晚近美国的高中电脑科学课程演进简介.ppt

按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,按一下以編輯母片,第二層,第三層,第四層,第五層,*,晚近美國的高中電腦科學課程演進簡介,【報告者】,高慧君南港高中,王立忠南港高中,1,報告大綱,歷史沿革,(5,分鐘,),課程內涵,(20,分鐘,),師資認証,(5,分鐘,),0d58b4b8,余罪,R.C.(2000).Scientific literacy:A conceptual overview.Science Education,84,71-94,3,1983 年,聯邦教育部發表危機中的國家報告書,建議學生在中學4年內都應修習以下課程：,(a)4 years of English;,(b)3 years of mathematics;,(c)3 years of science;,(d)3 years of social studies,(e)one-half year of computer science.,資料來源：The National Commission on Excellence in Education(1983)A nation at Risk:A Report to the Nation and the Secretary of Education United States.Department of Education.,1980,1983,1986,1989,19921998,2001,2004,2007,2010,1995,4,1984 年,美國高中的大學先修課程(AP)：,增設科目電腦科學,(Computer Science),相當於大學資訊科系半學年的入門課程,資料來源：William Ziegler(1984)The new advanced placement computer science course:an analysis.ACM SIGCSE Bulletin,Vol.16 No.2,1980,1983,1986,1989,1992,1998,2001,2004,2007,2010,1995,5,1984 年,計算機學會(ACM)中等學校教育委員會,發表中學電腦科學課程建議書：,Computer Science in Secondary Schools:,Curriculum and Teacher Certification,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,1980,1983,1986,1989,1992,1998,20012004,2007,2010,1995,6,1999 年,國家科學基金會(NSF)發表報告書Being Fluent with Information Technology,1980,1983,1986,1989,1992,1998,2001,2004,2007,2010,1995,資料來源：The National Academy of Sciences(NAS)(1999)Being Fluent with Information Technology,National Academy Press,Washington,DC.,9,2003 年,計算機學會(ACM)中等學校教育委員會,發表中小學電腦科學課程建議書：,A model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(2003)A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science.,1980,1983,1986,1989,1992,1998,2001,2004,2007,2010,1995,10,歷史的軌跡,1980,1983,1986,1989,1992,1998,2001,2004,2007,2010,1995,計算機學會(1984)ACM中學課程建議書,大學入學委員會(1984)先修電腦科學課程 A,聯邦教育部(1983)危機中的國家報告書,國家科學基金會(1999)Being fluent with information technology,計算機學會(1993)ACM高中課程建議書,大學入學委員會(1988)先修電腦科學課程 AB,計算機學會(2003)ACM中小學課程建議書,11,探討主題,高中電腦科學課程,內涵,聯邦教育部(1983),A nation at risk,先修大學課程(19842006),APCS course description,國家科學基金會(1999),Being fluent with information technology,計算機學會(1984,1993,2003),ACM course recommendations,高中電腦科學師資認証,計算機學會(1984),ACM teacher certification,國際教育科技學會(2002),ISTE Initial endorsement program,12,聯邦教育部(1983),危機中的國家報告書建議：,中學電腦科學課程應包含以下的目標,能了解以電腦做為資訊、計算、溝通的工具,能在其它科目上的學習運用電腦，以及在個人或工作相關的應用上使用電腦,能認識電腦、電子、以及相關的科技。,資料來源：The National Commission on Excellence in Education(1983)A nation at Risk:A Report to the Nation and the Secretary of Education United States.Department of Education,13,先修大學課程(AP),美國於1954年開辦大學先修課程,由大學委員會,(The College Board),主辨,由教育測驗服務社,(ETS),舉辨全國性的測驗,1999年全美49%的高中提供先修課程,1999年全美10%的高中生選修這類課程,1998-1999學年 70多萬高中生應試,資料來源：高慧君、吳正己（2002）：美國高中的先修大學電腦科學課程(APCS)簡介。科學教育月刊，247，64-73。,14,先修大學電腦科學課程(APCS),1984年開始提供電腦科學課程(APCS),1988年電腦科學課程分為A級與AB級兩種,2005年13,521人報考CS-A,2005年 4,961人報考CS-AB,學校數,報考人數,9年級,10,年級,11,年級,12,年級,CS A,2,138,13,521,120,2,029,5,476,5,896,CS AB,1,137,4,961,25,565,2,003,2,368,2005年,APCS 測驗人次統計,資料來源：The College Board(2005)AP Exam Grades Summary Reports 2005.,15,先修大學電腦科學課程(APCS),APCS,(2005-2006),課程內涵：,程式規劃,(program design),程式實作,(program implementation),程式分析,(program analysis),基本資料結構,(standard data structures),基本演算法,(standard algorithms),電腦系統,(computer systems),資料來源：The College Board(2005)AP Course Description:Computer Science.,16,先修大學電腦科學課程(APCS),ETS每年定期於5月舉行AP測驗,APCS 測驗採用紙筆方式：,選擇題，40個，1小時15分,問答題，4個，1小時45分,APCS 測驗使用單一程式語言,早期採用PASCAL,1999年改用C+,2004年改用JAVA,資料來源：高慧君、吳正己（2002）：美國高中的先修大學電腦科學課程(APCS)簡介。科學教育月刊，247，64-73。