科技论文英文摘要(1).ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,医学论文的英语表达及英文摘要的写作,南方医科大学学报编辑部 王征爱,概 述,意义:,纵向传播 横向交流,英文或英文摘要,国际扩散,国家标准1997年版5.7.2,“报告、论文一般均应有摘要，为了国际交流，还应有外文（多用英文）摘要。”,现实:,一般学术期刊都有英文摘要，数量各异，但,付出与目的并非一致；锻炼写作能力；供人学习误人子弟,难度:,30005000词汇基本语感英语思维,修改基础；,非易事,但非不能，只要有,追求,精神,。,终审,之一,洋洋洒洒二十万，字字句句过我筛。,正体斜体需审定，大写小写亦仲裁之二,常遇新语需释义，遍翻辞书哪有迹？,光盘检索千百次，头脑析分定无歧！,成都会议,蓉城十月是金秋，百万客房一无留，,车水马龙奔九寨，孤家寡人回广州。,国庆长假赋,长假又七天，人皆议景点；友人频来电，问可来游园？“学报十期在编，写作课次层迭，保先自评三千，交稿近在眼前。”,科技日新月异，新语屡见不鲜，英文修改何其难，长词短句须慎选。终日埋头电脑前，常为一词觅三天。,鼠标手，职业颈，荧屏眼。蚁影游动，字里行间，困睡沙发，饥餐素面。一旦模棱定一可，喝口凉水嘴也甜。诸君疑问何所求？我为名刊当总编！,（虽苦尤荣，乐在其中，成果初现）,20051006,垂钓,忙里偷闲应郊游,，临置渔具钓花都,。,人在池旁心系刊，一叠文稿不离手,。,【注释】,郊游非本意，盛情难却，应邀出游。不是钓鱼人，不备钓鱼竿，既然应邀去了，只好临时购买钓鱼工具；花都，地名，广州市郊。,邀请推不掉，付印又在即，只好带着稿件去。虽在鱼塘边，却是钓竿插地，稿件在手，愿者上钩吧。出于职业习惯，常常是在办公室外看稿效率反倒更高。,20041211,于花都台湾花果园,摘要要点:,(1)内容的完整性,（,摘要是全文的高度浓缩，集中体现文章的精华，反映全文的信息量；能独立成章，具有与文章同等的阅读、储存、评价和使用价值。）,(2)数据跟文中/中文是否一致;,(3)内容可以不跟中文全对应,应比中文更详细;,(4)主谓一致:常识,但错误不少见;,(5)时态:简单,但有些句子也甚费思量;,(6)语态:有讲究,但基本不限;,(7)人称:可一可三;,(8),词法,:重点;,(9)语法:基本;,(10)句法:转换,1、摘要的类型,1.1 评论性摘要(Critical abstract),1.2 说明性摘要(Descriptive abstract),1.3 资料性摘要(Informative abstract),1.4 资料-指示性摘要(Informative-indicative abstract),1.5 结构式摘要(Structured abstract),1.1 评论性摘要不常用,可见于综述,内容上侧重于评价/论理.,ABSTRACT:Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis(ATIN)is a common disorder characterized by a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic urinary abnormalities to acute oliguric renal failure.Tubular dysfunction out of proportion to the degree of renal failure is an important clue to the diagnosis.This review describes its pathogenesis,pathophysiology,diagnosis,differential diagnosis and therapy,emphasizing the drug-induced form of ATIN.,1.2 说明性摘要,又称指示性或通报性摘要(Indicative abstract)：说明文章的内容范围，只是简单地报道研究主题，泛泛而谈，不涉及具体内容。一般只一到三句话，多见于临床医学论文。,Example,The survival rates of a series of patients with unstable angina treated surgically and medically are compared.,1.3 资料性摘要:详细、具体，重要观点和数据,Postoperative bleeding is usually attributed to stress ulcer;however,occult preoperative lesions could also be responsible(,背景,).,To,determine their frequency and nature,we prospectively examined 72 patients目的,)endoscopically prior to major elective operations.Entry criteria,(入围标准),included a planned stay in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit,2 days,and a negative history,physical examination,and stool guaiac(,愈伤木脂，一种检便潜血试剂,).Gastric and duodenal mucosae were scored,separately,using a 0-to 7-point scale.Scores were graded negative(0),hyperemia(1),gastroduodenitis(2-5),mucosal erosions(6),and ulcers(7)(,方法,),.,Erosions or ulcers were found in 14%of patients and gastroduodenitis,i,s an additional 10%.We found that none of the 27 risk factors or any combination of factors tested correlated with ulcers,erosions,or gastroduodenitis(,结果,).Thus,patients with asymptomatic gastroduodenal erosions or ulcerations could not be identified preoperatively,except by endoscopy(,结论,).Until the significance of these lesions as cause of postoperative bleeding is determined,we recommend,ed,routine postoperative gastric pH titration with antacids for patients undergoing major elective operations(,建议,).,1.4 资料-指示性摘要:内容更完整,多了一条提示,The relationship between depression,（,抑郁症,）,and stressors（,应,激,）,and the relationship between depression in children and,depression in their parents were investigated.,（,概括或提示性语言，,相当于,目的,）,Depressed children aged 7-11 years(,n,=20)were,compared,with clinical non-depressed children(,n,=88)and,normal children(,n,=55).Children,mothers and fathers in,the,three groups were,tested,.Measures,included,the Childrens,Depression Inventory,(,调查表,),Recent Life Events Scale,(,量表,),Stressor Scale and Beck Depression Inventory.,The findings,show,ed,that children and mothers in the depressed group,reported more stressors than other children and other mothers,while fathers of children in the depressed group did not report,more stressors.The findings,also,show,ed,that mothers of,depressed children were more depressed than mothers of normal,children while there were no differences between the scores of,fathers in the three groups.,此摘要未下结论不便用结构式表达。