第三讲--商务翻译词法.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,.,*,商务英语翻译,之,词汇翻译,词义的选择,词义的引申,词类转换法,视角转化法,增 减 法,重 复 法,数字翻译,.,商务英语翻译,之,句法翻译,否定句式,比较句式,被动句式,定语从句,.,商务英语翻译,之,文体与语篇,商号与名片,商务广告,商标与品牌,商务信函,.,倒计时,放射性尘埃,家政,东方,食物,液体,countdown,fallout,economy,orientation,meat,liquor,词义的选择,（,Choice of Meanings,）,随着语言的发展，词义也在变化当中：,扩展为十分危急的情况,扩展为,:,（不良的）后果,转化为,:,经济,转化为,:,方向,缩小为,:,肉类,缩小为,:,烈酒,.,（一）,根据汉语的表达习惯,确定词义,（二）,根据词性,确定词义,（三）,根据专业来,确定词义,（四）,根据词的搭配关系和上下文 来,确定词义,词义的选择,（五）,根据词的形式来,确定词义,.,a,low,figure,3.,The simplest way to succeed in business is to buy,low,and sell high.,4.,The value of the pound has fallen to a new,low,against the dollar.,生意成功最简单的途径就是贱买贵卖。,小数目,英镑兑换美元的比值已跌到新的（最）低点。,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,2.workers on,low,incomes,低收入工人,.,We sell,cheap,quality goods.,We have made you an offer at a very,competitive,price.,You will find our prices for these goods very,popular,.,我们销售的商品物美价廉。,我方已按很低的价格向贵方报盘。,贵方将会看出我方此批货物的价格是很便宜的。,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,.,Please make us your,lowest,quotation for bikes.,If you feel interested in our business proposal,please send us the samples together with your,best,terms and conditions.,As we have quoted you our,rock-bottom,price,we cant give you any more discount.,（一）根据汉语的表达习惯确定词义,请报自行车最低价。,如对我方业务建议有兴趣，请寄样品，并告最惠条款。,我方已报最低价，折扣不能再多给了。,.,（二）根据词性确定词义,1.He gets a 10%,commission,on everything he sells.,2.,Party B is,commissioned,by the manufacturers to buy steel plates.,他每卖一件商品得百分之十的佣金。,乙方受制造厂家的委托购买钢板。,.,1.Those who come early to the sale get first,choice,.,2.Our products are manufactured from thechoice,grades of material and will satisfy you in every respect.,我方产品均用上等材料制成，因此，在各方面都会使贵方满意。,这次大贱卖，早到的顾客可优先选购。,.,（三）根据专业来确定词义,2.Bank,interest,rates are going to rise this month.,1.The premium rates vary with differed,interests,insured.,3.His business,interests,are very extensive.,保险费率因保险标的的不同而有所差异银行利率在本月要上调。,他在多家企业中拥有股份。,.,Due diligence,should be done before finalizing any large investment or acquisition.,Due diligence,按字面的意思就是“应有的勤奋”，而在企业融资领域里，是指律师、会计师等专业人员以专业身份和知识审核有关资料是否准备齐全的一个过程，业内通常译为“尽职调查”或“审慎调查”。,在确定大笔投资或收购前需要进行尽职调查。,on an arms length basis,（,法律用语,）,并非按一般英汉字典上的解释“同对方保持一定距离”，而是引申作“正常公平的交易”。,交易条款按照公平原则商订。,The terms of the transaction have been negotiated,on an arms length basis,.,（三）根据专业来确定词义,.,The company has raised its joint venture,equity,to 70%to gain management control,which has tripled its,initial investment,and is now expanding its product range and manufacturing capacity to meet growing demands.,equity,通常指“公正，公平”的意思，而在金融市场上指的是企业资产中所占的股份。