生物学流派.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,第,6,章,生物学流派,人格心理学,遗传在人格发展中的作用,“白板”,后天经验尤其是父母教养方式,至少部分来自遗传的生物学差异,个体差异,脑电、激素、心率等生理特点,行为,艾森克,人格的基本结构,因素分析,内外向性、神经质、精神质,精神质（,psychoticism,）,自我中心、攻击、冷漠、缺乏同情、不考虑他人,艾森克的人格层级模型,两个基本人格维度有关的特质艾森克：人格差异有生理基础,跨时间的稳定性,45,年,跨文化的普遍性,遗传的重要作用,EAS,气质维度,情绪性（,Emotionality,）,情绪反应强度,抑郁、恐惧、生气,活动性（,Activity,）,活力水平,交际性（,Sociability,）,与他人交往和联系的倾向,成人,EAS,气质测量,我喜欢跟人打交道。,我常常显得匆匆忙忙。,我容易受惊吓。,学步儿童气质类型,适应良好的（,well-adjusted,）儿童,自控、自信，容易接近新人和新环境,难以控制的（,undercontrolled,）儿童,冲动、好动、容易分心,抑制的（,inhibited,）儿童,害怕、不愿意参与社会活动、对陌生人在场不安,抑制与非抑制儿童,抑制型儿童：约,10%,的白人儿童,自控的、温和的,非抑制型儿童：约,25%,的白人儿童,在新环境中立即玩和说话,陌生焦虑（,anxiety to novelty,）,稳定,影响儿童在校表现的气质类型,容易型儿童（,easy child,）,对新环境主动、适应、积极情绪，,40%,困难型儿童（,difficult child,）,对新环境退缩、适应慢、消极情绪，,10%,慢热型儿童（,slow-to-warm-up child,）,对新环境退缩、逐渐适应，,15%,两个詹姆斯（,39,岁）,6,英尺高，,180,磅重,抽,salems,牌，喝米勒淡啤，习惯性咬指甲,前妻叫,Linda,现任妻子叫,Betty,喜欢在房子留爱的便条,大儿子叫,James,狗叫,Toy,淡蓝色雪佛兰,人格,14,遗传学研究,先天,-,后天（,nature-nurture,）之争,智力、身高、心理疾病,遗传率（,inheritability,）,可观察到的个体差异中（身高、体重、人格等）由遗传变异所引起的程度,身高：,90%,行为遗传学的研究方法,选择性繁殖（,selective breeding,）,家族研究（,family studies,）,双生子研究（,twin studies,）,收养研究（,adoption studies,）,选择性繁殖,确定具有所期望特征的狗，然后让它只与具有该特征的狗交配,成功与否可确定特征是否与遗传有关,攻击、友善、取悦,“优生学”,家族研究,家族成员的基因重叠程度与人格相似程度的相关性,父母与子女的人格相似性、兄弟姐妹的人格相似性,缺点：共享基因的家庭成员往往也共享环境,双生子研究,测量同卵双生子是否与异卵双生子更相似来估算遗传率,同卵双生子（,MZ,）,同一受精卵，共享,100%,的基因，性别相同,异卵双生子（,DZ,）,共享,50%,的基因,研究逻辑,若同卵双生子比异卵双生子在某人格特质上更相似，则该人格特质受遗传影响,人格特质的双生子相关系数,计算遗传率的简单公式,h,2,=2(r,mz,-r,dz,),问题均等环境假定,假定同卵双生子的环境经历并不比异卵双生子的环境经历更相似,不一定成立,收养研究,考察被收养儿童与其养父母及亲生父母的相似性,最有价值的设计：分开抚养的双生子,分开抚养的同卵双生子之间的相关,态度与偏好的可遗传性,受遗传影响,保守态度,职业偏好,性取向,性别认同障碍,抽烟和饮酒,不受遗传影响,宗教信仰,分子遗传学,确定与人格特质相关联的特定基因,1996,年,新异性寻求、害羞、攻击、神经质,“设计婴儿”,进化心理学,生存和繁衍,自然选择,有利于物种生存的生理和心理特点保留下来,恐惧、愤怒,性选择,有助于求偶成功的特征保留下来,同性内竞争和异性间选择,强壮、聪明，外表,焦虑,引发焦虑的情境,威胁生命或财产,来自他人的消极评价,归属需要,群体的好处：分享、抵御威胁、配偶、血缘,引发社会排斥的事件属于对群体有害的,逃跑、内讧、通奸、偷盗,帮助和利他,助人者与受助者之间共享基因越多，越有可能帮助,受助者年龄,年轻,vs.,年老,较高繁殖价值,日常帮助,vs.,生死关头,情绪的普遍性,情绪的表达具有跨文化的一致性，并且可以被人们普遍识别,Paul Ekman,情绪让人们趋利避害,31,常见的七种表情,恐惧、厌恶、高兴、惊奇、轻蔑、生气、悲伤,32,表情的普遍性,性别差异,进化心理学,男女在许多领域面临不同的适应问题（威胁生存和繁衍的问题）,后代的确定性,后代的数量,对后代的投资女性对配偶更挑剔,一夫多妻（,polygyny,）效应,大多数雌性都有后代；而对于雄性，有的很多后代，有的没有后代,同性内的繁殖差异越大，性别分化越大,5%,的雄海象繁殖,85%,的小海象,雄海象体型是雌海象的,4,倍,黑猩猩：,2,倍,人类：男性比女性高约,12%,攻击,芝加哥,86%,杀人犯是男性（,1965-1980,）,竞争吸引女性的社会地位和资源,与已婚的富裕男性相比，贫穷的未婚男性更可能成为杀人犯,嫉妒,男性面临的风险,投资在别人的孩子身上,女性面临的风险,没有充足的资源抚养孩子,引发性嫉妒,男性更嫉妒女性的性不忠,女性更嫉妒男性的感情不忠,报告对性不忠比对感情不忠更痛苦的百分比四种文化中嫉妒的性别差异,对进化解释的质疑,双重不忠,男性相信性不忠会造成双重不忠,女性相信感情不忠会造成双重不忠,反驳双重不忠假设：哪件使你更痛苦？