高考英语复习与增分策略专题一语法知识第十一讲名词与冠词市赛课公开课一等奖省名师优质课获奖课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,*,第十一讲名词与冠词,专题一语法知识,1/62,栏目索引,考点1名词词义辨析，包含同缀、形近、意近和无关联词,考点2名词一词多义与熟词新义,考点3抽象名词详细化,解题方法,方法1利用固定搭配和习惯表示,方法2利用句子平衡、对比等结构,方法3充分把握详细语境,解题方法,方法1语境暗示法,方法2准确翻译法,方法3固定短语搭配法,强化练(十一),考点4不定冠词与定冠词综合考查,2/62,1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some_and then let me know.(,安徽，30),A.thought B.support,C.protection D.authority,考点1名词词义辨析，包含同缀、形近、意近和无关联词,解析,句意为：现在没有必要告诉我你答案。多思索一下，再让我知道。thought思想，思索，符合句意。support支持，维持，支援，供养；protection保护，防卫；authority权威，权力，当局。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,3/62,2.One of the most effective ways to reduce _ is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(,浙江，15),A.production B.stress,C.energy D.power,解析,句意为：降低压力最有效方法之一就是与你信任人谈谈你感受。stress压力，担心，符合语境。production生产，制作，产品；energy精力，活力，干劲；power权力，势力，影响力。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,4/62,3.Some schools will have to make _ in agreement with the national soccer reform.(,江苏，32),A.judgments B.adjustments,C.comments D.achievements,解析,句意为：为了与国家足球改革相一致，一些学校将不得不做出调整。judgment判断；adjustment调整，适应；comment评论；achievement结果，成就。故选B项。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,5/62,4.Go and say sorry to your Mom,，Dave.,I,d like to,，but I,m afraid she won,t be happy with my _.,(,江苏，35),A.requests B.excuses,C.apologies D.regrets,解析,句意为：去向你妈妈道歉，戴夫。我想去，但我担心她对我道歉不满意。request要求，请求；excuse理由，借口；apology道歉，致歉；regret后悔，遗憾。依据前面,“,say sorry,”,可知选C项。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,6/62,解析,句意为：当这个男孩追赶哥哥时候，他失去了平衡，狠狠地摔了一跤。依据句中had a bad fall可知，这个男孩之所以摔倒是因为失去了平衡，lose one,s balance,意为,“,失去平衡,”,。chance机会；memory记忆；place地方。,5.When he was running after his brother,，the boy lost his _ and had a bad fall.(湖北，21),A.balance B.chance,C.memory D.place,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,7/62,解析,句意为：在执行秘密任务时，他给自己起了一个新名字来隐藏自己身份。emotion情感，情绪；talent天才，才能，人才；identity身份，本体，特征；treasure财富，金银财宝，珍品。依据句意选C。,6.He gave himself a new name to hide his _ when he went to carry out the secret task.(,湖北，22),A.emotion B.talent,C.identity D.treasure,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8/62,解析,句意为：当理查德说：,“,你现在更讨人喜欢，更漂亮了,”,时，琼脸因这意想不到赞美而变得绯红。command 命令；comparison比较；compliment恭维，称赞；contribution贡献。由句意可知C项正确。,7.When Richard said,，,“,You are much more agreeable and prettier now,，,”,Joan,s face turned red at the unexpected _.,(,湖北，22),A.command B.comparison,C.compliment D.contribution,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9/62,解析,句意为：风能是现在世界上增加最快动力起源。source起源；sense感觉；result结果；root根源。由句意可知选A项。,8.Wind is now the world,s fastest growing _ of power.,(,天津，3),A.source B.sense,C.result D.root,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10/62,考点归纳,名词词义辨析是高考热点，主要考查考生结合语境区分词义能力，因而在记忆单词时，一定要结合语境体会其意义。近几年考查名词词义辨析主要有以下几个形式：,1.,“,同缀,”,词词义辨析，即相同词缀名词辨析。