英汉语言对比市公开课一等奖省赛课微课金奖课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,Chapter 3,Comparative Studies of English and Chinese Languages,第1页,导入,吕叔湘先生曾经指出：“只有比较才能看出各种语文表现法共同之点和特异之点。拿外语跟汉语进行比较，能够启发我们注意被我们忽略现象。”,汉语和英语对比研究，始于100年多前马氏文通，这是我国第一部汉语语法书，是在比较和模仿拉丁文法基础上写成。,世界上每一个语言都有自己语法，不然，人们就不能进行翻译实践和翻译理论研究。而经过分析和对比英汉两种语言，译员才能对两种语言差异性和共通性成竹在胸，翻译过程中才能游刃有余。,第2页,本讲要目,1,形合与意合,2,主语与话题,3,静态与动态,4,物称与人称,5,被动与主动,英汉语言对比（语言特征）,第3页,英语句法结构重,形合,Hypotaxis,，句中词语和分句之间惯用适当连接词语，句子结构修饰关系很显著。（,grape-vine structure/法治,）,汉语句法结构重,意合,Parataxis,，句中各成份相互结合多依靠语义贯通，语境映衬，少用或不用连接词语。(,bamboo structure/人治,),形合Vs意合,第4页,Hypotaxis,:,dependent relation or construction,as of clauses;syntactic subordination.,Parataxis,:,the placing together of sentences,clauses or phrases without a conjunctive word.,Syntactic difference between E/C,sentence structure,:,complex,vs.,simplex,use of connectives,:,compulsory,vs.,optional,means of connection,:,lexical,vs.,logical,形合Vs意合,第5页,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese,Meaning-focused,with emphasis on,implicit coherence,(,隐性连贯,),Paratactic,语义型语言,(,以意统形,),English,Form-focused,with,emphasis on,explicit,cohesion,（显性联接）,Hypotactic,形态型语言,(以形驭意),形合Vs意合,第6页,If,winter comes,can spring be far,behind?,冬天来了，春天还会远吗？,2.We will not attack,unless,we are,attacked.,人不犯我，我不犯人。,3.Modesty helps one go forward,whereas,conceit makes one lag behind.,谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。,形合Vs意合,第7页,4.A just cause enjoys abundant support,whereas,an unjust cause finds little help.,得道多助，失道寡助。,5.My sister was expecting me,so,I had to go now.,妹妹在等我，我得走了。,6.The wind was,so,strong,that,he found it difficult to keep on his feet.,风太大了，他感到极难站稳。,课内练习形合vs意合,第8页,跑得了和尚，跑不了庙,Even if,the monk can run away,his temple cannot run with him.,近闻夫人健康如常，颇感欣慰。,It is a supreme comfort to me,when,I am informed,that,you are,as healthy as ever.,课内练习形合vs意合,第9页,我们应该相互尊重，相互学习，取长补短，共同进步。,We should respect,and,learn from each,other,and,draw upon others strong,points to offset our own deficiencies,for,achieving common progress.,那时舅舅抱着我，哄着我，我以为很温暖。,sitting,in my uncles lap,being,humored,all the way,I was feeling very good.,课内练习形合vs意合,第10页,小结,汉语重意合，连接成份“尽在不言中”。英语重形合，含有实在意义形合连接成份普通不能省略。,所以汉英翻译过程就是一个从“形散神聚”汉语析出条理，然后用“以形驭意”目标语使诸般条理各就各位过程。,第11页,当代英语中一些 意合句子：主要是古英语或中古英语遗留下来谚语成语,Man proposes,God disposes.,No pains,no gains.,Easy come,easy go.,Out of sight,out of mind.,First come,first served.,Like father,like son.,Nothing venture,nothing gain.,第12页,主语vs话题,英语：句子必须有主语。,当代英语划分出五种基本句型：,SV,SVP,SVO,SVOO,SVOC,汉语：句子无需主语（缺乏主语、主语不显著）。,例：一把菜刀闹革命,必须使学生在德智体美劳全方面发展。,不入虎穴，焉得虎子,桔子、苹果、梨，买了一堆,第13页,汉语：,话题-评论型,食堂今天吃饺子。,开汽车没有方向盘可不行。,小尼姑之流，阿Q向来是视为草芥。