TOEFLWRITING托福写作.ppt

单击此处编辑文本,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,TOEFLWRITING托福写作,TOEFL Writing,简介,新托福写作分为两部分：,1.综合写作,（,Integrated writing),2.独立写作,(Independent writing).,综合写作,简介,综合写作,考试流程由,4,个步骤组成：,1min+3min+2min+20min,首先考生花,1,分钟,的时间去听,Directions,介绍考试流程以及注意事项。,然后进入正式考试部分，用,3,分钟,时间先读一篇通常来说,250300,词的学术文章，,3,分钟后阅读文章消失，进入听力部分2,分钟时间听一篇与阅读文章有关系并且长度相当的听力材料。,随后进入写作界面，考生有,20,分钟的时间就所读、所听的内容写一篇,150225,词的文章，,文章中不需要发表自己的个人见解,。,写作时，阅读材料会再次出现在界面左侧。,其实,综合写作最关键的就是听力,。听力考试贯穿整个托福考试，一定要重视听力训练。,directions,reading,listening,writing,时间,词数,1 min,3 min,2 min,20 min,/,250-300,200-300,150-225,涉及话题,Zoology/Botany/Economy/Education,考察：,总结归纳的能力,summarizing,听力速记能力,fast noting,还原能力,reverting,改写能力,rephrasing,独立写作,简介,独立写作,是基于知识与经验的写作。它要求考生根据自己的知识和经验就某一个问题发表看法，并且用充实的道理论据以及细节论据去支持自己的观点。,独立写作,简介,2.,题目涉及话题,：,教育成长,(,学科选择，教师素质，教育模式,),决策工作（问题解决，薪酬,),个人成功（成功方式，能力,),儿童问题,媒体传播,休闲娱乐,环境保护,朋友关系,科技进步,政府政策,1.,时间：,30min,词数：,不少于,300,词 建议：,450+,考 察,素材收集能力,collecting,思维结构化能力,structuring,语言组织能力,organizing,all for,effective communication,写作分数换算方式,Writing Rubric Mean,Scaled Score,5.00,30,4.75,29,4.50,28,4.25,27,4.00,25,3.75,24,3.50,22,3.25,21,3.00,20,2.75,18,2.50,17,2.25,15,2.00,14,1.75,12,1.50,11,1.25,10,每篇文章由两位评分人员根据统一的评分标准，在,05,分的范围内评分（只给整数分数）而得平均值。,关于独立写作的,Q and A,好写,vs.,想写,？,时间有限，一定写好写的,观点要新颖,深刻么,?,托福更关注语言水平,论点鲜明、论据充分、层层展开、结构清晰,3),字数越多越好,?,尽量多写,往细节写，把道理讲透。,切,忌,乱写堆砌，偏题。,4),要不要写题目,?,不,5),需要,背景知识,？,常识性了解,托福作文不会考查很偏的题目。,不会考查某一种族、地狱、宗教、文化、年龄段有人,知限制的题目。,6,）我们的观点要不要得到考官青睐？,不需要！,ETS,的阅卷老师经过训练，要求必须能接受,所,有,观点,，只,要言之有理。,7,）,要不要模板,?,形成自己的套路。,准备基本必要的例证，针对话题对例证进行修改。,IBT,独立写作评分标准,1.5,分标准,:,Effectively,addresses the topic and task,Is,well organized and well developed,using,clearly,appropriate explanations,exemplifications,and/or details,Displays,unity,progression,and coherence,Displays,consistent,facility in the use of language,demonstrating,syntactic variety,appropriate word choice,and,idiomaticity,though it,may have minor lexical or grammatical errors.,5分的文章能够有效地完成任务，文章的组织清晰，有恰当的解释，举例和细节；文章内容连贯，统一；语言运用熟练，词汇丰富，用词得当，尽管可能出现稍许词汇和语法错误。,2、4分标准,:,4分的文章能够较好地完成任务，,但是有些观点阐述地不够详细,；总体上组织论证不错，使用恰当的解释，举例和细节；,文章整体内容连贯统一,但是可能含有冗余,，,离题和不清晰的连接,;,语言使用较熟练，有较为丰富的词汇和语法结构，,但是也可能有较为明显的小错误，但不影响总体理解。,3、3分标准:,3分的文章做了任务，用了一些解释，举例和细节；,能看出文章的连贯和统一，,但分论点的衔接可能不清晰,；,语言运用稍有欠缺，,可能在遣词造句上出现错误造成语义晦涩,；有准确的语言和语法结构，,但是多样性比较单一,。,2分的文章只完成了部分任务，文章组织论,证不够充分,；解释，举例或者,细节不太得当或者不充分,；,出现明显的用词不当,；,语法结构错误较多,。,1分的文章组织非常混乱；基本没有细节，或者出现不相关细节；严重和频繁的用词和语法错误。,0分的文章仅仅从题目中抄了一些文字，或者完全离题，用非英语语言来写作或者空白卷。,三大纪律,一,.,先模仿，后创新。,e.g.1.,走自己的路，让别人说去吧。,改为：走别人的路，让别人无路可走。,e.g.2.,有其父，必有其子。,改为：有其师，必有其徒。,模仿作用：精确性、可读性。,e.g.1.Do you speak English?,Do you speak Mandarin?,e.g.2.Prices have risen sharply in the last decade.,There has been a significant increase in the number of young people who smoke.,在过去十年中，出国留学的人数大幅增加了。,In the last decade,，,there has been a,significant,increase,in the number of people who study abroad.,notes:,高端词：,significant/considerable/substantial,increase :n./decrease,定从,in the last decade(s),significant/gradual/slight,number /amount,(,修饰不可数,n,）,Try:,在过去的二十年中，花在食物上的钱逐渐减少了。,In the last two decades,there has been a gradual decrease,in the amount of money that is spent on food.,e.g.Where there is a will,there is a way.,有压迫的地方就有反抗。,Where there is oppression,there is rebellion.,有女人的地方就有商机。,Where there are women,there are business opportunities.,有政府的地方就有贪污。,Where there is a government,there is corruption.,二,.,抽象概念具体化，具体概念分类化。,e.g.,大城市的人是否应该养宠物？,宠物,=,危险的,+,不危险的,人,=,老人,+,年轻人,+,儿童,三、拼写要准，打字要快。