如何用英语发表科技论文-工大讲座.ppt

Klik om het opmaakprofiel te bewerken,Klik om de opmaakprofielen van de modeltekst te bewerken,Tweede niveau,Derde niveau,Vierde niveau,Vijfde niveau,*,内容提要,什么是科技文章？,如何着手开始写？,怎样写符合要求的科技文章？,什么是写科技文章的技巧和注意点？,怎样选择投稿杂志？怎样应对主编和评审？,怎样准备墙报（张贴论文），综述，口头表达，其他？,为什么要发表（国际）科技文章,科学研究的目的是发表文章,科学家被衡量的标准,判断科学研究是否完成的标准,必须用文字表达出来,为什么要做？,做了什么？怎么做的？,从结果中得到什么启发？,是否能被别人重复？,全世界科技界的现状,科学家必须不仅会做，而且会写！,质量差的写作阻碍了高科技的发展,科学家的训练过分注重技能的训练,许多“好”科学家写“臭”文章,更多的科学家不喜欢写文章,达尔文：如果一生只要观察而不需要写就幸福的多了。,什么是科技写作,信号被接受（特点,2,）,大树倒在没人的森林之中（有声无人听到：等于无声）,科技文章的价值在于被目标读者所接受（理解），而不仅是出现在某一杂志上。,由此推理：科学研究的完成只有在发表并被理解以后才算完成。,太多的科学研究倒在了无人的原始森林！,什么是科技写作,信号被理解（特点,3,）,科技写作应该是清晰信号传送到读者,所以应该清晰，简单，条理性强,无须修饰，美化：切忌隐喻；直喻；成语式的表达,只会引起误解（正确使用英语另述）,考虑目标读者,同行,学生,界外读者,母语非英语读者,什么是科技写作,使用合适的语言（特点,4,）,简单，有效，正确地使用英语,大多数科学家忽视把成年累月获得的结果,精确，简单，清晰,地表达在科技文章上。,科技英语难否？,最好的（科技）英语是用简洁的词汇正确清楚地表达,(ABC),科学技术杂志的发展背景,最早的科技杂志,300,多年的历史,1665,年，,Journal des S,avans,in France,1665,年，,Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London,in England,从此期刊作为一个科学交流的平台,目前大约,10,万多种科技期刊,生命科学和食品科学的有多少？,IMRAD,结构,早期的期刊都为描述型,First,I saw,this,and then I saw that.,First,I did this,and then I did that.,IMRAD,结构大约,100,多年历史,Introduction,Materials and Methods,Results and Discussion,开始被采用源于19,世纪中叶，巴斯德的微生物学研究,试验的重复性要求详细描述材料和方法,IMRAD,结构的发展过程,Development in medicines(antibiotics),Superpowers(Soviet)threat,Money produced science and science produced papers,Journal space is too precious to waste,Generally accepted by editors and referees,IMRAD,成为通用的科技文章结构,最简单最逻辑化最经济的结构,I:,研究的问题是什么？,M:,怎样研究这个问题的？,R:,什么被发现了？,D:,这些发现意味着什么？,IMRAD,成为通用的科技文章结构,To help authors to organize and write the manuscript,To provide easy road map for editors and referees,To help readers to follow in reading,什么是科技文章,Without publication,science is dead.,定义：,An acceptable scientific publication must be the first disclosure containing sufficient information to enable peers:,To assess observations,To repeat experiments and,To evaluate intellectual processes,The first disclosure,The effective first disclosure is accomplished ONLY when the disclosure takes a form that allows the peers of the author(either now or in the future)to fully comprehend and use that which is disclosed.,Peer-reviewed publication,Peer of the author prepublication peer review scientific publications are peer-reviewed publications,如何写科技文章的各个部分,Title,names and addresses,abstract,keywords,IMRAD,acknowledgements,references,如何写题目,题目的重要性,被成千上万的人看到,看全文的人几乎没有或者极少,看题目的途径可以是看刊登你文章的期刊或通过检索系统,因而题目中所有的词必须极其仔细地选择,包括用的词，词之间相互的关系,绝大多数,糟糕题目,的毛病出在长度和词序问题上,什么是一个好题目,定义：最少可能的用词量，恰当地表达文章的内容。,道理：摘要和索引（电子化）系统很大程度取决于题目中用词的正确性,非正确表达内容的题目使你的文章失去活力而永远到达不了预期的读者群,(tree falls in a remote forest),题目的长度,太短的题目：,Study on bacteria,这样的题目对潜在读者没有任何帮助的意义：是研究分类学？遗传学？生物化学还是医学有关的内容？,更多的情况是题目太长：比短题目更糟糕,长题目往往含有“废词”而且以废词开始，例如：,Study on,Investigation on,Research on,Observation on etc.,Or begin with A,An etc.,Specify your title,Action of antibiotics on bacteria,Preliminary observations on effect of certain antibiotics on various bacteria,Short titles are mainly too general and not specific,Important and specific content of the paper should be expressed in the title,Specific title,Action of Streptomycin on,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Action of Streptomycin,Neomycin and Tetracycline on Gram-Positive bacteria,Action of Polyene Antibiotics on Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria,Action of various antifungal antibiotics on,Candida albicans,and,Aspergillus fumigatus,Further modification,Action of:too general,Change the first title as:Inhibition of growth of,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,by,Streptomycin,题目中词序的重要性（至关紧要）,题目中语法错误大多为词序问题,Mechanism of nontransmissible Pneumonia in mice induced by Newcastle Disease virus,What can induce a mice?,Mechanism of nontransmissible Pneumonia induced in mice by Newcastle disease virus,题目中词序的重要性（至关紧要）,Multiple infections among newborns resulting from implantation with,Staphylococcus aureus,502A,Can,Staph,result in human lives?,Try to modify,Be careful with certain words in title,“Using”,is a very dangerous word,Using a fiber-optic bronchoscope,dogs were immunized with sheep red blood cells,Isolation of antigens from monkeys using complement-fixation techniques,Characterization of bacteria causing mastitis by gas-liquid chromatography,题目是你的标签,题目是文章的标签,题目不是句子：所以不含主谓语（没有主语和动词）（有极少数杂志允许句子型，例如,Cell,）,由于没有主语和动词，比常规句子短，而词序更重要,根据索引和摘要系统的操作，题目必须包含关键内容,题目中的缩写和行话,题目中绝对不允许含有缩写，分子式，专用名词，行话（隐喻）或类似的用语,设计题目时考虑：我如果在索引中寻找如何发现我的主要内容？