,17,先修大學電腦科學課程(APCS),大學學分扺免：以史丹佛大學為例,資料來源：Stanford(2005)CEEB Advanced placement Chart 2004-05.,18,國家科學基金會(1999),針對大學教育發表報告書,Being Fluent with Information Technology,提出流暢使用資訊科技者應具備以下要素,Intellectual capabilities,Fundamental concepts,Contemporary skills,委員會認為成功的大學教育應從中小學,(,K-12),教育札根做起,資料來源：The National Academy of Sciences(NAS)(1999)Being Fluent with Information Technology,National Academy Press,Washington,DC.,19,國家科學基金會(FITness 1999),1.Intellectual capabilities,Engage in sustained reasoning,Manage complexity,Test a solution,Manage problems in faulty solutions,Organize and navigate information structures and evaluate information,Collaborate,Communicate to other audiences,Expect the unexpected,Anticipate changing technologies,Think about information technology abstractly,資料來源：The National Academy of Sciences(NAS)(1999)National Research Council Committee on Information Technology Literacy,Being Fluent with Information Technology.,20,國家科學基金會(FITness 1999),2.Fundamental concepts,Computers,Information systems,Networks,Digital representation of information,Information organization,Modeling and abstraction,Algorithmic thinking and programming,Universality,Limitations of information technology,Societal impact of information and information technology,資料來源：The National Academy of Sciences(NAS)(1999)National Research Council Committee on Information Technology Literacy,Being Fluent with Information Technology.,21,國家科學基金會(FITness 1999),3.Contemporary skills,Setting up a personal computer,Using basic operating system features,Using a word processor to create a text document,Using a graphics and/or artwork package to create illustrations,slides,or other image-based expressions of ideas,Connecting a computer to a network,Using the Internet to find information and resources,Using a computer to communicate with others,Using a spreadsheet to model simple processes or financial tables,Using a database system to set up and access useful information,Using instructional materials to learn how to use new applications or features,資料來源：The National Academy of Sciences(NAS)(1999)National Research Council Committee on Information Technology Literacy,Being Fluent with Information Technology.,22,計算機學會電腦科學課程(1984),1983年由ACM中等教育委員會成立,中等學校電腦科學課程工作小組,中等學校電腦科學教師認証工作小組,1984年由 ACM 與 IEEE-CS 聯合認可,中等學校電腦科學課程建議書,中等學校電腦科學教師認証建議書,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,23,計算機學會電腦科學課程(1984),ACM,(1984),建議中學電腦科學課程：,入門性課程,(適合特別有興趣者),Introduction to Computer Science I,(1,年,),Introduction to Computer Science II,(1,年,),通識性課程,(,適合全部學生,),Introduction to a High-level Computer Language,(,半年,),Applications and Implications of Computers,(,半年,),資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,24,課程 1 (ACM,1984),先備課程：無,課程目標：能夠運用程式語言來解題,授課時數：5075節,(含講解、示範操作、上機實作),作業時數：上機實作每週至少2小時,Introduction to Computer Science I,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,25,課程 2 (ACM,1984),先備課程：課程1,課程目標：,能夠運用結構式的程式來解題,能夠了解基本演算法與資料結構,能夠操作電腦應用軟體,能夠了解電腦軟體體的基本架構,Introduction to Computer Science II,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,26,課程 3 (ACM,1984),先備課程：無,課程目標：,能夠了解使用電腦程式來解題的意義,能夠了解程式在電腦應用所扮演的角色,能夠使用程式來控制電腦,著重讓學生閱讀程式，而非撰寫程式,Introduction to High-Level Programming Language,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,27,課程 4 (ACM,1984),先備課程：無,課程目標：,能夠操作電腦的應用軟體,能夠適應電腦持續的進步,Applications and Implications of computers,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,28,師資認証 (ACM,1984),電腦科學教師應修習以下課程：,必修課程,R1.Computer Science I,R2.Computer Science II,R3.Introduction to Computer System,R4.Organization of Computer Languages,R5.Data Structure and Algorithm