication in different area.,June 4-8,2004,18,GSK Phase III Subportfolio,A Numeric Matrix Representation,A,B,J only denote the sequence of indications in a given area,the same letter represents different indication in different area.,The number in a cell represents the number of approaches supported targeting that particular indication,June 4-8,2004,19,Distribution of Market Payoff Given GSKs Current Phase III Subportfolio,June 4-8,2004,20,Optimization Scenarios,GSK wants to license in two compounds to add to its existing Phase III subportfolio,which compounds should be licensed under each of the three different 2-tier strategic objectives:,Maximize expected NPV,conditional on it will obtain$35b or above with a minimum of 35%chance,Maximize the probability of obtaining more than$50b,conditional on it will obtain$35b or above with a minimum of 31%chance,Minimize the probability of obtaining less than$15b,conditional on it will obtain$35b or above with a minimum of 27%chance,June 4-8,2004,21,Optimization Output,Red(max(ENPV),Blue(max($50b),Orange(min($15b),Shaded area were searched for optimal portfolio,June 4-8,2004,22,Conclusions,Formal models that link directly the pipeline to the portfolio metrics are needed.,Risk and reward for a given portfolio must be evaluated carefully,Different strategic objectives lead to different optimal portfolios,June 4-8,2004,23,