,爱人与他人建立深厚感情，但没有性关系,爱人与他人发生性关系，但没有感情投入,追求多个性伴侣,对后代投资较少的一方，在选择性伴侣时更不挑剔，更倾向于追求多个性伴侣,未来一段时间里希望的性伴侣数量,男女差异,跨文化：未来,30,年里,13,个,vs.2.5,个,同意和陌生人发生性关系,嗨，最近我一直在注意你，你很迷人,今晚你愿意和我约会吗,今晚你愿意去我宿舍吗,今晚你愿意和我做爱吗,女生：,55%,，,6%,，,0%,男生：,50%,，,69%,75%,对婚外性行为的渴望,48%vs.5%,择偶偏好,征婚广告,描述自己,想找的人,相貌姣好，寻找比年龄自己大、能提供,的,有,，寻找年轻、漂亮的,你期望的伴侣品质,Following is a list of characteristics that might be present in a potential mate or marriage partner.Rank them on their desirability in someone you might marry.Give a 1 to the most desirable characteristic in a potential mate,a 2 to the second most desirable characteristic,a 3 to the third most desirable characteristic,and so on down to 13 for the 13th most desirable characteristic in a potential mate.,kind and understanding,religious,exciting personality,creative and artistic,easygoing,good housekeeper,intelligent,good earning capacity,wants children,good heredity,college graduate,physically attractive,healthy,男性寻找的女性,年轻和外表漂亮,女性获得男性注意的策略,新婚夫妻回答刚开始约会时的准备,女性寻找的男性,社会地位和经济条件,人格研究中常用的生理测量法,皮肤电活动,心血管系统的活动,大脑活动,脑电图（,EEG,）,功能性磁共振成像（,fMRI,）,其他生理测量,血液,例如：单胺氧化酶（,MAO,）,唾液,免疫系统功能,睾丸酮,皮质醇等,内外向,大脑唤醒水平,无刺激或弱刺激时无差异,中等刺激时内向者的生理和神经反应更强,音乐、社交、咖啡因、尼古丁,最佳唤醒水平,正好适合某项任务的唤醒水平,内外向者最佳表现的情境,单调安静,vs.,嘈杂,柠檬汁实验,Illustrate that introverts are more reactive to stimulation than extraverts.While some teachers have tried this in the classroom,it can be a bit messy and so might best be done as a thought experiment to illustrate the point of individual differences in reactivity.Here is how it would go:Take a double-tipped cotton swab and tie a thread exactly in its center so that it hangs perfectly in balance(i.e.,is horizontal).Swallow three times and put one end on your tongue for exactly 20 seconds.After removing the swab,place 4 drops of lemon juice under your tongue Place the other end of the cotton swab on your tongue for 20 seconds.Remove the swab and let it hang by the thread.If you are an extravert it is likely that the swab will remain horizontal,indicating that you did not react strongly to the lemon juice by producing more saliva.If you are an introvert,it is likely that the swab will no longer balance horizontally and will instead be heavier on the end placed on the tongue following the lemon juice.This would indicate that you produced more saliva in response to the lemon juice.Eysenck conducted a similar experiment(Eysenck&Eysenck,1967)as did Corcoran(1964).,主动选择的刺激水平,按钮引起环境改变（更换幻灯片、换频道）,外向者按钮频率高,选择的学习环境,词语记忆时选择的背景音量,“噪音对学习影响”研究（,Geen,1984,）,虽然内向者比外向者选择的刺激水平低，但是在自己选择的刺激水平下，其生理唤醒水平是相同的；且影响成绩,外向者觉得正好的刺激，对内向者来说已经过度唤醒，导致成绩较差,内向者觉得正好的刺激，对外向者来说唤醒不足，导致成绩较差,外向与幸福,自我报告的幸福感,外向者高于内向者,原因,人际交往,对奖励的敏感,强化敏感性理论（reinforcement sensitivity theory,Gray,）,人脑内存在两种生理系统,行为激活系统（,BAS,）,对奖励信号敏感，控制趋近系统,行为抑制系统（,BIS,）,对惩罚、失败、不确定线索敏感，控制回避系统,冲动,vs.,焦虑，外向,vs.,神经质,强化敏感性与学习效果,BAS,当我得到我想要的东西时，我感到兴奋和活力。,赢得竞赛会让我兴奋。,当我想要某件东西时，我通常全力以赴去得到它。