Analysis,R6.Methods for Teaching Computer Science,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,29,師資認証 (ACM,1984),電腦科學教師應修習以下課程：,選修課程,E1.Computers in Education,E2.Computer-Assisted Instruction,E3.Introduction to File Processing,E4.Fundamentals of Computer Organization,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,30,計算機學會電腦科學課程(1993),1989年由ACM成立工作小組,Task force of the Pre-College Committee of the Education Board of the ACM,1993年ACM發表,高級中學電腦科學課程建議書,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1993)Model High School Computer Science Curriculum.ACM Press.,31,計算機學會電腦科學課程(1993),課程目標,幫助學生了解資訊時代的環境,作為升大學的準備,應強調基本的原理與觀念，不宜太重視技術細節,開課時間：,以一學年為原則,須具備高一的數學基礎，故建議此課程適合高二以上的學生修讀,資料來源：李進寶(1994)：美國電腦學會對高級中學電腦課程之建議。資訊與教育，41期，頁31-34。,32,計算機學會電腦科學課程(1993),ACM,(1993),建議高中電腦科學課程應包含：,演算法,程式語言,作業系統與操作,電腦結構,社會倫理,電腦應用,其他主題,(,如：人工智慧、製圖、軟體工程等,),資料來源：李進寶(1994)：美國電腦學會對高級中學電腦課程之建議。資訊與教育，41期，頁31-34。,33,計算機學會電腦科學課程(2003),ACM,(2003),建議中小學電腦科學課程,：,階段,1,Foundations of CS(K-8),階段,2,CS in Modern World,(,9/10),階段,3,CS as Analysis/Design(10/11),階段,4,Topics in CS(11/12),必修,必修,選修,選修,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(2003)A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science.,34,階段 1 (ACM,2003),適合年級：國二以下 (K-8),課程目標：,能夠運用電腦來解題、溝通、處理資訊,(參考美國國家教育科技標準(NETS)13階段),能夠將演算法的思維融入日常生活,Foundations of Computer Science,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(2003)A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science.,35,階段 2 (ACM,2003),適合年級：國三或高一 (9-10),課程目標：,能夠了解電腦科學的基本原理,(包含：軟硬體、程式語言、網路、社會性議題等),能夠認識電腦科學在現代世界的定位,著重讓學生以使用者(非設計者)的角度來理解電腦科學的概念,Computer Science in the Modern World,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(2003)A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science.,36,階段 3 (ACM,2003),Computer Science as Analysis and Design,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(2003)A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science.,適合年級：高一或高二 (10-11),課程目標：,能夠發展演算法技巧、問題解決以及符合軟體工程原則的程式設計概念,能夠增進問題解決及程式設計的概念，以作為AP課程的準備,37,階段 4 (ACM,2003),Topics in Computer Science,資料來源：Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(2003)A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science.,適合年級：高二或高三 (11-12),主題式的選修課程,AP電腦科學課程,專題式課程,專業認証課程,38,師資認証,美國每年約十萬名準教師，從約一千二百個大學畢業,大學專業教育課程必須受師範教育審議團體的管制,幾乎全美的教育課程，皆須受全審會的認可,全國師範教育認可審議會(NCATE，簡稱全審會),National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education,全審會公布的課程標準可作大學專業教育課程的典範,2002年全審會公布的電腦科學教師認証標準,ISTE:,Initial Endorsement Secondary Computer Science Education,資料來源：單文經（1998）：美國教育研究師資培育及課程與教學。師大書苑。台北。,National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education(NCATE)(2002)Unit Standards.,39,ISTE中學電腦科學師資審議標準,ISTE National Educational Technology Standards(NETS)for Teachers.,Programming and Algorithm Design,Computer Systems-Components,Organization,and Operation,Data Representation and Information Organization,Social Aspects of Computing,Planning Instruction,Classroom and Field Experiences in Computer Science-Delivering Instruction,Classroom&Course Management,Instructional Assessment,Professional Development,資料來源：International Society for Technology in Education(ISTE)(2002)ISTE/NCATE Standards for Educational Technology Programs.,40,結論,美國高中的電腦科學課程,歷經二十多年的發展,課程模式,頗值得我國參考,41,未來研究建議,本報告僅就課程內涵進行粗略整理,目前美國高中電腦科學課程實施現況,仍值得進一步了解,(文獻分析、實地考察),以做為我國教育政策推動的參考,42,中文參考資料,吳正己,(1993),：美國,ACM 1993,年中學電腦課程簡介兼談我國中等學校電腦課程之規劃。中等教育，,44(6),，頁,65-72,。,吳正己、何榮桂,(1998),：高級中學新訂電腦課程的內涵與特色。科學教育月刊，,208,期，,26-32,。,李進寶,(1994),：美國電腦學會對高級中學電腦課程之建議。資訊與教育，,41,期，頁,31-34,。