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单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,新托福阅读-句子简化题,句子简化题,(Sentence Simplification Question),(1),句子简化题简介和提问方式,(2),句子简化的两个层面,:,语义,和,逻辑,(3),常见的逻辑关系转换,-,四大,“,明显,”/“,隐含,”,关系,否定,明显否定关系的特色词汇,:no,not,none,never,neither,deny,隐含否定关系的特色词汇,:fail to,absent from,lack,lack of,refuse,few,little,否定词缀,less.
2、因果,明显因果关系的特色词汇,:because,because of,since,for,as,due to,owing to,in that,so,so that,as a result,therefore,thereby,hence,consequently,accordingly.,隐含因果关系的特色词汇,:,a.,表示导致含义,:lead to,cause,result,result in,give rise to,render,produce,make,使役动词（,l,et,leave,keep,help,have),support,stimulate,spur,spark,fue
3、l,motivate,prompt.,b.,由,而来,:come from,result from,originate,derive from,initiate from,stem from,be attributable to,be responsive to.,c.,反映,体现,:reflect,present,suggest,show,imply,demonstrate.,d.,考虑到,依赖,:give,considering,on account of,in view of,thanks to,according to,rely on,depend on,resort to.,e.,条
4、件关系,:if,when,while,as,as soon as,as long as,虚拟条件句,.,比较,明显比较关系的特色词汇,:,同级比较,比较级,隐含比较关系的特色词汇,:,a.“,变化,”:change,vary,alter,modify,revise,increase,decrease,destroy,develop,improve,progress,advance,grow,degenerate,continue,remain,stay,stable,still.,b.“,差异,”:same,different.,c.“,超越,”:surpass,exceed,transcen
5、d,excel,最高级,绝对化,明显最高级,/,绝对化关系的特色词汇,:-est/,比较级,隐含最高级,绝对化关系的特色词汇,:,a.,自身含有最高级含义,:maximum,minimum,outstanding,extreme.,b.,否定加比较,:nothing can be better than that,c.,程度较深的词,:surprisingly,amazingly,prohibitively(,修饰价格的,high),As-因为：as he is late,he is puished.,作为：as a doctor,he saves numerous people.,随着：as
6、 the society develops,poverty has vanished gradually.,像：the boy is as brave as his PAPA.,Importingthegrain,whichwouldhavebeenexpensiveandtimeconsumingfortheDutchtohaveproducedthemselves,keptthepriceofgrainlowandthusstimulatedindividualdemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoods.,Buyingimportedgrainledt
7、otheDutchdemandingthatotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsbeimported.,BecausetheDutchwereabletoimportinexpensivegrain,theyhadmoneyavailabletocreateademandforotherfoodproductsandconsumergoods.,KeepingthepriceofgrainlowwasaprimarygoaloftheDutchatatimewhentheycouldnotproduceenoughgraintoprovideforalltheirne
8、eds.,ThedemandforotherfoodstuffsandconsumergoodsforcedtheDutchtoimportgrainandotherproductsatatimewhenmaintaininglowpriceswasespeciallyimportant.,2,Thefrequencywithwhichcertainsimplemotifsappearintheseoldestsiteshasledrock-artresearcherstoadoptadescriptivetermthePanaramiteestyle-alabelwhichtakesitsn
9、amefromtheextensiverockpavementsatPanaramiteeNorthindesertSouthAustralia,whicharecoveredwithmotifspeckedintothesurface.,1.TheoldestrockartsiteshavesimplermotifsthanthebestknownsitesofPanaramiteeNorth.,2.BecausemotifsprimarilyassociatedwiththePanaramiteeregionarecommonintheoldestsitesthetermPanaramit
10、eestylehasbecomethegeneraltermforrockartofthistype.,3.BecausethePanaramiteestyleissocommonintheoldersites,researchershavedescribeditmostextensively.,4.ThemotifscarvedintherockysurfaceofthePanaramiteeregionmakeuptheoldestformofrockartdiscoveredinAustralia.,答案：,(2),Theamountofairexchangedisevenlowerin
11、REMthanNREMbecause,althoughbreathingismorerapidinREM,itisalsomoreirregular,withbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorabsenceofbreathing.,BecausebreathingismoreshallowandirregularinREMthaninNREM,lessairisexchangedinREM.,BreathinginNREMislesseffectivethanbreathinginREMbecauseofirregularepisodesofrapidbreat
12、hingduringNREM.BecausebreathingismorerapidinNREMsleepthaninREMsleep,breathingoftenbecomesshallow.,AlthoughREMhasbriefepisodesofshallowbreathingorlackofbreathing,breathingismorerapidthaninNREM.,答案：,(1),Somescholarsexpandonthisideabyemphasizingacorrespondingneedforarablelandtofeedgrowingnumbersofpeopl
13、e:constructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesindicatesthatfarmerswereintensifyingtheireffortsduringthe1200s.Competitionforgoodfarmlandmayalsohavepromptedpeopletobondtogethertoassertrightsoverthebestfields.,Somescholarsevenclaimthattheintensificationoffarmersvariouseffortsduringthe1200
14、sledtofurtherpopulationgrowthandtheconsequentneedformorearableland.,Evidenceofintensifyingagricultureinthe1200sindicatesaneedtofeedalargerpopulationandsoextendstheargumentthatagrowingpopulationwasthecauseofthemovetopueblos.,Duringthe1200s,farmersmetthedemandformorearableland,buttheyalsosucceededincultivatingexistinglandmoreintensivelywiththehelpofagriculturalconstructionprojects.,Somescholarsfeelstronglythattheconstructionofsmalldams,reservoirs,terraces,andfieldhousesinthethirteenthcenturyisindependentevidenceforgrowthinthenumberofpeople.,答案：,(2),
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