景观规划建筑英语2.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,1/32,What is Landscape Architecture?,By ASLA,Unit 1,2/32,1 Although the term,landscape architecture,was invented by a Scotsman(Gilbert Laing Meason,in 1828),it was an American(Frederick Law Olmsted)who gave birth to the landscape architecture profession.We should therefore pay close attention to the definition of the profession given by,the American Society of Landscape Architects,(ASLA).,It was as follows:,尽管,“,风景园林,”,这个术语是由苏格兰人,GL梅森于1828年创造，不过风景园林职业诞生却是由美国人F L奥姆斯特德促成。,所以，我们应该更多关注由美国风景园林师协会（ASLA）对风景园林做出定义。它是这么描述：,3/32,A Profession In Demand,需求量大职业,4/32,2 From city council rooms to corporate boardrooms,there is increasing demand today for the professional services of landscape architects.This trend reflects the publics desire for better housing,recreational and commercial facilities,and its expanded concern for,environmental protection,.Residential and commercial,real estate,developers,federal and state agencies,city planning commissions,and individual property owners are all among the thousands of people and organizations in America and Canada that will retain the services of a landscape architect this year.,当前，从市政部门到企业企业，对于职业风景园林师需求越来越多这个趋势反应了公众对居住环境、娱乐和商业设施更优化需求，以及由其引发对环境保护关注。,美国和加拿大今年就有数千个居住和商业地产开发商、国家和州机构、城市规划委员会，以及个人地产全部者请风景园林师为他们提供服务,。,5/32,More than any of the other major environmental design professions,landscape architecture is a profession on the move.It is comprehensive by definition-no less than the art and science of analysis,planning design,management,preservation,and,rehabilitation,of the land.In providing well-managed design and development plans,landscape architects offer an essential array of services and expertise that reduces costs and adds long-term value to a project.,比起其它任何专业环境设计职业，风景园林都是发展较最快职业。从定义来看它含有复杂性,最少包含艺术、科学分析、规划设计、管理、土地保护和恢复等。,风景园林师能够提供至关主要专业服务，做出良好设计和开发方案，为项目降低投入并取得长久效益。,6/32,3 Clear differences do exists between landscape architecture and the other design professions.,Architects,primarily design buildings and structures with specific uses,such as homes,offices,schools and factories.Civil engineers,apply scientific principles to the design of city,infrastructure,such as roads,bridges,and public utilities.,Urban planners,develop a,broad overview,of development for entire cities and regions.,风景园林与其它设计职业确实存在显著不一样。建筑师主要设计含有特定功效建筑和构筑物，比如住宅、办公楼、学校和工厂。,市政工程师为城市基础设施做出符合科学原理设计，比如道路、桥梁和公共设施。城市规划师为整个城市和区域做出总体规划策略。,7/32,Landscape architects touch on all the above mentioned design professions,integrating elements from each of them.While having a working knowledge of,architecture,civil engineering,and,urban planning,landscape architects take elements from each of these fields to design aesthetic and practical relationships with the land.,风景园林师要与以上全部提及设计职业相接触，综合每个职业要素。,风景园林师要具备建筑、市政工程和城市规划知识，并利用这些领域知识从审美和实践角度对土地进行规划设计。,8/32,A Diverse Profession,多样性高职业,9/32,4 Landscape architecture is one of the most diversified of the design professions.Landscape architects design the built environment of neighborhoods,towns and cities while also protecting and managing the natural environment,from its forests and fields to rivers and coasts.Members of the profession have a special commitment to improving the quality of life through the best design of places for people and other living things.,风景园林是设计行业中多样性最高职业之一。,风景园林师设计建筑外部环境、城镇和城市环境，并保护和管理从森林、农田到河流、海岸自然环境。,风景园林师负担着改进生活质量特殊义务，他们经过设计为人类和其它生物提供最好生活。,10/32,In fact,the work of landscape architects surrounds us.Members of the profession are involved in the planning of such sites as,office plazas,public squares,and,thoroughfares,.The attractiveness of parks,highways,housing developments,urban plazas,zoos and,campuse,s reflects the skill of landscape architects in planning and designing the construction of useful and pleasing projects.,实际上，风景园林师工作在我们身边无处不在。,他们致力于场地规划设计，比如企业广场、公共广场和道路环境等。,迷人公园、道路、居住环境、城市广场、动物园和校园能够反应出风景园林师在规划和设计这些实用且令人愉悦项目方面所具备能力。