,高慧君、吳正己（,2002,）：美國高中的先修大學電腦科學課程,(,APCS),簡介。科學教育月刊，,247,期，,64-73,。,單文經（,1998,）：美國教育研究師資培育及課程與教學。師大書苑。台北。,感謝吳正己教授撥冗指導，使本報告內容更臻完善,43,英文參考資料,Allen B.Tucker,Dennis,McCowan,Fadi,P.,Deek,Chris Stephenson,Jill Jones,Anita,Verno,(2004)Implementation challenges for a K-12 computer science curriculum.SIGCSE 2004:334-335.,/doi.acm,.org/10.1145/971418Allen B.Tucker,Fadi,P.,Deek,Jill Jones,Dennis,McCowan,Chris Stephenson,Anita,Verno,(2003)Toward a K-12 computer science curriculum.SIGCSE 2003:305-306.,/doi.acm,.org/10.1145/611912,Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1985).Computer science in secondary schools:curriculum and teacher certification.Communications of the ACM 28,3,269-279.,/doi.acm,.org/10.1145/3166.3168,Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(1993)Model High School Computer Science Curriculum.ACM Press.www,.acm,.org/education,/hscur,/index.html,Association for Computing Machinery(ACM)(2003)A Model Curriculum for K-12 Computer Science.www,.acm,.org/education/k12/k12final1022,.pdf,感謝吳正己教授撥冗指導，使本報告內容更臻完善,44,英文參考資料,DeBoer,G.E.(2000).Scientific literacy:Another look at its historical and contemporary meanings and its relationship to science education reform.Journal of Research in Science Teaching,37(6),582-601,F.P.,Deek,and H.Kimmel(1999).Status of Computer Science Education in the Secondary Schools:One States Perspective.Journal of Computer Science Education,vol.9,no.2,89-113.,International Society for Technology in Education(ISTE)(1998)National Educational,Technol-ogy,Standards for Teachers(NETS).,/cnets.iste,.org/currstands/cstands-netst,.html,International Society for Technology in Education(ISTE)(2002)ISTE/NCATE Standards for Educational Technology Programs.,/cnets.iste,.org,/ncate,/,Laugksch,R.C.(2000).Scientific literacy:A conceptual overview.Science Education,84,71-94,感謝吳正己教授撥冗指導，使本報告內容更臻完善,45,英文參考資料,National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education(NCATE)(2002)Program for Initial Preparation of Teachers of:Educational Computing and Technological Literacy,and Secondary Computer Science Education.www,.ncate,.org/documents,/ProgramStandards,/ISTE,_csed,_2002,.pdf,National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education(NCATE)(2002)Unit Standards.www,.ncate,.org/documents/unit,_stnds,_2002,.pdf,Stanford(2005)CEEB Advanced placement Chart 2004-05 registrar,.stanford.edu/pdf,/AP_Chart_2004-05,.pdf,Stephenson,C.(2002).High School Computer Science Education:A five state study.JCSE Annual 2002,30-40.,The College Board(2005)Advanced Placement Report to the Nation.www,.collegeboard,.com/prod_downloads/about/news_info,/ap,/2005,/ap,-report-nation,.pdf,感謝吳正己教授撥冗指導，使本報告內容更臻完善,46,英文參考資料,The College Board(2005)AP Course Description:Computer Science.,/apcentral.collegeboard,.com/repository/05834apcoursdesccomps_4315,.pdf,The College Board(2005)AP Exam Grades Summary Reports 2005.www,.collegeboard,.com/student/testing,/ap/exgrd,_sum/2005.html,The National Academy of Sciences(NAS)(1999)National Research Council Committee on Information Technology Literacy,Being Fluent with Information Technology,National Academy Press,Washington,DC,www.nap,.edu,/catalog/6482.html,The National Commission on Excellence in Education(1983)A nation at Risk:A Report to the Nation and the Secretary of Education United States Department of Education.www.ed,.gov,/pubs,/NatAtRisk,/index.html,Ziegler,W.(1984).The new advanced placement computer science course:an analysis.SIGCSE Bull.16,2,34-36.,doi.acm.org/10.1145/989341.989350,感謝吳正己教授撥冗指導，使本報告內容更臻完善,47,