动物营养学繁殖母猪的营养需要.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,第十三章,猪的营养需要,(Nutritional needs of swine),Nutrition of the Breeding Swine,Feature?,How?,Amount?,Breeding Swine,Gilt,Sow,Boar,Chapter 13-2 Nutrition of the breeding swine,learning goals:,Be master of the,physiological characteristics,and the,nutritional requirements,of swine during,mating,pregnancy,and,lactation,.,Reproductive cycle,(,繁殖周期),:,Mating,（配种期）,Pregnancy,（妊娠期）,Lactation,（哺乳期）,In contrast to the requirements for growing pigs,relatively little is known,about the requirements of breeding pigs,Nutritional requirements,Requirements for reproduction,Requirements for the development of ova,Requirements for pregnancy,Requirements for milks synthesis,M1,P2,M,P3,M,P4,M,P5,M,P6,M,P,100,150,200,0,M:mate(,配种),P:parturition(,分娩),Birth order,Body weight(kg),Change of the body weight of sow with birth order,60,kg,60,100,kg,100 kg,Mating,Pregnancy,Lactation,No special requirements,Replacement,gilts,Bred gilts,Avoid underfeeding,Avoid overfeeding,Supplementation at two weeks before mating(,短期优饲,),At the optimal weight and age,Forepart,Anaphase,(0-83 d),(84-d),Avoid overfeeding,Avoid underfeeding,(intake at 1.5-2 kg),(intake at 2.5-3 kg),Avoid underfeeding,Weaning,Replacement gilts/sows,Body condition(,膘情,),Conception rate(,受胎率,),Oestrus,(,发情),The best:,7-8,成膘,sows,Permitted:,6,成膘,Performance,Results,Lean,脊椎,和,肋骨显露,low fertility,silent estrus,or failure to establish or maintain pregnancy,Obesity,“夹裆肉”,或,“下颌肉”,usually more detrimental to fertility than underfeeding,The effects of body condition on fertility,Replacement gilts should be fed,Before 90 kg,in the same manner as the market pigs,After 90 kg,approximately 75 percent of ad,libitum,intake,Age,Body weight,Ration of fat to muscle,Supplementation before mating,(,短期优饲,),Reflecting parameters of puberty:,LH FSH,at night,Fullfed,(,饱饲),Short-term restriction,(,短期限饲),insulin IGF-ILH,Ovum(number and size),Weight of uterus,LH concentration,High energy low energy no insulin,Insulin for long timefor short time,？,The optimal time for supplementation,Sows,Ten days before mating,Gilts,Fifteen days before mating,Mating,Bred gilts/sows,Body weight:,Local Introduced,Hybridized Purebred,First mating age:,Local(50 kg)Introduced(100 kg),Hybridized Purebred,Example:,Body weight Fertility,Taihu,sow,Body weight,(kg),Conception rate,(%),Farrowing,rate,(,bady,number/litter),110-140,95,145,140,or 2.5 kg/day,)during the,first three days,after mating,reduced embryo survival,in gilts by about,5 percent,in one study(,Aherne,and Williams,1992)and by,15 percent,in another(,Dyck,et al.,1980),but the reduction in survival does not consistently result in reduced,litter size,.,Stage of pregnancy,days,Energy gain,kJ/d,Fetus,Placenta+fluids,Uterus,Partition of daily uterine energy deposition between uterine tissues,Pregnancy,Feed intake should be regulated to maintain the animals in,good body condition without excessive fat accumulation,.,孕期合成代谢,挤死,了,福利,?！,Nutritional level,Body weight at matingBody weight at parturition,Weight gain during pregnancy,Body weight at weaning,Weight loss during lactation,Net weight gain,High,230.2,284.1,53.9,235.8,48.3,5.6,low,229.7,249.8,20.1,242.2,7.4,12.7,The effect of nutritional level on body weight of sow during pregnancy,The greater the weight gain during pregnancy,The greater the weight loss during lactation,(ARC,1981),.,若妊娠期间能量供应较多，,会发生能量二次转化现象，降低饲料能量利用效率，,即母猪在妊娠期中沉积较多体脂，然后在哺乳期中被调用，这样能量在体内经过两次转化：,饲料能量,85%,75%,体脂肪,乳,能量总效率为,64%,而饲料能量直接供给母猪产乳的效率为,70%,，因此，两次转化能量约损耗,10%,。