,最容易拼错的,10,词：,1.,风景,2.,真实地,3.,现象,4.,一致同意（,n),5.,知识渊博的,6.,哲学家,7.,有益的,8.,方便,9.,明确的,10.,有争议的,scenery,truly,phenomenon,consensus/unanimous agreement,knowledgeable,philosopher,beneficial,convenience,definite,controversial,注：,1.,任何标点符号的后面空一格,英语中省略号是三点，没有书名号和顿号，一般通过斜体或引号来表示。,2.,段落格式使用缩进式或者齐头式,缩进式,指每一段的第一行向右缩进四个字符，其余行顶格写。,齐头式,指每一段的每一行都顶格写，但段与段之间空一行。,（推荐）,托福写作的格式,缩进式,每一段的第一行向右缩进四个字符，其余行顶格写,托福写作的格式,齐头式,-,（推荐）,每一段的每一行都顶格写，但段与段之间空一行,八项注意,紧扣主题，层次清晰。,解释充分，突出举例。,表达多样，词汇升级。,衔接紧密，难易更替。,表达多样，词汇升级。,异己：,核心词,/,短语 在一篇文章中尽量不要重复使用。,异人：,大多数考生滥用了的表达也尽量不要使用。,升级,：高大上,升级：高大上,1.,一对一,important,significant /crucial/critical/essential/indispensable,e.g.Mobile phones have become an,indispensable,part of our lives.,famous,renowned/noted/celebrated.,e.g.He was soon one of the most,celebrated,young painter in England.,clever,intelligent/brilliant/ingenious,(,不仅聪明，还具有原创性）,e.g.Johnny is so,ingenious,-he can make the most remarkable sculptures from the most ordinary materials.,use,utilize/employ,e.g.Sophisticated statistical analysis,was employed to,obtain these results.,This room,is mainly utilized for,training purposesrelaxation,recreation,about,concerning,2.一对多,同根同形,need,be in need of,want,be in want of,visit,pay a visit to,同根异形,solve,find a solution to.,(,补充：,pay attention,to,.the reason,for,.),imrove,there is an improvement in.,异根,obey,comply with/conform to/abide by,explain,account for,e.g.Recent pressure at work may,account for,his behavior.,before,prior to,e.g.All the arrangements should be completed,prior to,your departure.,many,a substantial number of,most,a large majority of,should,be supposed to/be expected to,think,take the view that/hold the opinion that/have a notion that,although,despite the fact that,cause,lead to/give rise to/be responsible for,3.多对多,better than,superior to,worse than,inferior to,because of,on account of/owing to/due to,4.多对一,on time,punctual,again and again,repeatedly,extremely tired,exhausted,out of date,obsolete,start again,resume,carry out,implement,make.easier,facilitate,e.g.Computers can be used to make language learning easier.,Computers can be used to,facilitate,language learning.,表达多样，词汇升级。,1.,一对一,2.一对多,3.多对多,4.多对一,其他变换（主,/,被动转换）,句子训练方法有三种,句子训练方法(一),句子是写作的基础，用多种方法表达同一句意.,e.g.,A 对 B很重要.,1）A is important,/,essential significant crucial critical vital indispensable,to B.,2）A plays an important,/,significant/pivotal/essential,rolepart in B.,e.g.,智能软件在多媒体教学中发挥着重要作用。,Intelligent software,plays a pivotal role in,multimedia,teaching.,3）A is of（great amazing enormous considerable remarkable)importance significance to B.,e.g.,说真话对一个人的心理健康有好处。,To tell the truth,is of remarkable importance to,ones psychological health,.,4）B cannot live develop grow survive without A.,e.g.,时常联系才能使友谊更长久。,Friendship,cannot develop without,contacting each other on a regular basis,.,5）A means a lot a great dealmuch to B.,练习：,跨文化交际能力在我们这个多元化社会中对我们的成功非常重要。,(,至少,2,种表达）,（注：跨文化交际能力 cross cultural social skill,在多元化社会中 in the plural society,事业成功 career success）,1.Ones career success can not be achieved without the excellent cross cultural social skill in the plural society.,2.The excellent cross cultural social skill is important to one,s career success in this plural society.,3.The social skill plays an important role in ones career success.,6）The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.,注：,exaggerate 夸大，夸张,e.g.,父母对我们的影响非常非常大,.,The influence of our parents on our growth can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.,建工厂会有噪音，很烦,The