,11/32,5 From coast to coast,in every region of the world,examples of the landscape architecture profession can be found.Many landscape architects are involved in small projects,such as developing plans for a new city park or site plans for an office building,other members of the profession have contributed their expertise to numerous projects which include:,从西海岸到东海岸，在世界每个区域都有风景园林案例。一些风景园林师致力于小型项目标设计，比如为新城市公园制订开发规划或办公建筑进行场地设计，还有一些风景园林师则致力于大量大尺度规划项目，其中有：,12/32,Preservation of Yosemite Park and Niagara Falls Management plan for the Alaskan Maritime National Wildlife Refuge Design of the U.S.Capitol Grounds Design of Mount Royal Park in Montreal,Quebec Development of Stanford University site Creation of Bostons emerald necklace of green spaces tying the city to the suburbs Plans for Baltimores park system and Inner Harbor area,约瑟米蒂国家公园和尼亚加拉大瀑布保护,阿拉斯加国家海上野生动植物避难所管理规划,美国国会大厦所在地规划加拿大蒙特利尔、魁北克皇家山公园,斯坦福大学校园规划,将城市与郊区相连波士顿,“,翡翠项链,”,绿色空间规划,巴尔摩公园系统和内海湾规划,13/32,Design of new towns such as Columbia,Maryland,and Reston,Virginia Landfill reclamation for Fresh Kills in New York and Dyer in Florida Plans for Golden Gate National Recreation Area in San Francisco,California Sursum Corda Affordable Housing,Washington,D.C.Design for water treatment and park facility in Hillsboro,Oregon Master plan for King Saud University in Saudi Arabia Restoration of the landscape along the Baltimore-Washington,Parkway,in Maryland,“新镇”设计，比如哥伦比亚、马里兰，以及弗吉尼亚莱斯顿,纽约清泉垃圾填埋场以及福罗里达州染厂景观改造,加州旧金山金门国家休闲区规划,华盛顿特区Sursum Corda区可负担住房规划,俄勒冈州Hillsboro水体净化和公园设计,沙特阿拉伯绍德王大学总体规划,马里兰州巴尔摩,-,华盛顿公园道（景观路）景观恢复,14/32,6 Depending on the scope of the project for clients,ranging from a local developer to the federal government,landscape architects may plan the entire arrangement of a site,including the location of buildingsgrading,stormwater management,construction and planting.They may also coordinate teams of design,construction and contracting professionals.,从客户委托项目包括范围来看，从地方开发者到联邦政府，风景园林师有能力规划场地中全部内容，包含建筑选址、地形处理、雨水管理、施工及种植。他们还能够协调组织包含设计、施工包工在内专业团体。,15/32,Tracing the Professions Roots,职业溯源,16/32,7 The origin of todays profession of landscape architecture can be traced to the early treatments of outdoor space by successive ancient cultures,from,Persia,and,Egypt,through,Greece,and,Rome,.During the,Renaissance,this interest in outdoor space,which had,wane,d during,the Middle Ages,was revived with splendid results in Italy and gave rise to,ornate,villas,gardens,and great outdoor,piazzas.,现今风景园林职业起源能够追溯到，从波斯和埃及直至希腊和罗马古代文明中，人们对室外环境不停改进。,文艺复兴,期间人们对室外空间热爱，经过,中世纪,消退，又在意大利以辉煌成就取得重生，产生了华丽别墅、花园和壮观户外广场。,17/32,8 These,precedent,s,in turn,greatly influenced the chateaux and urban gardens of 17th-century France,where landscape architecture and design reached new heights of,sophistication,and,formality,.The designers became well-known,with,Andre le Notre,who designed the gardens at,Versailles,and,Vaux-le-Vicomte,among the most famous of the early,forerunner,s of todays landscape architects.,这些先例，反过来极大地影响了17世纪法国城堡和城市花园，法国风景园林和设计在复杂程度和形式上也到达了新最高峰。,设计师也所以而扬名，就像,勒,.,诺特尔,当今风景园林设计师最有名早期先驱者之一，设计了,凡尔赛花园,和,沃,勒,维贡特府邸,花园而闻名于世,18/32,19/32,8 In the 18th Century,most English,landscape gardeners,such as Lancelot,Capability Brown,who remodeled the grounds of,Blenheim Palace,rejected the,geometric,emphasis of the French in favor of,imitat,ing the forms of nature.,18世纪，大多数英国“风景园艺师”，抛弃了法国重视几何布局而采取模仿自然形式，比如,“可为”布朗,，他曾对,布伦海姆宫苑,进行改造。,20/32,One important exception was Sir Humphrey,Repton,.He reintroduced formal structure into landscape design with the creation of the first great public parks,Victoria Park in London,(1845)and,Birkenhead Park,in Liverpool(1847).In turn,these two parks would greatly influence the development of landscape architecture in the United States and Canada.,其中有一个主要特例,雷普顿,。他在第一个大型公园伦敦,维多利亚公园,（,1845年）和利物浦,伯肯黑德公园,（,1847年）中，再次将规则结构引入风景设计中。,伴随它们建立，这两个公园极大地影响了美国和加拿大风景园林。,Birkenhead Park,The refurbished Roman Boathouse at Birkenhead Park,Wirral on January 3,.Birkenhead Park was the worlds first public park and opened in 1847.,21/32,Victoria Park,22/32,Frederick Law Olmsted:Father of American Landscape Architecture,弗里德里克,.劳.奥姆斯特德：“美国美国风景园林之父”,23/32,The history of the profession in North America begins with,Frederick Law Olmsted,who rejected the name,landscape gardener,in favor of the title of,landscape architect,which he felt better reflected the scope of the profession.,北美风景园林职业历史开始于,弗里德里克,.