近几年高考中常出现有：,expression(,表情)attention(注意),satisfaction(,满意)impression(印象),11/62,accommodation(,住宿)occupation(职业),adaptation(,适应，改编)appreciation(观赏),equipment(,设备)arrangement(安排),assessment(,评定估算)entertainment(娱乐),consequence(,后果)independence(独立),competence(,能力，权限)intelligence(智力),12/62,2.,“,形近,”,词词义辨析，近几年高考中常出现形近词有：,command(,命令)comparison(比较),compliment(,赞美)contribution(贡献),commitment(,承诺，确保)competition(竞争),accommodation(,住宿)accompany(陪同),3.,“,意近,”,词词义辨析，近几年高考中常出现意近词有：,advice,；question；offer；idea,anger,；rudeness；regret；panic(惊慌),13/62,4.,“,无关联,”,词词义辨析，近几年高考中出现有：,symbol,象征)portrait(肖像),identity(,身份)statue(雕像),difference(,差异)comparison(比较),connection(,连接)barrier(屏障，障碍),luck(,运气)value(价值),time(,时间)fact(事实),14/62,1.Can you tell us your _ for happiness and a long life?,Living every day to the full,，definitely.(江苏，24),A.recipe B.record,C.range D.receipt,考点2名词一词多义与熟词新义,解析,句意为：您能告诉我们您幸福与长寿秘诀吗？确切地说，是充实地过好每一天。依据答语可知，此处问是幸福与长寿秘诀。recipe秘诀，诀窍，符合句意。record统计；range范围；receipt收据，均不符合题意。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,15/62,2.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight _ of rain later tonight.(,天津，10),A.effect B.sense,C.change D.chance,解析,句意为：天气预报说多云，今天夜间下雨可能性不大。chance可能性，符合语境。effect结果，效应；sense感觉，了解力；change改变，改变。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,16/62,3.The failure was a big _ to him,，but he wasn,t discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.(,福建，24),A.blow B.issue C.excuse D.factor,解析,句意为：这次失败对他来说是一次不小冲击，不过他没有气馁，很快就变得和以往一样有热情了。blow打击，痛击，符合语境。issue问题；excuse借口；factor原因。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,17/62,4.Could you tell me the _ of making such tasty cakes?,Well,，I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(福建，26),A.feature B.plan,C.cost D.trick,解析,句意为：你能告诉我制作如此美味蛋糕诀窍吗？哦，我只是按照烹饪书上说明来做。feature特征，特点；plan计划；cost费用；trick技巧。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,18/62,考点归纳,名词一词多义与熟词新义是考查重点和难点。掌握熟词新义重在多阅读、多积累。,Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine.,患头疼人会发觉经过使用这种药，他们头疼会得到缓解。,relief,常见含义为,“,抚慰，宽慰,”,，此处表示,“,缓解,”,。,19/62,抽象名词详细化通常可分为以下四类：,一、,表示情感、情绪词，强调详细人或事时常将其详细化使用。惯用重点抽象名词有：,考点3抽象名词详细化,抽象名词,抽象名词详细化,drink,饮料,a drink,一杯饮料,comfort抚慰；慰藉,a comfort 一件令人感到抚慰事或一个令人感到抚慰人,feeling,感觉；感情,a good feeling 一个愉快感觉,success,成功,a success 一位成功人或一件成功事,20/62,failure,失败,a failure 一个失败人或一件失败事,surprise,惊奇,a surprise 一件令人惊奇事,experience,经验,an experience,一次经历,difficulty,困难,a difficulty,一件难事,coffee,咖啡,two coffees,两杯咖啡,beauty美，漂亮,a beauty美人，漂亮东西,pleasure,愉快，高兴,a pleasure,一件乐事；一个乐趣,pride,骄傲,a pride令人骄傲人或事,reality,实际,a reality一件实现事，现实,honor,荣誉，信誉,an honor光荣人或事,21/62,二、,表行为抽象名词，强调其详细表现形式时，常以a/an抽象名词，或a/an形容词抽象名词。惯用短语、句型以下：,have a wonderful supper,；have a bright future；have a good time；have a population of；have a good knowledge/understanding of；have an income of；receive a good education；receive a warm welcome；cover an area of；reach a height of；It,s a waste of time/money,；It,s a great help to me.,；It,s a pity that.,22/62,三、,表示详细动作意义抽象名词，加a/an与一些动词(have，take，make，give)等词连用时，表示某一次短暂动作。,have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep,；take a walk/bath；give/take a try；make an advance/an early start/an apology；take/have a great interest；go out for a walk,四、,接同源宾语短语，通常名词表示详细化意义。,die a heroic death,；live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life；dream a strange dream,23/62,方法1利用固定搭配和习惯表示,It is said that dogs will keep you _ for as long as you want when you are feeling lonely.,A.safety B.company C.house D.friend,解题方法,解析,句意为：听说，当你感到孤独时，你想要狗陪同你多长时间它们就,陪同你多长时间。