1、单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,非限定动词 Non-finite Verbs,-ing,分词 与,-ed,分词,现在分词与动名词的区别,在英语动词的非谓语形式中,现在分词与动名词形式完全相同,都是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。但是它们之间有根本的区别,它们除了都具有动词特征以外,,现在分词,还具有,形容词,和,副词,特征,而,动名词,则具有,名词,特征。这种特征的区别却表现为句法功能的不同。,现在分词,在句中可充当,状语,、,补语,(宾补或主补)、,表
2、语,、,定语,;,动名词,在句中可充当,主语,、,宾语,、,同位语,、,表语,、,定语,。,现在分词与动名词的区别方法如下:,1如果-ing形式在句中充当状语和补语,那么它一定是现在分词。例如:,Hearing the news,he got very excited,他得知这消息后非常兴奋。,(hearing 作时间状语,是现在分词。),I saw him going upstairs,我看到他上楼的。,(going作宾语补足语,是现在分词。),2如果-ing形式在句中充当主语、宾语或同位语,那么它一定是动名词,。,Studying English is our task,学习英语是我们的任
3、务。,(studying作主语,是动名词。),He likes playing football,他喜欢踢足球。,(playing作宾语,是动名词。),His ambition,conquering the whole world,was never fulfilled,他征服全世界 的野心从来没有实现。,(conquering作同位语,是动名词。),3如果-ing形式在句中充当表语,ing形式可能是现在分词,也可能是动名词。区分办法是:,如果-ing形式相当于一个名词,与主语处于同等地位,可以与主语交换位置,那么它就是动名词;如果-ing形式相当于一个形容词,表示主语的性质或特征,不可以与主
4、语交换位置,那么它就是现在分词。,His work is repairing bikes他的工作是修理自行车。(该句可改为:Repairing bikes is his workrepairing为动名词。),My hobby is collecting stamps我的爱好是集邮。(该句可改为:Collectingstamps is my hobbycollecting为动名词)。,The novel is interesting,这本小说很有趣。(该句的表语与主语不能交换位置,interesting为现在分词。),The football match is exciting,足球赛非常振奋
5、人心。(该句的表语与主语不能交换位置,exciting为现在分词。),surprising,surprised,interesting,interested,exciting,excited,frightening,frightened,令人吃惊的,感到吃惊的,有趣的,感兴趣的,令人兴奋的,感到兴奋的,令人恐惧的,感到恐惧的,修饰人,用-ing分词,修饰物,用-ed分词,二、时间的区别:,一般地讲,现在分词表示动作正在进行,过去分词表示动作已经完成。例如:,1及物动词:,The house,being built,over there is a shop那里正在建造的房子是一家商 店。(正在进
6、行),The house,built,over there is a shop那里已建好的房子是一家商店。(已经完成),The questions,discussed,just now are quite easy,but those,being discussed,are very difficult,刚刚讨论的问题相当容易,但正在讨论的问题却很难。(前者表示已经完成,后者表示正在进行。),2不及物动词,a retired worker 退休工人,an escaped prisoner 逃犯,returned students 归国留学生,the exploded bomb 爆炸过的炸弹,d
7、eveloping country,developed country,the changing world,the changed world,boiling water,boiled water,fading flowers,faded flowers,发展中国家,发达国家,正在发生变化的世界,已经发生变化的世界,沸腾的水,开水,正在凋谢的话,已经凋谢的花,动名词复合结构,物主代词或名词所有格加动名词,构成动名词复合结构。在动名词复合结构中,物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑上的主语,动名词是逻辑上的谓语动词。这种结构在句中可用作主语、宾语等。,Your going there will help
8、 a lot.,你到那里对事情将大有帮助。(your going there作主语),Please excuse my interrupting you.,请原谅我打断你。(my interrupting you作excuse的宾语),Do you mind my smoking?,我可以抽烟吗?(my smoking作mind的宾语),John,Johns,I dont mind him smoking here.,his,名词通格,名词属格,代词宾格,物主代词,在口语中倾向于使用,名词通格和代词宾格。,主语与句子主要动词不一致的分词短语,分词短语逻辑上的主语与句子的主要动词的主语应该是一致
9、的。,Looking out of the window,there were lots of trees.,错误。Looking out 这个动作不是句子主语lots of trees所为。,但有少数常见的表达方式,如considering,generally/strictly speaking,judging from/by,taking into account,talking of 等,两者的主语可以不一致。这种分词不不用以修饰句子的主要动词,而是用以表达说话人的观点或态度。,Generally speaking,I dont like spicy food.,Judging from
10、/by his accent,he must be from the South.,Taking everything into consideration,it wasnt a bad holiday.,垂悬分词,Dangling Participle,概念:,垂悬分词,也叫无依着分词。垂悬分词从起源上来说,是语言的错误使用(performance error),即将分词的主语与句子的主语错误联系,从而产生垂悬分词,所以又叫它错关联分词,(misrelated participle)。垂悬分词通常出现在句子开头或接近开头的位置,与句子中的其它成分不产生必要的句法关系,特别是它与句子主语无逻辑
11、关系。鉴于这种特点,垂悬分词别名为:,独立分词(absolute participle),孤立分词(isolated participle),一般的分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语,它或是句子的主语,或者另有自己的主语,如果没有,就称这种分词为“悬垂分词”,这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的。,Looking,out of the window of our hotel room,there are lots of mountains,Admired,by everybody,dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.,Sitting,unde
12、r an apple tree one night,an idea came to Newton.,通常情况下,分词(短语)的逻辑主语就是句子的主语,也就是说,如果句子的主语是分词动作的执行者,该分词就用现在分词,如果是承受者,则用过去分词。如:Thousands of trees were blown down by the high winds,blocking roads,paths and railway lines.,(thousands of trees是blocking动作的执行者)Greatly encouraged,the players tried their best t
13、o win the game for their school.,(the players是encouraged动作的承受者),1.Finding her car stolen,_.,A.a policeman was asked to help,B.the area was searched thoroughly,C.it was looked for everywhere,D.she hurried to a policeman for help,2._ time,hell make a first-class tennis player.A.Having given B.To give,
14、C.Giving D.Given 3._,(push)into the house,the door closed with a bang.,4._(run)out of the house,I was knocked over by a bike.,D,D,pushed,running,固定的分词表达方式:,supposing(that),conj,.假如(if),providing(that),conj,.倘若 seeing(that),conj,.鉴于,由于,既然,因为 regarding,prep,.关于 according to,prep,.按照,根据,根据所说according as,conj,.依照,随而定,据 concerning,prep,.有关,关于 barring,prep,.除之外,除非,除外(except)speaking of 说起,谈到 including,prep,.包含,包括 talking of,prep,.说起,谈到(常放在句首)assuming(that),conj,.假定granting(that),conj,.就算,纵使,假定 granted(that),conj,.就算,纵使,假定 provided(that),conj,.倘若,在条件下,The End!,