,1.5 结构式摘要(structured abstract),近年来产生和发展起来的一种新型摘要。,优点：内容完整，从目的、设计到结果、结论，一应俱全；形式特别，层次清楚，一目了然，便于阅读时选择性查找；提供了固定的格式，便于作者书写，免于费时构思，易于成文稿，也不致遗漏重要内容；另外，也利于计算机系统的贮存和检索。,缺点是文字多，占篇幅。,BACKGROUND,:Hypothyroidism is a common condition that is frequently irreversible and requires lifelong thyroid replacement therapy.,OBJECTIVE,:To assess the incidence and factors that can predict reversibility of hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis.,METHODS,:We studied 79 patients in whom Hashimotos thyroiditis was diagnosed according to suggestive cytologic,al,features and/or the presence of thyroid antibodies(antimicrosomal antibody titer,or=1:1600;antiglobulin antibody titer,or=1:400).,RESULTS,:After withdrawal of levothyroxine treatment,thyroid blood tests showed that the degree of hypothyroidism worsened in 20 patients,remained unchanged in 40,and improved in 19.Nine patients(11.4%)did show normalization of the thyroid blood test.,CONCLUSIONS,:Our results,confirm,that hypothyroidism caused by Hashimotos thyroiditis,is,not always permanentThe presence of a larger goiter and high thyrotropin levels at the time of diagnosis,associated with a familial incidence of thyroid disease,may be related to an increased incidence of hypothyroidism remission.,2、英文摘要与中文摘要的区别,中文摘要,详细,介绍,国外,经验；,英文摘要,重点,描述,国内,特色；,英文摘要是给外国人看的，外国人不懂中文，也就是说看不懂正文，对他们而言，无论在何种场合，摘要都具有独立性，因此就要求英文摘要比中文摘要更全面地反映全文主旨。,3、摘要常用词和句型,31 表达,目的,的常用词和句型或结,构,32,表达,方法,的句型,33,表达,结果,的句型,34 表达,结论,的句型,31 表达目的的常用词和句型或结构3.1.1 摘要中表示“目的”常用词的用法,常用名词（字顺）,aim,A,名词用法：,目的,The,aim,of this investigation/study/the present study,was to.,Our,aim,is to,determine,whether a clinically relevant,positiveinotropic,effect,（,增强收缩力作用,）,can be demonstrated,in humans./,establish,an objective,easy-to-use technique to,evaluate.,The,aims,of this study were:1)to.,；,and 2)to.,B,动词用法：,目的是，旨在,a.,主动态后接动词不定式,This study,aim,ed,to,./We aimed to./This article,aim,s,to,.,b.主,动态后接介词at动名词,This research,aimed,at,identifying.,c.被动态后接介词at动名词,This study,was,aimed,at,document-ing.,Attempt,尝试 A,名词用法,An attempt,was made to./,An attempt,has been made to./,An attempt,was undertaken to.The present study is,an attempt,to replicate earlier evidence that.For this reason,an attempt,was undertaken for.,尝试干.,In an attempt to,extend this finding,three experiments were conducted.,In a first attempt to,elucidate its function,we examined.,B,动词用法：,试图,In this study we,attempt to,.,The authors,attempt to,evaluate the degree.,Goal 目的，目标,A major,goal,is prevention of acceleration-induced loss of con-sciousness.The,goal,of this investigation was to.,Goal一词的含义、用法及其句式跟名词aim完全一样，例句从略。,Intend,想要，旨在(,人作主语用主动态，事物作主语用被动态,),In this study,we,intended to,test the hypothesis that,.,This report/paper,is intended to,.,In brief the article,is intended to,.,This three-group design/This study,was intended to,.,It is intended to,remind the reader.,Intent,意图，目的,The,intent,of the study was to.,(相对其他词而言，不太常用于文摘中目的句场合),It is our intent目的 to provide a brief users explanation of these various components and present the commonly used methods.,Objective,The,objective,of this study was to evaluate.,在结构式摘要里常用作标题或项目词：,Objective Methods,Results Conclusion(s),Purpose,Purpose 的用法同aim。如：,The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of sintering temperature on,in vivo,and,in vitro,bioactivities of sintered tricalcium phosphate(TCP)sheets prepared by the tape casting technique.,但在for the purpose(of)这一固定结构中，一般不用aim替换其中的purpose。