,initial investment,是,商贸中常用的术语，通常译为“先期投资”或“预付款”，而不是“一开始的投资”。,公司将其在合资企业的股份增至,70%,，以获得管理控制权，这使其先期投资增加了两倍，而且现在正在扩大产品范围和生产能力来满足不断增长的需求。,（三）根据专业来确定词义,.,以一个常见的词为例,：,account,1.,Accounts,payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.,2.The company is one of our major,accounts,so we should do our best to satisfy their needs.,公司与供货商交易时因其赊购而产生应付,账款,。,那家公司是我们的主要,客户,之一，因此我们得尽可能满足他们的需求。,（四）根据词的搭配关系和上下文来确定词义,可指“账户、客户、生意往来关系”，复数则可指“账目、会计部门、账款”等，它在不同搭配或上下文中可有不同的含义：,.,3.The CFO was accused of falsifying the company,accounts,.,4.She works in,accounts,.,5.The newly established company opened an,account,in HSBC.,财务总监被控伪造公司,账目,。,她在,会计部门,工作。,这个新成立的公司在汇丰银行开立了,账户,。,.,There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer,but,this doesnt make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.,吸烟与得心脏病和肺癌有直接联系，但这并没有使你感到怎么不安，因为和你一样抽烟的人很多。,company,作可数名词时是“公司”，而作不可数名词时是“伙伴”、“伴侣”的意思。,The question became one of whether man could control the disease he had invented.,问题成了人类能否控制住他们自己创造出来的这种疾病。,man,用作单数，且前面又没有冠词修饰时，作,mankind,（人类）解释。,3.Treasury securities are revalued daily.,国库券每天都重新估价。,security,用复数,securities,时，意为“证券”、“有价证券”。,（五）根据词的形式来确定词义,.,（一）,词义的,转化,（二）,词义的,具体化,（三）,词义的,抽象化,词义的引申,（,extension,）,词义的引申,在一个词原始意义的基础上，根据上下文和逻辑关系进一步加以引申，选择适当确切的译语词汇来表达，避免生搬硬套地逐字死译。,1.Every life has its roses and thorns.,2.sleep deficit,每个人的生活都有苦有甜。,睡眠不足,.,（一）,词义的转化,翻译时，如果完全生搬硬套词典给出的字面意义，对号入座，会使译文生硬晦涩，含糊不清，甚至不知所云。因此，有时应根据上下文和原词的字面意义，做适当的转化。,.,（一）,词义的转化,1.These days,the U.S.economy isnt“,graduating,enough scientists to fill the need of the coming decades,”says Charles C.Leighton,“Thats a real concern.”,2.The factors which are likely to influence investment spending,do not stop here,.,近来，美国在经济发展过程中“未培养出足够的科学家来满足今后几十年发展的需要，”查尔斯,C,莱顿说，“这才是真正需要关注的问题。”,（,graduate,由“毕业”转化为“培养出”。）,可能影响投资开支的因素并不止这些。,（,do not stop here,由“不停留在这里”转化为“并不止这些”。）,.,3.Our products,if maintained properly and regularly,can at least,see twenty years service,.,Cloud,在现代英语里可以表示“使人产生未曾想到的伤心或不愉快”。故本句如此引申。,20,世纪,70,年代石油价格猛涨，给许多发展中国家的经济发展计划投下一抹,阴影,。,我们的产品如果适当地定期检修，至少可以,使用二十年,。,4.The huge increase in oil prices in the 1970s cast a,cloud,over the development plans of many developing nations.,.,（二）词义的具体化,词义的具体化,把原义抽象笼统的词语，根据译语的表达习惯，引申为意义明确具体的词语。,.,1.Now that the merger of“,dot and com,”has created so many young millionaires,theres a new topic:venture capital.,2.All the,wit and learning,in the economic circle will be present at the seminar.,网络公司兼并造就了如此之多的年轻百万富翁，我们因此面临一个新话题：风险资本。,（一般公司网址都有,“,dot and com”,，所以此处具体引申为“网络公司”。）,经济界的所有专家学者将出席这次研讨会。