固定搭配keep pany 意为,“,陪同某人，与某人作伴,”,。,答案,解析,24/62,方法2利用句子平衡、对比等结构,To make members of a team perform better,，the trainer first of all has to know their _ and weaknesses.,A.strengths B.benefits,C.techniques D.values,解析,句意为：为了使队员更加好地表现，教练首先要了解队员优势和劣势。and后跟weak名词形式，恰好与strong名词形式形成对比，符合语境。benefit利益，好处；technique技术，工艺；value价值，都与语境不符。,答案,解析,25/62,方法3充分把握详细语境,Always read the _ on the bottle carefully and take the right amount of medicine.,A.explanations B.instructions,C.descriptions D.introductions,解析,句意为：总是要仔细阅读药瓶上说明，而且按正确剂量服用。药瓶上普通应是instructions,“,说明，须知,”,，即指导人们怎么服药，故选B。,答案,解析,26/62,1._ prize for the winner of the competition is _ two-week holiday in Paris.(,浙江，2),A.The,；/B.A；/,C.A,；the D.The；a,考点4不定冠词与定冠词综合考查,答案,1,2,解析,句意为：这次比赛给获胜者奖励是在巴黎度假两周。第一个空格表示对比赛获胜者奖励，是特指，故用the；第二个空格泛指一次为期两周假期，用不定冠词a。故选D项。,解析,3,4,5,27/62,2.I just heard _ bank where Dora works was robbed by _ gunman wearing a mask.(,重庆，3),A.the,；/B.a；/,C.the,；a D.a；the,解析,句意为：我刚听说多拉工作那家银行被一位蒙面持枪歹徒抢劫了。第一空为特指，表示,“,Dora,工作那家银行,”,；第二空为泛指，表示,“,一位,”,。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,28/62,3.Jane,s grandmother had wanted to write _ children,s book for many years,，but one thing or another always got in _ way.,(浙江，2),A.a,；/B.the；the,C./,；the D.a；the,解析,句意为：简奶奶多年来一直想写一本儿童书籍，但总有这么那样事情妨碍她写书。第一空表泛指，故用不定冠词a；第二空为固定表示in the way,“,妨碍，妨碍,”,。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,29/62,4.Brian is gifted in writing music,；he is very likely to be_ Beethoven.(四川，5),A.a B.an C.the D./,解析,句意为：Brian在音乐创作方面极有天赋，他很有可能成为一个像贝多芬那样人。不定冠词用在人名前，表示,“,一个像,那样人,”,；又因Beethoven是以辅音音素开头单词，故用a，故选A。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,30/62,5._ more learned a man is,，_ more modest he usually becomes.(陕西，14),A.The,；the B.A；a,C.The,；a D.A；the,解析,句意为：一个人知识越是渊博，他通常就越谦虚。此处是,“,the,比较级，the比较级,”,结构，表示,“,越,就越,”,。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,31/62,考点归纳,1.,不定冠词与物质名词连用，表示物质,“,一个,”,或表示食品、饮料,“,一份，一杯,”,或表示,“,一股，一场，一阵,”,等。,Longjing is a wonderful tea.,龙井是一个极好茶。,A strong wind blew off a lot of leaves.,一阵大风吹落了许多树叶。,32/62,2.,不定冠词与抽象名词连用，表示某种动作,“,一次，一例，一番,”,或表示人或事物等某一品质或性质，有时表示引发某种情绪事。,Do you care for a smoke?,抽支烟好吗？,It,s a shame to lie.,撒谎是不光彩事。,33/62,3.,序数词前面也可用不定冠词，但不表示次序意义，而是表示,“,再一，又一,”,之意。,I really must buy a second pair of shoes.,我真得必须再买一双鞋了。,Mr Liu,，who is good at maths，has been called a second Hua Luogeng.,刘老师擅长数学，被称为另一个华罗庚。,34/62,4.,序数词在句中用作副词时，其前不用冠词。,He was only a child when I first saw him.,我第一次见到他时候他还是个孩子。,5.,序数词作名词用，表示,“,第几名,”,或,“,属于第几,”,等时，其前不加定冠词，但它有单复数之分。,He took a first in the exam.,他在这次考试中得了第一名。,These are all firsts.,这些都是一等品。,35/62,6.,在,“,a most,形容词,”,中，most表示,“,很,；非常,”,之意。,She told us a most touching story.,她给我们讲了一个非常感人故事。,7.a/an,比较级，表示,“,比,更,一个,”,，是泛指。,The book is too old.Can you give me a newer one?,这本书太旧了。你能给我一本更新吗？,8.,在对二者进行比较时，可用,“,the,比较级,”,结构。,The picture is the prettier of the two.,两张图画之中，这一张更漂亮。,36/62,方法1语境暗示法,在解答冠词试题时，要注意下面标准：一是依据句子意思判断是特指(定冠词表示特指)还是泛指(不定冠词表示泛指)，其次看是可数名词还是不可数名词。这么就能够依据句子意思判断出是选定冠词还是不定冠词。