如：.is described for the purpose of.,（2）目的,句,中的常用动词(多用被动态),Carry out,执行，实行，进行,The retrospective study/An experimental study/An investigation,was carried out,to,evaluate.,We,carried out,this study to determine.,Conduct,引导，实施，进行 A(.)study/survey/An experiment,was conducted,to,establish/investigate.,Perform,做，进行；施行；执行,This study,was performed,to,determine.,This analysis,was performed,to,examine,Undertake,从事，着手做,Human studies,have been undertaken,to,test this thesis.,Design,设计,This study/The present study/Our study,was designed,to,.,We also,designed,an,in vitro,study,to,.,Develop,研制，创立/建立,(establish,construct,create),method(s).was(were)developed to,(,动词不定式,)/,for,(,名词或动名词,).,Two,methods,were developed,to displace.,We have also developed,a,method,for,analyzing.,formulation/drug/,strategy,/,protocol/recipe/model,To,establish,an appropriate,in-vivo,model,to evaluate new therapeutic strategies.,To,construct,a state-transition(Markov)model/To,create,an animal model,还有一个常用的词,execute,=carry out,perform,conduct。注意英美人几乎不用它来“处死”动物。,3.1.2 结构式摘要中表示目的常见,不定式结构,To analyze,whether patients with RA have an intrinsic defect,（先天性缺陷）,in T cell proliferation.,To,ascertain,确定,/assess,评价,/characterize,表现、描绘特征，给定性,/clarify,澄清，弄清,/compare,比较、对比,/construct,构建,/describe,叙述、介绍,/determine,决定、测定,/develop,研制、发展,distinguish,区别,/elaborate,详尽阐述,/elucidate,阐明,/establish,建立,/estimate,估计,/evaluate,评价,/examine,检查,/,explore,探讨,/expose,暴露,/help,帮助,/identify,鉴定,/investigate,调查,/isolate,分离,/provide,提供,/quantify,定量,/report,报道,/study,研究,/test,测试,/understand,理解、了解,.,To validate,criteria predicting.,为了验证预测,的标准,3.2 表达方法的句型,3.2.1 using/by using,分句+,主,动态主句,Using,a rabbit model of pneumococcal meningitis,we compared,.and.,3.2.2 using/by using,分句+,被,动态主句,By using,a multivariate risk algorithm,Down syndrome cases,were analyzed,.,（3.2.2不常用）,3.2.3,被动态,using/by using/by/with,引出的状语,The diagnoses were established,using,American College of Rheumatology,criteria,.,The mechanism of.was studied,by using,a set of.,PCR products were detected,by,gel electrophoresis and dot-blot hybridization.,In this prospective study,142 patients with early RA were treated actively,with,.,3.2.4 叙述方法最常涉及的几个动词,(,carry out、conduct、perform、do、make、,execute、,develop;receive、undergo;had 等,),及其句型,Hyperthermia,was carried out,using a novel water-filtered,infrared-A radiation technique.,A prospective study,was done,in 76 subjects who,underwent,.,Clinical evaluations,were made,on,the 14 patients including 4 with pharyngitis,7 with tonsillitis,.,All the patients,received,satisfactory anesthesia for operation.,.patients,underwent,operations and there were no operative deaths.,Among the 62 survivors,18,had,another operation.,3.2.5 表达分组的句型,be(randomly)divided/allocated/assigned categorized/classified/grouped/separated/clust-ered,(in)to.groups.,.be randomized into.groups,.be(randomly),into.groups,based on.,The groups were as follows.,(,例句见第一军医大学学报2002，11：66970,),equally divided=evenly divided=equal groups,3,2,6,有关各种检查的句型,Blood sugar（项目）was examined,in50 patients（对象）.,Fifty patients（对象）were examined,for,blood sugar （项目）by（手段）at 2 and 24 h after admission.,写“检查”句的时候，注意for的用法：检查病人的,x,可以说：The,x,（项目）,was examined in patients by,（方法）,，也可以说：The patient was examined for,x,（项目）,by,（方法）,“评价”一类词也可如此用：Patients were evaluated for ocular inflammation degree,visual acuity,number of ocular attacks and incidence of adverse events.,3,2,6,有关各种检查的句型,作者来稿中常常见到这样的句子：,.was observed with/under electron microscopy 或.was observed by electron microscope.,（后一种不算太错，但不严谨）,在描述用显微镜观察或检查什么的时候，很多人常常用错,microscope,和,microscopy,这两个词。正确的用法是：,under microscope,或,by microscopy/with microscope,。