中式英语之鉴第十二部分.pptx

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Translators Guide to Chinglish,.,Logical Connectives,制作人：,李洁,宋锦霞,李雨涵,刘天凤,刘思雨,1/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,We talked many about unnecessary words and sentence structure before.Then,lets think something about,the logical connectives,.,A logical connective(also called a logical operator)is a symbol or word used to connect two or more sentences(of either a formal or a natural language)in a grammatically valid way,such that the sense of the compound sentence produced depends only on the original sentences.,2/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,We are going to analyze it in the following aspects:,Examples of logical connectives,Types of logical connectives,Examples of missing links,Dubious logical connectives,Wrong logical connectives,Examples of revision,3/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Examples of logical connectives,In this part,we are going to talk about some examples to show how the logical connectives make the text sufficient and easier to understand.,4/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Examples,of logical connectives,Sentence composed of more than a single independent clause requires a,conjunction,.,E.g.,Forty-two thousand refugees will be short of food in the coming months,and,3000 houses need to be restored.(joined by,coordinating conjunction,),Since,most of Hunans coal mines are located in remote,hilly land,the province has encouraged laid-off workers there to switch to agriculture to earn a living.(joined by,subordinating conjunction,),5/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Examples of logical connectives,Two sentences needed to be connected logically require,coordinating conjunctions,.,E.g.,Luos art is based on traditional techniques,but,he does not allow himself to be restricted by tradition.(two,independent clauses,),Luos art is based on traditional techniques.,But,he does not allow himself to be restricted by tradition.(two,sentences,),6/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Examples of logical connectives,The logical link can be,adverbs,E.g.,Zinsser goes on to cite other short adverbs that are equally efficient at conveying complex meaning:“,Instead,I took the train.,Still,I had to admire him.,Thus,I learned how to smoke.It was,therefore,easy to meet him.,Meanwhile,I had talked to john.”and he gratefully concludes,“what a vast amount of huffing and puffing these pivotal verbs save!”,7/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,An example of adverbs used in Chinese publications:,In new China,men and women especially women,who suffered most from feudal oppression have gained freedom of marriage and equal rights.,Thus,in our new society they are taking a greater part in all kinds of political activities and in all fields of construction.,8/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Examples of logical connectives,The logical link can be,adverbs phrases,.,E.g.,According to local statistics,the province now has green areas averaging 3.2 square meters per person.,In addition,there 29 scenic spots and nature reserves,covering a total area of 3088 square kilometers,.,9/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,The problem of Chinese translators is that running less risk of sprinkling a text,with too many“however”s and“moreover”s than of failing to insert enough of conjunctions,to provide coherence.,10/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Types of logical connectives,Classified according to the,different relations,they have following categories:,addition or amplification,:and,moreover,in addition,contrast or opposition,:but,on the contrary,instead,cause or effect,:because,thus,hence,similarity,:likewise,similarly,in the same way,11/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,purpose,:in order that,to this end,for this purpose,time sequence,:after,then,meanwhile,logical sequence,:in the first place,next,finally,Illustration,:for instance,as an example,specifically,concession,:granted,to be sure,of course,intensification,:in deed,in fact,surely,restatement,:this is,in other words,as has been said,conclusion,:to sum up,in short,in conclusion,12/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,What we said is only a little of the logical connectives.In order to establish the principle of when and why they required,we have to consider some examples of each of them,and try to use them correctly.,13/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Examples of missing links,This part will concentrate on some examples about missing links in Chinese writers writings.Lacking these links,our writings cannot achieve articulation,coherence and cannot be well understood by readers.We Chinese writers should pay more attention on the common but important links.And the examples will focus on three aspects:addition or amplification;contrast and opposition;cause or effect.,14/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本点击添加文本,Addition or amplification,E.g.,As for Chinese,in the stage of strategic defensive,the Kuomintang troops staged one retreat after another in front-line battlefields.Although the peoples anti-Japanese forces had expanded,they were far from being able to carry out a strategic counter-offensive;before they were ready to that they would still have a long,hard struggle to go through.,15/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Addition or amplification,Analysis:,The passage contains two sentences,and they hold that in the stage of strategic defensive,the Chinese force is weak.The first sentence talks about the Kuomintang troops;the second one the peoples anti-Japanese forces.The two sentences have different subjective but they serve one topic-the Chinese force.They are coordinately connected,and should have link between them to make the paragraph more coherent and natural.,16/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Addition or amplification,Revised version:,As for Chinese,in the stage of strategic defensive,the Kuomintang troops staged one retreat after another in front-line battlefields.,And,Although the peoples anti-Japanese forces had expanded,they were far from being able to carry out a strategic counter-offensive;before they were ready to that they would still have a long,hard struggle to go through.,17/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Addition or amplification,And the connecting words used this part can be:,“and”,“also”,“too”,“moreover”,“besides”,“furthermore”and etc.,18/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Contrast or opposition,E.g.,During the six months,because the British side stuck to its position on the question of sovereignty over Hong Kong,there was no progress in the negotiations.In March 1983 Mrs.Thatcher wrote to the Chinese Premier promising that at a certain stage she would propose to the British