,我总是愿意尝试新事物，如果我认为它很有趣。,我渴望兴奋和新的感觉。,BIS,我担心犯错误。,批评或责骂会让我很难过。,当我认为或知道有人对我发怒时，我感到非常担心或难过。,即使不好的事情将要发生在我身上，我也很少感到害怕或紧张。*,与我的朋友相比，我害怕的事情少得多。*,大脑不对称性（,cerebral asymmetry,）,频率,8-12,次,/,秒的,波是脑活动的反向指标,大脑左半球额叶和右半球额叶的活动水平不同,情绪唤起影片,积极情绪,左半球，消极情绪,右半球,婴儿,抱、笑、甜，哭、苦,个体差异,休息状态下，一些人左半球活动高，一些人右半球活动高,跨时间稳定,情绪反应临界点,评估大脑不对称性,An EEG is not the only way to obtain an index of asymmetry in brain activation.Research suggests that a persons characteristic level of left-or right-sided activation may be indicated by the direction in which their eyes drift as they concentrate on answering difficult questions.When answering a difficult question(e.g.,Make up a sentence using the words rhapsody and pleasure),peoples eyes drift one way or the other as they reflect on their answer(Davidson,1991).Among right-handed persons,eyes drifting to the right signify left-sided activation,and eyes drifting to the left signify right-sided activation.If you ask a person several difficult questions(e.g.,How many turns do you make from your house or apartment to the nearest store?)and note which way his or her eyes usually drift,you may get an indication of whether he or she tends to be right-or left-sided asymmetric.Of course,this quick measure is not as reliable as an EEG.It nevertheless may be a rough gauge of whether a person is left-or right-side asymmetric.,Perhaps you could make some observations of a few friends or acquaintances,asking them several difficult questions and observing which way they move their eyes as the)think through their answers.Most people will not show completely consistent patterns of going one way or the other.That is why it is important to ask several questions and see which way they usually move their eyes.You will also need to decide whether they are more vulnerable to positive or negative emotions(see Figure 7.5).Persons who glance frequently to the right are more likely to be left-hemisphere dominant and should be more vulnerable to the pleasant emotions(e.g.,happiness,joy,enthusiasm).Persons who frequently glance to the left while engag-ing in reflective thought are more likely to be right-hemisphere dominant and,by implication,should be more vulnerable to the negative emotions(e.g.,distress,anxiety,sadness).,感觉寻求（,sensation seeking,）,寻求刺激和兴奋、享受冒险、避免厌倦的倾向,感觉剥夺（,sensation deprivation,）研究,有些人感到特别痛苦,最佳唤醒水平,高,SS,者血液中单胺氧化酶（,MAO,）较低,MAO,负责分解多余的神经递质,感觉寻求量表,神经递质与人格,多巴胺：奖赏,5-,羟色胺：降低抑郁,去甲肾上腺素：斗争,-,逃跑,三维人格理论,新异寻求：低水平多巴胺,伤害避免：,5-,羟色胺异常,奖励依赖：低水平去甲肾上腺素,早晨型,-,夜晚型（,morningness-eveningness,）,百灵鸟,-,猫头鹰,昼夜节律,体温变化,24-25,小时上下波动,时间隔离设计研究,MEQ,问卷,MEQ,研究,稳定，有生理基础,随年龄增长有向早晨型转变的趋势,早睡早起，最佳状态出现得早,室友之间的,MEQ,得分差异越大，友谊评分越低,认知表现，咖啡因的影响,