,Each tooth was sectioned and examined for dye,penetration,under,a stereomicroscop,e,(60,magnification).,3.3 表达结果的句型,331,叙述观察或发现了什么,（1）主动态句：We found(observed,noted,saw,recorded.)that.,（,2,）被动态句：,It,was found(observed,noted,seen,recorded.),that,.,3,3,2,量的,或,泛言,或,The prevalence,increased,with age./Cyclic AMP,levels,were increased,by NECA,乙基羧化腺苷,.,Estrogen replacement therapy,reduced,excretion of,zinc,.,.levels rapidly,declined,in HL-60 cells following,induction of apoptosis by,but were transiently,elevated,by two other apoptosis-inducing agents.,.levels of greatly,declined,with a subsequent,increase,in the concentration of.,(2),或,了多少,一般地说，应该用,by,引出实际增加或减少的数目：,Cell number,increased,by,almost 50%during the,first,24-h after the beginning of treatment.,Zinc excretion,decreased,by 35%after 3 months and 26%after 1 year of treatment.,3,3,2,量的,或,(3),从多少,或,到多少,Urine,maximum flow rate,and,average flow rate,increased,significantly,from,.,to,.and from.to.,respectively,.Residual urine volume,decreased,significantly,from,.,to,less than.,significantly在这里当“有意义地”讲。,By,60 min of reperfusion,levels of 6-keto were reduced,to,those in the IVC.,3,3,2,量的,或,(4),跟B相比，A,或,了,Healing times of the donor sites were significantly,decreased,(as),compared with,patients.,.showed a significant,increase,in comparison with,previous determinations.,In conclusion,during the first posttransplant year the serum leptin levels decreased significantly,in relation to,pretransplant period.,3,3,2,量的,或,Association与associated,There was,a/an.,association,of,A,with,B,/,between,A,and,B,./.,did not demonstrate an,association,of,A,with,B,./.suggest that,A,appears to,have no,association,with,B,./,A,.,association,was observed*,between,A,and,B,./,Associations,between,A,and,B,were assessed with/by./,A,was,associated,with,B,.,同、与、跟：,of A with B,；,之间：,between A and B,.,333 表示关系的句型,A,.,correlation,was found*for,A,and,B,/,between,A,and,B,./No(statistically significant),correlation,was found*,between,A,and,B,./There was a(no).,.,correlation,between,A,and,B,/,among,the four./,Correlation,between,concentrations inA,and,B,serum was poor,./,Correlations,were highest,between,measure,s,with similar response formats.,*found可以是noted、seen、observed、obtained 等。,Correlation与correlated,A,correlated,(well*),with/to,B,./,A,be.*,correlated,with,B,./,A,be not correlated,to,B,.,A,did not,correlate,with,B,./,A,.*,correlateswith,B,.,*此处副词可以据意使用closely、directly、highly、positively、negatively、inversely、roughly、significantly或strongly之类词。,The plasma sIL-2R was positively correlated to/with the plasma MDA,丙二醛,.,Correlated（续）,跟relation搭配的介词用to、between and及 with（少见），如：,Intralymphocytic sodium and free calcium concentrations,in relation,to,salt sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension.,这里,to,可以换成,with,，但不常用with。,In addition,there was a significant,relation,between,A,and,B,.,A,more likely to be,related,to,B,./,A,may be.*related,to,B,./,A,were not,related,to,B,.,Relation与related,Relation与related,The,relationship,between,A,and,B,has been well established in histopathological studies./No,relationship,was noted*,between,A,and,B,./Regression analysis showed no,relationship,between,A,and,B,./In contrast,there were highly significant,relationships,between,A,and,B,.,A与B和C两者的关系怎么表达?The relationship between A and,both,B and C,334 表示比较的句型,3341,相同比较 用as.as.等表示,Our data support previous uncontrolled observations,that medium-dose UVA1 is,comparably,as effective as,high-dose treatment for patients with severe generalized,atopic dermatitis.,全身特异反应性皮炎,The incidence in middle aged group is almost,as high,as,that in old people.,Low-dose cyclosporin A was,as effective as,traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs,缓解疾病的,抗风湿性药物,in controlling clinical symptoms.,as quick as lightning,迅如闪电,；,as light as a feather,轻如鸿毛,（1）,A,+比较级+than,B,：Generally,men are,higher than,women.,（2）动词 比较级 than,：,A,secreted and,expres