,例如：文章的主题是盐酸的作用；,Write then Hydrochloric acid instead of HCl,怎样写署名，作者排序和地址,排名次序引起的不愉快可以从小磨擦到大灾难,公开争论排名次序的不常听见，而因排名次序引起的朋友变敌人大有所在,遗憾的是没有统一的排序方法,数学界通行字母顺序的排名法（希望能够推广，例如华人可用姓氏笔画顺序）,科学界常见的排名方法,第一作者贡献最大（实际运作者，尽管往往是学生）,根据贡献大小排序,单位（所，组，室）领导总在上面（一般排名最后，也有因需要时抢第一的时候）,小单位则人人排上（皆大欢喜）,也有人喜欢排在最后（,Senior position),How to write your names,For western people more surname,few given name.For Chinese other way around.,Use full spelling of Chinese names,according to what appears on your passport.This has been standardized in the 1970s by the Chinese government,Shuibian Chen;S.B.Chen;Shui-Bian Chen;ShuiBian Chen;S.Chen,Keep consistency throughout your scientific career,(Chinese female authors,have advantage here),Scientific journals dont print degree and title,Chinese custom to let people see your degree or title(Prof.Dr.BA,MS,MBA),Scientific journals dont print these waste words,Only medical journals do print such as MD and PhD etc(direct after names or in footnotes),Never use degree and title in reference citation,Listing of address,Authors must be connected with the correct address,One author one address,More author in the same organization one address,More authors at different organizations different addresses,If the author moved to different address footnote saying present address,Why address is important,To identify the right author,Confusing caused by authors who use only initials such as,S.Chen,To find the right address to ask off-prints:thus provide street name and number,postcode,place and country,Corresponding author:Tel,Fax,Email;country code after a“+”,[phone],How to write,A,bstract,What is an abstract,Abstract is a mini-version of the paper,Abstract is a brief summary of the main sections including IMRAD,Abstract is defined as a summary of the information in a document,Function of an abstract,A well written abstract serves:,Enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately,To determine the relevance to their interests,To decide whether to read the whole text,Abstract has limitations,Length(number of words to be allowed):if the guidance to authors says 100 and you use 250(rejection can be expected),Must be in a single paragraph,Normally no abbreviations-why?Abstracts can serve independently thus no use to make abbreviations.,Written in past tense(work already done),What must be in an abstract,State the principal objectives and scope of the investigation,Describe the methods employed,Summarize the results,State the principal conclusions,MUST NOT,:Information and conclusion that are not written in the text;Never citing references in abstracts(with exceptions),Types of abstracts,Informative:as mentioned above can be independently used as heading and in index systems,Indicative descriptive:used for review papers,conference report,government report.Indicative abstracts,cannot,replace the whole text.,Economy of words,Seldom miss scientists something in abstracts,Too many use extraneous details,Story of a scientist:,Want to tell his story in the abstract,Considering limitations of length might hinder the acceptance of his paper,Delete words and words,His final abstract:E=mc,2,(Who was that?),Why abstracts are of crucial importance,Serves as heading of your manuscript,read first by editors and reviewers,The first impression is most important,You have to attract the interest of the reviewers from your abstract(otherwise case lost),Abstract severs as acceptance for participating conferences(sometimes),More attentions in writing abstract,Never use waste words:if you can write in 100 words,never use 200 words,Concentration span of editors and reviewers is short,thus short,effective and clear,Otherwise you will get a prejudgment and the consequence is,rejection,!,How to write Introduction,A bad beginning makes a bad ending!,Seldom begin experienced writers with introduction(together with abstract always later),Purpose of Introduction,Supply sufficient background information of the study,Let the readers understand and evaluate your study without needing to refer literatures,State your purpose in writing the paper,Carefully choose a selected number of references,(it is,NOT,a review article),The rules of writing Introduction,Clearly state the nature and scope of the,problem,studied,Review literature(self-controlled numbers)to orient the reader,State the methods used,State the principal results,State the principal conclusions,Why we follow these rules?,Attract the attention and interest of the readers by clearly stating the problem(why I choose this problem and why it is important),Then guide the readers to a quick literature review and understand your choice(and methods).,Then naturally lead to principal results and conclusions,Tense,citation and abbreviations in Introduction,Most part use present tense(tense will be discussed separately),Citing your own related publications(including those,In Press,),Define and explain specific terms and abbreviations(Abbreviations will be discussed separately),How to write Materials and Methods,Purpose of this section,Reproducibility with sufficient details,Written in past tense(it is already done),A good reviewer will read this part carefully and might doubt your“exciting”results if you wrote this part poorly,causing the doubt in the reproducibility(,Rejection,),Write Materials,Technical specification,Quantity and source or method of preparation,Avoid using trade names(company,place,country),Animals,plants and microorganisms identified accurately(public deposit numbers of strains in our case),Importance of accuracy,Your