,（,wit and learning,由抽象的“智慧与学识”引申为具体的“专家学者”。）,（二）词义的具体化,.,3.There is more to their life than political and social and economic problems,more than transient,everydayness,.,他们的生活远不止那些政治的、社会的和经济的问题，远不止一时的,柴米油盐问题,。,（,everydayness“,平淡无奇”,，此处具体引申为“柴米油盐”。）,4.The Board tried its best to improve the,balance sheet,of the company.,董事会已尽最大努力改善本公司的,整体财务状况,。,（,balance sheet,由抽象名词“资产负债表,”,具体引申为“整体财务状况”。）,.,（三）词义的抽象化,词义的抽象化,将表示具体形象的词作概括性的引申，译成意义抽象的词。现代英语常用表示具体形象的词指代一种属性，一种概念或一个事物，翻译时宜作抽象化处理，使译文更加自然流畅。,.,1.The interest rates have,seesawed,between 10 and 15 per cent.,2.Everyone knows that John,lost his shirt,when the business he had invested failed.,利率一直在,10,到,15,之间不断,波动,。,（,see-saw,由“跷跷板一上一下的交替摆动”抽象化为“波动”。）,大家都知道，约翰生意失败后就,倾家荡产,了。,(,lose his shirt,由“丢了一件衬衫”引申为“失去一切。）,（三）词义的抽象化,3.CEO,Finklestein:He needs to,pull a rabbit out of his hat,to save the company.,首席执行官芬克尔斯坦说：他需要拿出一个绝招来挽救公司。,首席执行官芬克尔斯坦说：他需要回天之术来挽救公司。,首席执行官芬克尔斯坦说：他需要出奇制胜的管理战略才能挽救公司。,（,pull a rabbit out of his hat,原义为“从自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子来”，在此引申为“像耍魔术一样拿出一种不同凡响的解决办法”。）,.,4.The owners son has the,inside track,for the job.,5.The EECs Common Agricultural Policy is a,dinosaur,which is adding,13.50 a week to the food bill of the average British family.,老板的儿子有,优先获得,这项工作的,权利,。,（,inside track,由“内圈跑道”抽象化为“优先的权利”。）,欧洲经济共同体的共同农业政策早已,不合时宜,，因为它要使英国家庭平均每周在食品开销上多支出,13.50,英镑。,（,dinosaur,由“恐龙”抽象化为“要被废弃的的落后的庞然大物”。）,.,词类转换法,（,conversion,）,词类转换指的是词性和表现方法的改变。,英语中不少词类，如名词、动名词、介词、形容词、副词等在英译汉时往往需要进行一定的调整，转译成汉语动词。当然，英语的名词化和汉语的动词化并不排除在英译汉时把英语动词转化成汉语的名词,。,.,3.A government report,targets,earnings from industry at US$200 billion by 2008.,2.The cost of making goods can be drastically lowered,by,means of mass-production.,政府的一份报告提出一个目标：到,2008,年，要使工业收入达到,2000,亿美元。,（英语动词转换成汉语名词）,通过批量生产可以大幅度降低产品的生产成本。,（英语介词转化成汉语动词）,1.I have the,honor,to inform you that the new products of yours have entered the international markets.,我荣幸地告诉你，贵公司的新产品已经打入了国际市场。,（英语名词转换成汉语副词）,.,4.Advertising affects,tremendously,every sphere of modern life.,5.The fair price connected with the superiority of,varieties,of our products will be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market.,广告对现代生活的方方面面产生极大的影响。,（英语副词转换成汉语形容词）,我方产品价格合理，种类繁多，品质优良，能够确保在国际市场的竞争优势。,（英语名词转换成汉语形容词）,.,petition law,3.Students are still arriving.,视角转化法,1.riot police,防暴警察,反竞争法,学生还没有到齐。,5.Inflation is Target of Banks New Policy,（,China Daily,标题）,4.Dont stop running.,继续跑。,反通货膨胀是银行新政的目标。,6.arms conference,裁军会议,7.bench warmer,“冷板凳”队员（替补队员）,.,视角转化法,（,Shift of Perspectives,）,视角转换,在不涉及特殊文化背景因素的情况下，用译语意义替代原语意义，重组原语信息的表层形式，转换表达角度，使译文更符合汉语习惯，更易于被读者接受，更有利于译文预期功能的实现。