劳.奥姆斯特德,，他取消了“,风景园艺师,”称谓，以“,风景园林师,”称呼取代之，他认为这个叫法更能反应这个职业范围。,24/32,In 1863,official use of the designation landscape architect by,New Yorks park commissioners,marked the symbolic,genesis,of landscape architecture as a modern design profession.Olmsted became a pioneer and,visionary,for the profession.His projects illustrate his high professional standards,including the design of,Central Park,in New York with,Calvert Vaux,in the late 1850s and the,U.S.Capitol Grounds,in the 1870s.Olmsted and,the Brookline,Mass,.,firm he founded advanced the concept of parks as well-designed,functional public green spaces amid the grayness of the urban areas through the well practiced principles of landscape architecture and city planning.,1863年，纽约公园委员会正式采取“风景园林师”称谓，标志着风景园林成为一个当代设计职业起始。,奥姆斯特德成为这个职业先驱者和,含有远见卓识人,。,他设计项目说明了他高超专业水平，其中包含他和,卡尔沃特,.沃克斯,在,19世纪50年代晚期设计,纽约中央公园,，以及,18世纪70年代,美国国会大厦环境,设计。,奥姆斯特德和他在麻省,Brookline企业,，深入发展了公园概念,在城市灰色区域中，符合风景园林和城市规划实践原理，经过良好设计、功效合理公共绿地空间。,25/32,U.S.Capitol Grounds,26/32,Early Developments:Late 1800s,早期发展：,19世纪后期,27/32,In the,ensu,ing years,the profession of landscape architecture broadened.It played a major role in fulfilling the growing national need for well-planned and well-designed urban environments.,Urban parks,metropolitan park systems,planned,suburban residential enclaves,and,college campuses,were planned and developed in large numbers,climaxing with the,City Beautiful movement,at the turn of the century.,在这之后几年，风景园林职业范围愈加宽泛。,它在满足国家对良好规划和设计城市环境日益增加需要中发挥着主要作用。,大量,城市公园,、,城市公园系统,、,郊区居住区,和,大学校园,都进行了规划和开发，而且在世纪之交时，随,城市美化运动,到达高潮。,28/32,The World Centre,29/32,The City Beautiful movement,which had seen its finest exemplification in the,1901-1902 renovation of Washington,D.C.,believed that in reforming the landscape and look of a city,other reforms would spring forth and inspire its inhabitants to moral and civic virtue.Burnham,in particular,Unfortunately the plan,submitted in 1904,did not receive immediate attention,and on the morning of April 18,1906,the Great Earthquake struck causing a massive fire that burned for the next four days and devestated much of the city.,Earthquake Aftermath,City Beautiful plan for Telegraph Hill,His plan for San Francisco envisioned a hilly Paris by the Golden Gate(Brechin in Benedict,95).Great boulevards cutting through the citys existing grid would converge spider-web like on central axes throughout the city.To give the city a focal point for civic and cultural activities,much like the Mall in the nations capital,the plan called for a magnificent city center.Monumental buildings of stone would replace many of the wooden shacks built along the existing grid.Burnham and his firm also proposed that the city devote one-third of its area to parks and greensward to serve an estimated population of over two million.Finally,grand structures would sit atop the apices of the citys most prominent hills as memorials to the pioneers and monuments to the citys future in the Pacific.(Brechin,151-153).,30/32,Although the profession itself grew slowly,its early practitioners,including Olmsted,Vaux and Horace,Cleveland,were among the first to take part in the,town planning movement,and to awaken interest in civic design.Olmsted also joined other early landscape architects in working on projects in other urban settings,such as at,Yosemite Valley,and,Niagara Falls,.,尽管这个职业本身发展很慢，它早期从业者，包含奥姆斯特德、沃克斯和,克里夫兰,，是最早参加,城镇规划运动唤起人们对城市设计关注人群。,奥姆斯特德也加入到早期从事其它城市环境项目标风景园林师中，比如,约瑟米蒂河谷,和,尼亚加拉大瀑布,规划。,31/32,In 1899,the,American Society of Landscape Architects,was founded by 11 people in New York most of them associated with Olmsted.The Society continued to represent landscape architects throughout the United States.In 1900,Olmsteds son,Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.,organized and taught at,Harvard Universitys,first course in landscape architecture.,1899年，,美国风景园林师协会,由纽约,11人发起，他们中大多数都与奥姆斯特德合作过。这个协会一直代表着全美国风景园林。,1900年，奥姆斯特德儿子，小奥姆斯特德，在,哈佛大学,专业开设了第一门风景园林课程。,32/32,