,Jiaozi are served in the canteen today.,You cant run a car without the steering wheel.,AhQ always look down upon the persons like little Buddhist nun.,主语vs话题,第14页,Contrast Between English and Chinese,Chinese,Topic-Comment,Sentence Structure,（话题-评论结构）,English,Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure,（主语-谓语结构）,Topic-prominent Language,话题突出型语言,Subject-prominent Language,主语突出型语言,主语vs话题,第15页,译例列举,1.,A dialect is known by every linguist in this room.,在这房间里每位语言学家,都懂一个方言。,比较：,有一个方言,，,这间屋子里每个语言学家都知道。,2.You dont grow the grain you eat and you dont make the clothes you wear.,你不种你不吃.,比较：,你吃粮食,不是你自己种，,你穿衣服,也不是你自己做。,第16页,课内练习,请大家将以下简单句子译成汉语“话题评论”结构,1.I would not believe what he said.,2.I did not remember a single point discussed at the meeting.,3.I worked very hard on this book.,4.I will make my own decision in marriage.,他话，我可不信。,会上讲了什么，我一点没记住。,这本书我花了很多心血。,在婚姻问题上，我得自己做主。,第17页,5.他会干这种事我不相信。,I dont believe(that)he would do such things.,6.全市都在新建新工厂。,New factories have been built all over,the city.,7.昨天事多亏你帮忙。,I own you a lot for your help yesterday.,8.他学识我羡慕，他为人我藐视。,I admire his learning,but I despise his character.,课内练习,请大家将以下“话题评论”结构汉语句译成英语句。,第18页,静态vs动态,英语静态,stative,少用谓语动词、或用其它伎俩（名词、介词、形容词、副词）表示动作意义自然倾向;英语每个句子中只能使用一个限定式动词(Finite verb)，并列句动词谓语除外；,汉语动态,dynamic,有一个多用动词固有习惯,有句子几乎全句都是动词。,英译汉,时经常要,变“静”为“动”，,汉译英,则需,变“动”为“静”。,第19页,举例,The doctors extremely quick,arrival,and uncommonly careful,examination,of the patient brought about his very speedy,recovery,.,医生快速,抵达,，并非常仔细地,检验了,病人，所以病人很快就,康复了,。,第20页,举例,There is,a crying need,for,a remedy.,现在,极需,新补救方法。,They are,against,the proposal.,他们,反对,这项提议。,She said this with a,provocative glance,and,a gleam of teeth,.,她说这话时，,挑衅地瞟了一眼,，还,把牙一龇,。,第21页,课内练习,请翻译以下几条标识语,1.Admittance Free,2.Off-limits for tourists,3.Staff only,4.Danger ahead,5.Authorized cars only,第22页,翻译以下几个句子，看怎样变原文“静”为译文“动”。,He is a,good,eater,and a,good,sleeper,他,能吃,又,能睡,。,You must be a very,bad learner,；or else you must be going to a very,bad teacher,你一定很,不善于学习,，要不然就是教你人,很,不会教,。,I used to be a bit of a,fancier,myself.,我过去经常有点,喜欢胡思乱想,。,第23页,翻译以下几个句子，看怎样变原文“动”为译文“静”。,他既,不抽烟,也,不喝酒,。,He was a,nonsmoker,and a,teetotaler,.,他,通晓,各种不常使用语言，这使我们大家感到诧异。,His,familiarity,with many rarely used,languages surprised us all.,了解,一点世界史对,研究,时事很有帮助。,An acquaintance with,the world history,is helpful to,the study of,the current,affairs,.,第24页,英语物称,impersonal,物称倾向十分显著,主要见于其对主语择定。英语常,选择不能施行动作或无生命事物词语作主语,。,汉语人称,personal,更习惯于人称化表示,尤其是主语,能施行动作或有生命物体为主语首选,.,物称vs人称,第25页,英语：源于古希腊文明西方文化认为,“天人相分”（dividedness between man and nature），,世界上万物都是二分，如“人与自然，物质与社会”，西方这种以“物本”为主体，以自然为本位，偏重于对自然、客观探索精神，逐步形成了,客体型思维方式,。,汉语：中国人相信,“天人合一（oneness between man and nature）”。,代表人物儒家学派孟子认为“万物皆备于我”，即是中国传统意义上人本文化，长久积淀，形成了汉民族,主体型思维,。