reputation,Check Guidance for authors,Read a,selected,recent paper in the journal to submit your paper,Methods,Chronological but logical order,Heading and subheading,Consider matching the heading and subheadings with those in results and discussion(easy and logical reading),Measurements and analysis,Temperature,speed,time,volume,wave length,ratio etc.give precisely the details,State whether the experiments were done in duplicate or in triple.,Use of references,If the method is completely new of your own,you have to give all details,If method followed a reference,cite then the reference but still mention the method in one short sentence:“Cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described(9)”is better than“cells were broken as previously described(9)”,Use of tables,When large number of strains and mutants were used,If you have to describe chemical properties of a large number compounds,How to check your writing of Materials and Methods,Ask a close colleague to read this part whether he/she can repeat your experiments(you are too close to find out mistakes),Check grammar and pay attention to syntax as well as past and present participants,prepositions(discuss in a separate part),How to write Results,Results=core of the paper,Two main parts,Big picture:overview,Presenting the data,Written in past tense,How to present results,The fool collects facts;the wise man selects them,Select representing results,Strive for clarity,Avoid redundancy,How to write the Discussion,Hardest section to write,High rejection chance because of poor discussion,Key elements of Discussion,Present principles,relationships and generalizations shown by Results,not recapitulate results,Point out exceptions or any lack of correlation and define unsettled points,Show agreement between results and interpretation(or contrast to previously published work),Key elements of Discussion(2),Discuss the theoretical implications of your results,Any possible practical applications,Clearly state your conclusions,Summarize your evidence for each conclusion,How to state the Acknowledgments,Two possible ingredients,Research related persons,Outside financial assistance,How to cite the References,Follow the instructions,Using software,Carefully check against original publications(names,year,title,journal name,volume and issue number,page numbers),italics,for strain names etc.,Confirm citation in the text appears in the list and,vice versa,Submit and what then?,Selection of a journal,submission,writing a cover letter,dealing with editors and reviewers,Choosing a journal,Where to submit?,Consider and decide this before you start typing your manuscript!,You have to follow“Instructions to authors”,What determines your selection of a journal,The nature of your work,You have to identify the journals that publish in your area of study,How to find possible journals,Scan recent issues of“Current Contents,”,Scan journal titles,Scan tables of contents,Identify journals that are possibly publishing work in your field,Further identify right journals,Read the statement of the journal(cover page of the journal),Read the scope of the journal(presented in Instructions to authors),Look table of contents carefully in a current issue,Talk with your colleagues(supervisors),What happens with a wrong selection(all bad consequence),Returned as“is not suited for this journal”(this takes time and therefore wastes your time),Borderline with your work thus unfair or poor review on your work(mostly rejection),A journal your peers dont read(tree falls in a remote forest),Factors to consider,You may find a few candidate journals,The prestige factor,The citation reports(Impact factor),The frequency factor,The audience factor,Difficulty for acceptance,Other factors(Chinese specific situation),The prestige factor,A paper in a“prestige”journal better than 10 papers in“garbage”journals,Impact factor,Citation factor,The frequency factor,Monthly,Bimonthly,Quarterly,Ask the experience of your colleague with the journals,The audience factor,Specific problem solved in your work,Application importance,Difficulty for acceptance,Ask experience of your colleagues,supervisors,and friends,High Impact factor of journals not necessarily means difficult to submission and acceptance(own experience),Enzyme and Microbial Technology,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,Engineering of Life Sciences,Other factors,The Chinese situation that I dont know,The cover letter,Must be with your submission(also requested in Instructions to authors),Clearly state the title,authors and to which journal,innovation or other(primary)feature of your manuscript,Be kind to the editor,Dont be shy to write a follow-up letter if you dont get response in two weeks,The review process(how to deal with editors),Accepted without revision(very very few),Revised(45%),Rejected(50%),The role of editors,Make the final decision of acceptance or rejection,Assign reviewers,The review process,Within the scope of the journal?(if n