,解题方法,37/62,典例,First impressions are the most lasting.After all，you never get _ second chance to make _ first impression.,A.a,；the B.the；the,C.a,；a D.the；a,解析,句意为：第一印象最持久。毕竟，你不可能有第二次机会去再给他人留一次第一印象。第一空后有second，在此表示,“,再一次,”,机会，而不是表示次序，应用不定冠词；第二空后first expression是泛指，也不是表示次序，又依据题干能够判断impression在此处是可数名词，可数名词单数表示泛指时须用不定冠词。故选择C项。,答案,解析,38/62,方法2准确翻译法,冠词a/an表示,“,一个，一个，某一个,”,，普通泛指任意一个；而the表示,“,这个，那个,”,，是特指。所以在大多数情况下，假如我们能准确地把泛指或特指意思翻译出来，就能够正确地解答该题。,39/62,典例,The caf provided _ satisfactory service for me，so I ordered _ second coffee.,A.a,；a B.a；the C./；the D.the；/,解析,句意为：这家咖啡馆为我提供了满意服务，所以我又要了一杯咖啡。序数词前面普通加定冠词表示,“,第,”,之意，但在second，third等词前加不定冠词时，表示,“,又一，再一,之意。a satisfactory service抽象名词详细化，故用不定冠词a。,答案,解析,40/62,方法3固定短语搭配法,掌握冠词习惯使用方法，冠词活用和固定词组中用不用冠词或用什么冠词对于解答冠词试题也是很主要。,41/62,典例,There are over 58,000 rocky objects in _ space，about 900 of which could fall down onto _ earth.,A.the,；the B./；the,C.the,；/D.a；the,解析,句意为：太空中有超出58 000岩状物体，其中大约900有可能掉到地球上。第一空in space是固定短语，不用冠词，类似使用方法还有in nature，in society等；第二空后名词earth属于独一无二事物，其前必须用定冠词。,答案,解析,42/62,强化练(十一),1.The important thing in life is to have a great aim,，and the _ to achieve it.(苏锡常镇四市二模，21),A.acquisition B.comprehension,C.determination D.satisfaction,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,解析,句意为：人生主要事情是有一个伟大目标，并有实现它决心。acquisition取得，取得物；comprehension了解，了解力；satisfaction满意。determination决心，符合题意，故选C项。,解析,43/62,2.For the final _ of our journey,，we decided to take the coach.,(南京三模，22),A.leg B.round,C.distance D.path,解析,句意为：对于我们旅行最终一段旅程，我们决定乘坐长途客车。round轮，局，场；distance距离；path小路，都不符合语境。leg腿，一段旅程，the final leg最终一段旅程，符合语境，故选A项。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,44/62,3.In Beijing opera,，performers are required to paint their faces in patterns and colors to help show the _ and depths of the characters,personalities.(,苏州调研，32),A.dimensions B.certificates,C.occupations D.consciences,解析,句意为：在京剧里，演员们需要在脸上画各种脸谱并着色，以助于展示人物个性广度和深度。dimension方面，维度，范围，程度，符合句意。certificate证书，证实；occupation占据，占有，职业，工作；conscience良知，是非感。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,45/62,4.Raising _ retirement age step by step is in _ line with China,s labor market realities and should be prioritized.,(,泰州中学摸底考试，21),A.the,；/B./；the,C./,；/D.the；the,解析,句意为：逐步提升退休年纪符合中国劳动力市场现实，应优先考虑。第一空填定冠词the在此特指退休年纪，而不是其它年纪；第二处in line with为固定短语。故答案为A。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,46/62,5.Many people tend to assume that _ just means creating something new,，but actually it,s more than thatit,s an attitude of doing things.(,南京、盐城一模，21),A.imitation B.imagination,C.innovation D.inspiration,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,解析,句意为：很多人往往认为创新仅仅意味着创造新东西，但实际上创新不止于此创新是一个做事态度。innovation革新，创新，符合句意。imitation模仿，仿效；imagination想象，想象力；inspiration激励，勉励，灵感，启发解析,47/62,解析,句意为：宁静乡村生活对于我来说从来都没有吸引力，因为我一直认为乡村只是人们透过火车窗户看风景而已。appeal吸引力，魅力；appetite胃口，欲望；affection喜爱，钟爱；application申请，利用。依据句意知选A项。,6.The quiet life of the country has never had _ to me in that I have always regarded the country as something you look at through a train window.(,苏锡常镇四市一模，21),A.appeal B.appetite,C.affection D.application,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,48/62,解析,句意为：推销人员得到全部销售额百分之十佣金是通例吗？deposit储蓄，存款；receipt收条，收据；pension退休金，养老金。