,视角转换技巧除了包括肯定句与否定句之间的相互转换，还包括其他与原文不同或相反的表达角度。,.,1.With the winter coming,many fashion stores start to sell,warm clothes,.,2.Party A shall have a,right of first refusal,whenever party B wishes to sell any of its shares in the Group.,冬天即将来临，许多商店开始销售冬装了。,（此处,warm clothes,不译为“暖和的衣服”，经视角转换后译为“御寒的衣服，寒衣，冬装”。）,乙方任何时候有意出售其持有之本集团任何股份，甲方一律拥有优先购买权。,（如果把,right of first refusal,刻译成“优先拒绝权”，则有失准确，必须经过视角转换把它译成“优先购买权”才符合行业规范。）,.,3.We offer to,take ten percent off,if your order is big enough.,4.The supermarket designated quite a few,pick-up points,in some comparatively densely populated communities in suburban areas.,如果贵方订单足够大，我方可提供,9,折优惠。,（,take ten percent off,本义为“把价格扣除百分之十”，利用视角转换法可翻译成“打九折”。）,该超市在郊区人口相对密集的社区设立了好多个上车地点。,（,pick-up points,原义为“接（顾客）的地点”，现在经过视角转换则变为“上车地点,”,。）,.,5.The seller determines to sell it,at one price,.,6.In his 1776 work,The Wealth of Nations,Scottish economist Adam Smith proposed that specialization in production leads to,increased output,.,商家决定该产品不二价销售。,（,at one price,为“只以一种价格”，这样的表达表示不出商家不愿同顾客讨价还价的决心，而用“不二价”则意义明确。）,苏格兰经济学家亚当,斯密在其,1776,年所著的,国富论,中认为，专业化生产会引起产出增加。,（这里，把“增加的产出”转变为“产出增加”。）,7.,But the A shares,off limits to foreign investors,were still among the best performers.,但,仅对国内投资者发行的,A,股股票，仍表现上佳。,（,off limits to,意为“禁止进入”，直译显得语气生硬，而将“禁止外国投资者进入”转换视角，译为“仅对国内投资者发行”则很委婉。,）,.,1.Theyll have to be prepared to,wait longer,for earnings from this investment.,这项投资,不会在短时间内,赢利，他们得做好准备。,2.Urban,clearway,.,市区通道，,不准停车,。,3.Keep,upright,.,切勿,倒置,。,4.The bill,was defeated,but during the next 25 years more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress.,虽然议案,未获通过,，但在随后的,25,年中，有,100,多个食品和药品法案被提交到国会。,.,增减法,（,Amplification&Pruning,）,文字增补是商务英语翻译中的重要技巧之一。英语的语言习惯是只要不引起误解便应尽量避免哆嗦。但如果汉译时未进行一定的文字增补，拘泥于原文形式，机械地对译，反而会影响语义的理解和译文的文体风格。,增词法1),增补同义词,2),增补范畴词,3),增补解释性的词,4,）,增补产品名称,减词法,.,（一）,增补同义词,增词法,英语有一词多义的特点，同一个词可以同时与若干个词进行搭配，相互修饰、制约，语言仍自然流畅。,汉语在词的搭配方面相对严谨，同一个词通常不能同时与多个词搭配。,根据汉语词的搭配习惯和英语词汇的一词多义的特点，我们应采用增补同义词的技巧，这样才能使译文既准确达意，又照顾到汉语的语言习惯。,.,1.The innovation of products is one of the reform measures of the SOEs because it can,decrease,loss,cost and budget.,2.Both the buyer and the seller are busy at,negotiations,of business,contract and draft.,产品革新是国企改革措施之一，因为它可以,减少,损失、,降低,成本,并,缩减,预算。,买卖双方正忙于交易,磋商,，合约,谈判,和汇票,议付,。,3.High morale,contributes to,high levels of productivity,high returns to stakeholders,and employee loyalty.,高昂的士气可以,提高企业生产率、,增加,股东收益，并提升员工忠诚度。,.,（二）增补范畴词,增词法,在英译汉过程中考虑到汉语的表达习惯，经常增加的范畴词有：方法、措施、情况、情绪、状态、现象、方面、问题、关系、工作等。