,Pregnant sows will consume far more feed voluntarily than required and will become obese if intake is not,restricted to ca.1.8-2.3 kg of a high-concentrate diet/day(6.600 kcal of DE),.The amount of restriction needed is,dependent upon the size and condition of the animal,of course.,The optimal feeding strategy for pregnant sow,The gestation diet may contain 10 to 30 percent alfalfa meal or other low energy ingredient to,reduce the energy level,.,8 to 10 percent crude fiber,Nutritionists suggested that sows should be fed and managed so that they,gain 25 kg,of,maternal tissues,throughout pregnancy for at least the first three or four parities.The weight of the placenta and other products of conception should be approximately 20 kg,for a,total of 45 kg of gestational weight gain,of the sow,Voluntary feed intake changes in late gestation,High levels of circulating estrogens,reduce energy requirement,The increasing size of the fetus,takes up an increasing volume of the abdominal cavity,In general,an increase in the energy intake of the pregnant sow above 6.0,Mcal,of ME/day will increase maternal weight gain but will not significantly affect litter size at parturition,Lactation,The energy requirements:,for maintenance,milk production,Requirement,Contribution,from the mobilization of tissue,inevitable loss of body weight,Parturition,Lactation,Feed intake at 1 kg,2,4,5,7,14,Weaning,Feed intake at 2.5 kg,Increase step by step,Feed intake at normal,(2.5 kg+0.25-0.3 kg no.pig born),The optimal feeding strategy for lactating sow,To maximize nutrient intake during lactation to attenuate the difference between the extremely high nutrient requirements and voluntary feed intake,The long-term reproductive efficiency of the sow is best served by,minimizing weight loss during lactation,.,The inclusion of,added fat,in the diet prior to,farrowing,may increase the energy stores of the baby pigs at birth and improve neonatal survival.,In general,the,lysine requirements,of pregnant sows are slightly higher,and the lysine requirements of lactating sows are considerably higher,than those listed in the previous edition of this publication,Lactating sows nursing large litters produce more milk(as reflected by increased,weaning weights of nursing pigs,)and lose less maternal body weight when,fed 0.75 to 0.90%,dietary,lysine,(45 to 55 g/day)than fed,0.60%,(35 g/day),亮氨酸、异亮氮酸和缬氨酸,产前3-4,d,给母猪每大饲喂2,g,亮氨酸,代谢产物，使乳汁产量在泌乳第三天增加了4,l%；,当母猪日采食4,g,缬氨酸,并增加,异亮氨酸,的采食量直至7,g/d，,可使断奶窝重呈线性增加；,在0.5%,异亮氨酸,浓度下，将,缬氨酸,从0.72%增至1.42%，乳脂含量显著增加，乳糖含量显著降低,(张晶等，2004),维生素,E：,主要作用于垂体前叶，促进分泌性激素，调节性腺的发育和功能，有利于母猪的发情，排卵，受孕和胚胎着床，防止流产，提高母猪的生殖机能。向母猪日粮中补充维生素,E,可以增加排卵数，从而增加窝产仔数，增强仔猪的抗应激力，减少不发情母猪数。,维生素,A：,以饲料和注射方式给配种前和怀孕早期的母猪补充维生素,A，,能改善胚胎质量，增加窝产仔数，提高仔猪出生重和断奶重。,叶酸：,能改善生殖机能，因叶酸能促进卵母细胞成熟和胚胎生长，添加充足的叶酸可增加母猪产仔头数。叶酸的添加在,妊娠中期能提高窝产仔数,，,尤其是对经产母猪更是如此；,妊娠后期补充叶酸不能改善母猪的繁殖性能。,生物素：,能提高一胎以后胎次的窝产仔数，缩短母猪断奶发情间隔期，提高受胎率，减少舍饲青年母猪和繁殖母猪肢蹄病的发生，减少因肢蹄病。,硒：,配种前补硒，有利于提高窝产仔数硒缺乏时对母猪的繁殖性能影响很大，可导致母猪分娩后发情紊乱，不孕或新，主仔猪虚弱等。硒能促进乳腺细胞数增加。乳腺组织发达，分娩后产奶量增加，从而改善乳质 维生素,E,具有很好的协同作用。,铁：,初生仔猪早期生产速度很快，每天需要7-16,mg,铁，易出现缺铁性贫血。黄国清等(1999)研究表明，添加180,mg/kg,蛋氨酸铁的试验组与添加205,mg/kg,硫酸亚铁的对照组相比，初产母猪首次配种受胎率平均提高7.21%，胎产活仔数平均增加0.37头，初产死胎率平均降低2.91%，断奶仔猪存活率平均提高，断奶至产后发情配种的间隔时间平均缩短1-35天；第2胎-第8胎的经产母猪的胎产死亡率降低7.12%-29.63%，断奶仔猪存活率相对降低3.12%-6%。,THE END,