noise of the construction of the factory near my community can never be ignored.,The harm of the noise produced by the factory can never be doubted.,练习：教育对一个国家的发展来说是非常重要的,(,至少,2,种表达）,1.A nation can not develop without education.,2.Education means a lot a great deal much to the develop,ment,of a nation.,3.The importance of education to the develop,ment,of a nation can never be exaggerated denied ignored doubted.,练习：如果大学生在校外住将会有利于他锻炼独立自主能力,引申：在校外住对锻炼独立自主能力是很重要的,(,至少,2,种表达）,1.The personality of independence can not be developed without experience of living outside the campus.,2.Living outside the campus means a lot to the development of the personality of independence.,练习：身体是革命的本钱,引申：身体是事业成功的保障,Health is important to ones career success.,(,注：,身体通常指英文中的,health,),e.g.,早睡早起身体好 You have excellent health.,保重身体 take good care of your health,7,）A is everything the whole world to B.,8,）A is fundamental basic elementary rudimentary underlying to B.,e.g.,对于大部分商人来说，丰厚的利润是公司生存的全部。,As for many merchants,handsome profits,are everything to,the survival of their companies,.,9,)A matters counts to B.,e.g.,电视购物节目对于推广产品来说至关重要。,The programs of TV shopping,count to,the popularization of products,.,1,0,)Nothing is more important to B than A.,练习：,1.,建工厂好处很多。,Nothing brings more advantages than the building of a factory near our community.,2.,旅游可以丰富人生阅历。,引申：没什么比,旅游,能更好地用来,丰富人生阅历,的了。,Nothing is more important to,enriching ones experience,than,traveling,.,1,1,)Nothing is the match of A to B.,再也没有什么比眺望远处和缓解视觉疲劳更好的完美组合了。,Nothing is the match of,looking into the distance,to,relieving visual fatigue,.,练习：保护濒危动物对维护生态平衡很重要,(,写出,3,种不同的句型）,The protection of the endangered animals is essential significant crucial critical vital indispensable to the maintenance of the ecological balance.,The protection of the endangered animals is everything the whole world to the maintenance of the ecological balance.,The protection of the endangered animals matters counts to the maintenance of the ecological balance.,Nothing is more important to the maintenance of the ecological balance than the protection of the endangered animals.,Nothing is the match of the protection of the endangered animals to the maintenance of the ecological balance.,1,2,)A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper water is to fish the heart is to a human.,e.g.,词汇和发音是语言的基石。,Vocabulary and pronunciation,are to,a language,what the foundation is to a skyscraper.,A,对,B,不利,1,句型一：,A is harmful to B.,A is,extremely/excessively/potentially/particularly,harmful to B.,吸烟,有害,健康,。,Smoking,is extremely harmful to,peoples health,.,A,对,B,不利,2,句型二：,A is the barrier/obstacle of B.,封建迷信思想阻碍社会的进步。,Feudal and superstitious thoughts,are the barrier of,the social development,.,A,对,B,不利,3,句型三：,A blocks the way for B.,Excessive concentration on test results,blocks the way for,acquiring practical knowledge and learning effective methods,.,过分关注考试成绩将阻碍学生们学切实有效的知识和方法。,A,对,B,不利,4,句型四：,A harm the chances for/reduce the possibilities of/kill the opportunities to B.,固执己见,不利于,组织集体活动,。,Stubbornness,harms the chances for,organizing group activities,.,A,对,B,不利,5,句型五：,A prevents B from increasing/developing/making progress/booming/advancing.,A stingy guy,prevents him from,making more friends,.,小气之人交不到很多朋友,。,句子训练方法(二),扩充句子,将一个简单的句子进行扩充,增加至15字,25字,35字,尽量使用不同的语法结构,如同,位语,插入语,非谓语结构,各种从句,并列结构等。,句子最长不能超过50个字,句子训练方法(三),对句式进行各种变化。,开头的变化(名词,不定式,介词词组,分词,从句,动名词,代词),结尾的变化,长短句的变化,主被动的变化,考试应该以长句为主，以主动为主,