commission佣金，符合语境，故选D项。,7.Is it common practice that salesmen receive a _ of 10 percent on all sales made,？(南京、盐城二模，23),A.deposit B.receipt,C.pension D.commission,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,49/62,8.The Internet is so much a part of our culture that it affects our lives by acting as a _ for face-to-face contacts.(,苏北六市联考，21),A.preference B.motivation,C.substitute D.guideline,解析,句意为：因特网是我们文化中不可或缺一部分，经过充当面对面交流替换品来影响我们生活。substitute替换品，代替者，符合句意。preference偏爱，优先权；motivation动力，动机；guideline指南，指导方针。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,50/62,9.According to the regulations,，most of our flights have a baggage _ of 22 kilograms per passenger.(南通一模，25),A.gravity B.session,C.punctuation D.allowance,解析,句意为：依据要求，我们大多数航班允许每个乘客携带22千克行李。gravity重力，严重性；session会议，一段时间；punctuation标点符号。allowance限额，符合语境，故选D项。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,51/62,解析,句意为：艺术家诞生于少数这类人中，他们在童年结束以后不被学术训练打断而继续画画。evolution进化，演变；assumption假定，假设；distinction区分；interruption打岔，打搅。故选D项。,10.The artist is among the few who continue to draw after childhood is ended without the _ of academic training.(,盐城三模，27),A.evolution B.assumption,C.distinction D.interruption,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,52/62,11.In the deaf culture of North America,，many listeners show _ not by clapping their hands but by waving them in the air.,(如东、前黄等高级中学四校联考，28),A.disapproval B.applause,C.affection D.direction,解析,句意为：在北美洲聋人文化中，很多听众不是经过鼓掌而是经过挥手来表示喝彩。disapproval不赞成；applause喝彩，欢呼；affection喜爱；direction方向。故选B项。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,53/62,12.Eight years ago when Hillary Clinton competed with Barack Obama for presidency,，many Americans had the question whether there was a likelihood of a negotiated _ between the two.,(南通如皋教学质量调研三，26),A.comprehension B.completion,C.communication D.compromise,解析,句意为：八年前，当希拉里克林顿与贝拉克奥巴马争夺总统职位时候，许多美国人对这两人之间是否存在协商妥协可能性有疑问。comprehension了解；completion完成；communication交流；compromise妥协。故选D项。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,54/62,13.The most important thing for a designer to remember is that nature always provides _.(,徐州、宿迁、连云港、淮安四市模拟，22),A.inspiration B.ambition,C.immigration D.occupation,解析,句意为：对于一名设计者来说，要记住最主要事情是自然总会提供灵感。inspiration灵感，鼓舞，符合句意。ambition野心；immigration移居；occupation职业，占有。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,55/62,解析,句意为：在11月11日，阿里巴巴在其电子商务平台淘宝网和天猫上销售了价值超出900亿元商品，成为世界各地头条新闻。worth of价值,东西，符合语境。sum款项，金额；value价值，用处，常与of而不是for搭配；profit利润，收益，盈利。,14.On Nov.11,，Alibaba sold more than 90 billion yuan _ goods on its e-commerce platforms,Taobao,.,com,and T-Malll,，making headlines all over the world.(盐城阜宁中学模拟，22),A.worth of B.sum of,C.value for D.profit for,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,56/62,15.At the end of the historic area,，Wilmington displayed its _ as a working port city：large warehouses and a few other dated office buildings.(南京、盐城二模，23),A.achievement B.reputation,C.character D.standard,答案,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,解析,句意为：在这片历史地域尽头，威灵顿市曾饰演了一个港口城市角色：处处是大型仓库和其它一些陈旧办公楼。achievement成就；reputation名声；character性