,物称vs人称,第26页,物称vs人称,Bitterness,fed on the man who had made the world laugh.,这位曾使全世界发出笑声人,自己却饱尝辛酸。,Dawn,met him well along the way.,拂晓时，,他,已经上路很久了。,The thick carpet,killed the sound of my footsteps.,我,走在厚厚地毯上，一点脚步声也没有。,第27页,物称vs人称,The end of the journey,saw me upon a chair perspiring,flaccid,achingexcellent.,旅行结束，,我,坐在椅子上，淌着汗，满身无力，全身酸痛，尽管如此，可真过瘾。,他,因事进城去了。,Business,took him to the town.,1978年,中国,开始了改革开放。,1978,saw the start of Chinas reform and opening up.,第28页,被动vs主动,The,general use,of passive in,English,The,limited use,of passive in,Chinese,C-E:,activepassive,E-C:,passiveactive,第29页,The little cares,/,fears,/,doubts,/,tears,/,sleepless fancies,/,of I dont know how many days and nights,/,were forgotten under one moments influence of Georges irresistible smile.,不知有多少个白天和黑夜她牵肠挂肚，担惊受怕，疑神疑鬼，以泪洗面，胡思乱想，夜不能寐。而今，这种种小小烦恼经乔治迷人一笑顷刻间忘得一干二净。,第30页,被动vs主动,在以下情况下汉语主动句转译成英语,被动句:,1)强调受事,突出被动状态.,地球上早期火是大自然而不是人类引燃.,Early fires on the earth were caused by nature,not by man.,2)因种种原因,不出现或无须说明施事者.,这种书是给儿童写.,Such books are written for children.,第31页,被动vs主动,3)使句子结构匀称,文气连贯.,他出现在台上,群众报以热烈掌声.,He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.,4)汉语中一些习惯用语或泛指人称为主语主动句.,大家都认为这么做是不妥当.,It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.,有些人给你打电话.,You are wanted on the phone.,第32页,课内练习,China-ink stains cannot,be washed out,.(被动主动),墨汁斑渍,是,洗不掉,。,At a State Dinner last year,Samantha Cameron,First Lady of Britain,and Michelle Obama,First Lady of the U.S.were photographed side-by-side.,在去年一次国宴上，英国第一夫人萨沙曼.卡梅伦和美国第一夫人米歇尔.奥巴马,并肩拍照,留念。,第33页,Anger choked his words.（物称人称）,他气得连话也说不出来了。,Carelessness caused his failure in this years college entrance examination.,(静态动态+物称人称),因为粗心，他今年高考落榜了。,课内练习,第34页,课后练习,Nightfall found the boy still a long way from home.（物称-人称）,The morning sun greeted us as we came out on deck.（物称-人称）,Her life solace was visiting and news.(静态动态),她感到心情压抑，甚至惊慌不安。（人称物称）,他顿时失去了勇气。（人称物称）,第35页,课后练习,1)我常见许多青年朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面.,1),I have come across a great many young friends,2),Bright and diligent,3),Do exceedingly well in studies,4),but rather weak in Chinese,5),even cant write a letter in correct Chinese.,6),Asked why,say they are not interested in Chinese.,第36页,1)我常见许多青年朋友,2)聪明用功,3)成绩优异,4)而语文程度不足以达意,5)甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,6)问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。,I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends,who,have done exceedingly well in their studies,but,are rather weak in Chinese.,They,cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese.,When,I,asked them why/asked why,they,said they were not interested in the Chinese language.,第37页,