例如：,The,changes,of requirements for the commodities in the market are affected by the internal and external,factors,.,商品市场需求的,变化情况,受内因和外因,两方面因素,的影响。,.,1.The,tension,in the Middle East has attracted much attention.,中东的紧张,局势,已引起了广泛关注,/,备受关注。,3.Unless these issues are addressed as a matter of urgency,the consequent,de-motivation,of staff will undoubtedly have a negative impact on the performance of the company.,除非这些问题作为当务之急得到及时解决，否则员工中随之出现的消极怠工,情绪,无疑将对公司的整个运营业绩产生负面影响。,2.The temperature needed for this,processing,is not high.,这种加工,方法,需要的温度不是很高。,.,混乱局面,饱和状态,准备工作,管理情况,补救措施,解决方案,修改方案,有利地位,落后状态,自满情绪,.,confusion,saturation,preparation,management,remedies,solution,modification,advantage,backwardness,arrogance,.,（三）,增补解释性的词,英语力求简洁，但在翻译成汉语时，需要从句法角度或逻辑关系角度，增补解释性的词，如动词、名词，以使意思完整，译文通顺自然，符合汉语习惯，,.,2.Investor confidence is crucial to the success of our economic system.,投资者的信心对于经济体系的成功,运行,至关重要。,1.Our product is indeed,cheap,and,fine,.,我们的产品,物,美,价,廉。,3.The terms of the contract must be,clear,definite,certain,and,complete,.,合同条款必须,表述,清楚、,意思,明确、,语气,肯定、,内容,完整。,.,5.In the evening,after the,banquets,the,concerts,and the,table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.,晚上，在,参加,宴会、,出席,音乐会、,观看,乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。,4.There are,friends and friends,.,朋友有种,种不同，有,益友,，有,损友,。,.,5,辆丰田牌,汽车,，,20,台日立牌,电视机,和,30,台施乐牌,复印机,早已备妥待运，但因你方信用证延迟到达，货物不能按期装运。,原文中,Toyota,，,Hitachi,，,Xerox,都为世界知名品牌，在翻译时要按汉语的习惯用法把他们的产品名称补充完整，才能使译文具体明了。,（四）,增补产品名称,增词法,对于英文中缺失的产品名称，翻译时有时要根据具体情况增补出来。如,：,The five,Toyota,twenty,Hitachi,and thirty,Xerox,have long been ready for shipment,but shipment cannot be effected because of the late arrival of your L/C.,.,comfort,和,luxury,都是抽象名词，但在构成复数后，词义就具体化了。,社会为竞争法则付出的代价，犹如它为便宜的,舒适家用商品,和,高档消费品,的代价一样巨大。,The price which society pays for the law of competition,like the price it pays for cheap,comforts,and,luxuries,is also great.,.,减词法,减词法是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘啰嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。,减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。,.,1.The products should be sampled to check,their,quality,before,they,leave the factory.,产品出厂前应该进行抽样检查。,2.Advertisements help market develop.Therefore,as,more goods,are,sold they,are,cheaper.,广告有助于市场的发展，因此，货物卖得越多价格就越便宜。,3.When demands,get,low,prices may,become,low.,需求降低，价格就可能降低。,4.Smoking is not allowed,in,the warehouse.,仓库重地，不准吸烟。,为了避免文章的单调乏味，英文中往往尽量要避免用词重复。除了使用代词外，同一件事物常用拼写不同而意义相近的词来表示。,汉语的重复则不会给人以单调乏味的感觉，相反，如果使用得当，还可以起到反复强调的作用，使语义明确，译文生动。,重复法,（,Repetition,）,.,1.We should learn how to analyze and solve,problems,.,2.The big company has,its,disadvantages.,我们应该学会如何分析,问题,和解决,问题,。