Parliament that sovereignty over all of Hong Kong be returned to China.,19/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Contrast or opposition,Analysis:,In this paragraph,the first sentence states that“there was no progress in the negotiations.”But the next sentence states that“Mrs.Thatcher wrote to the Chinese Premier promising”As there is no link between two sentences,readers will be easily misled by the author and consider that the latter one is the explanation to the former.And after reading the whole sentence can they just find out the meaning of the paragraph.,So there should be a link to show the contrast.,20/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Contrast or opposition,Revised version:,During the six months,because the British side stuck to its position on the question of sovereignty over Hong Kong,there was no progress in the negotiations.In March 1983,however,Mrs.Thatcher wrote to the Chinese Premier promising that at a certain stage she would propose to the British Parliament that sovereignty over all of Hong Kong be returned to China.,21/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Contrast or opposition,And the connecting words used this part can be:,“but”,“yet”,“although”,“however”nevertheless”,“on the other hand”,“in spite of”,etc.,22/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Cause or effect,E.g.,Private schools are in difficulty now because they can no longer rely on warlords and bureaucrat-capitalists for financial resources as they used to.Their school farmland was distributed to peasants during the agrarian reform.The government should show concern for these difficulties.,23/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Cause or effect,Analysis:,This paragraph contains three sentences:the first one explains“the schools difficulty”;the second one seems to be a reason of the“difficulty”too;and the third one seems like a conclusion.So there is ambiguity between the first and the second sentencethey are both explanations to the“difficulty”,however there is no clear link between them.,If combine the first two sentence and therefore the last sentence will be the conclusion,the paragraph will be better logic-organized.And readers can see a clearer structure and get the meaning from the author.,24/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Cause or effect,Revised version:,Private schools are in difficulty now because they can no longer rely on warlords and bureaucrat-capitalists for financial resources,and because,their school farmland was distributed to peasants during the agrarian reform.The government should show concern for these difficulties.,25/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Cause or effect,And the connecting words used this part can be:,“because”,“since”,“so that”,“as a result”,“for this reason”,“therefore”,“accordingly”,etc.,26/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Conclusion,When we are writing,we should have the“readers sense”,which means that we should check our words if they can be well understood by readers.So,we should pay much attention to make our logic clear and therefore achieve articulation,coherence.During writing practices,we cannot ignore the common words,such as what has been mentioned“thus”,“and”,which will play a important role in a great piece of work.,27/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Dubious logical connectives,28/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Two frequently used connectives that merit particular attention:,While and With,Reason:They are often vague and ambiguous.,29/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Whilea subordinating conjunction,1.Primary meaning:at the same time as,Example:,While,Mother read the letter aloud,the family listened in silence.,Analysis:In this sentence,“while”means“during the time that”.,2.“While”used to represent a contrast without any reference to time,which refers to“although”or“whereas”.,Example 1:,While,everyone was astonished by the news,no one said a word until she had finished.,analysis:“while”=“although”,30/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Example 2:,Not all the listeners had the same reaction.The children were delighted at the prospect of meeting their Taiwan cousins at last,while,Grandfather maintained a frosty reserve.,Analysis:,“while”=“whereas”=“but,by contrast.”,ATTENTION,“While”should not be used for“although”or“whereas”,if its meaning is ambiguous.,Example:The visitors were offered tea in the courtyard,while,dinner was served indoor.,Analysis:in this sentence,readers may have difficulties to tell immediately whether“while”refers to“whereas”or“at the same time as”.,31/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,3.“While”should not be used merely as an elegant substitute for a plain“and”.,Example:,As he turned the pages of the album,Grandfather took a keen interest in the photographs of his brother and sister-in-law,while,the whole family eagerly examined the picture of Taipei.,Analysis:,“while”=“and,”which should replace it.,32/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,#Example of“while”that have appeared,in the work of Chinese translators,:,1.“while”“at the same time as”,Example:,When the congress opened,the leader of the communist party organization in Guangdong were in favor of attacking the Right wing of the Kuomintang,isolating the middle-of the-roaders and expanding the Left wing,while,preparing to repel Chiangs attack.,33/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,2.“While”ambiguous,Example,:,All of us lack experience in diplomacy,we should carry forward democracy.Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang,the mastermind.,While,soliciting everybodys opinion,we should stress centralism.Efforts must be made to make democracy prevail in our embassies.Stress only on centralism without democracy will lead to bureaucracy.Advocating democracy can help us get rid of bureaucracy.,Analysis,:,在上面例子中，我们不清楚,while,表示意思是,at the same time as,还是,although,因为，这么表示实在是太含糊了。而且最终三句话之间有什么逻辑关系也让人费解。,34/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Revision,：,Since none of us experienced in diplomacy,we should cultivate democracy.As the old saying goes,“Three cobblers with their wits combined match Zhuge Liang,the mastermind.,Of course,while,it is necessary to solicit everybodys opinion,we should stress centralism.,But,we must establish democracy in our embassies.Stressing centralism to the neglect of democracy will lead to bureaucracy,while,promoting democracy can help us get rid of it.,In the revision,the first“while”refers to“although”;the following sentences were a return to the main point presented at the beginning;the second“while”plainly meant“whereas”.,35/56,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,点击添加文本,Witha preposition,There are many uses of“with”that is entirely legitimate,and following are some relations that“with”can expre