,大企业,有,大企业,的难处。,3.Managing,multinational,s means handling both national and organizational,culture differences,at the same time.,管理跨国公司意味着要同时处理民族,文化差异,与组织,文化差异,。,.,1.He became an oil,baron,all by himself.,2.Last year,the output of coal in this region,amounted to,about 20 percent of the whole country,of steel 25 percent,and of cotton 35 percent.,他成了一个,石油大亨,一个白手起家的,石油大亨,。,去年，这一地区的煤产量约,占,全国总产量的,20%,，钢产量,占,25%,棉花产量,占,35,。,3.In fact,the blatant use of money to motivate people either to join an organization or to stay on has created more motivation,problems,than it has solved.,事实上，大张旗鼓地用金钱来促使人们加入某组织或留下来，这种做法所引起的激励机制上,的问题,，远比其所解决,的问题,要多。,.,4.The main difficulty is the,shortage of,funds,teachers and teaching materials.,5.We,thank you very much for,the warm hospitality accorded to our trade delegation during this visit to your country and,for,the close co-operation in the business discussions.,主要的问题是经费,不足,、教员,不足,、教材,不足,这几项。,我们非常,感谢,你们在我贸易代表团访问贵国期间给予的盛情款待，,感谢,你们在业务洽谈中给予的密切配合。,6.With respect to manuscripts and pictures that are provided by the Chinese party,without the consent of the Chinese Party,the other party,may not,transfer the copyright,or extend the use thereof,or extend the areas where they shall be distributed.,凡我方提供的书稿和图片，未经我方同意对方,不得,转让版权，,不得,扩大使用权，,不得,扩大发行区域。,.,（三）,表示“高于”、“多于”,数字翻译法,（二）,表示“大约”、“不确定”,（五）,形容数目、数量多时的翻译,（四）,表示“少于”、“差一些”、“不到”等,（六）,形容数目、数量少时的翻译,（一）,表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”,（七）,倍数的翻译,（八）,大数字的翻译,.,The wire measures,exactly,twenty meters.,The machine worked for ten,whole,days.,The plane takes off at 8 oclock,sharp,.,这条导线刚好,20,米长。,这台机器整整运转了,10,天时间。,这架飞机,8,点整起飞。,He earns a,cool,half million dollars a year.,他一年收入整整,50,万美元。,Professor Johnson finished the experiment in twenty-four hours,flat,.,约翰逊教授完成这一实验仅用了,24,小时。,（一）表示“不多不少”、“恰恰正好”、“整整”：,exactly,，,flat,，,just,，,sharp,，,whole,，,cool,等,The T-shirt cost,just,10 dollars.,买这个,T,恤衫正好花了,10,美元。,.,It is,nearly/toward(s),4 oclock.,It is,somewhere about,4 oclock.,The price of this new machine is,on the border of/in the neighborhood of,a thousand dollars.,现在将近四点了。,现在四点左右。,这台新机器的价格约,1000,美元。,The book will only cost 15 dollars,or so,.,这本书只要十五美元左右。,About/Some/Around/Round,twenty passengers were killed in the road accident.,这次交通事故中约有二十名旅客死亡。,（二）表示“大约”、“不确定”：,about,，,some,，,around,，,round,，,nearly,，,towards,，,somewhere about,，,estimated,，,approximately,，,on the border of,，,close to,，,or so,等,.,Never spend,in excess of,your income.,There are three thousand,odd,students