英语词汇学.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,English Lexicology(II),*,“Without grammar very little can be conveyed,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”,English Lexicology(II),1,English Lexicology(II),1/113,Contents,5.Word-Formation I:the Major Processes,6.Word-Formation II:the Minor Processes,7.Motivation,To be continued,2,English Lexicology(II),2/113,Chapter 5 Word-Formation I:The Major Processes,5.1,General Remarks,5.2,Prefixation,5.3,Suffixation,5.4,Conversion,5.5,Compounding,3,English Lexicology(II),3/113,5.1 General Remarks,The three major processes,affixation or derivation(17.5%)Prefixation,suffixation,conversion(10.5%),composition or compounding(27%),4,English Lexicology(II),4/113,5.2 Prefixation,The definition of prefixation,Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.However,there is an insignificant number of class-changing prefixes,Non-class-changing prefixes:,natural-unnatural,like-dislike,fair-unfair,Class-changing prefixes:,force-enforce,danger-endanger,form-deform,little-belittle,war-postwar,college-intercollege,5,English Lexicology(II),5/113,5.2 Prefixation,The classification of prefixes,In some reference books,prefixes(and suffixes)are classified according to their source,but this does not seem to help from a practical point of view.It seems,more helpful to classify the most important productive prefixes by their meaning,into the following ten categories:,6,English Lexicology(II),6/113,5.2 Prefixation,1)Negative prefixes,a-/an-,amoral,asexual,atheism,anacid,anarchy,dis-,dishonest,discontent,discover,disobey,disagree,in-,Incomplete,inconsistent,incorrect,invulnerable,illogical,illegal,impolite,immoral,imbalance,irrational,irregular,non-,nonviolent,non-cooperation,nonautomatic,nonadjustable,un-,uninformative,unexpected,unease,unrest,7,English Lexicology(II),7/113,5.2 Prefixation,Order,Literate,Symmetry,Governmental,Relevant,Productive,Believable,Vulnerable,Sane,Related,Aligned,Mature,Disorder,Illiterate,Asymmetry,NongovernmentalIrrelevant,Unproductive,Unbelievable,Invulnerable,Insane,Unrelated,Nonaligned,Immature,8,English Lexicology(II),8/113,5.2 Prefixation,2)Reversative or privative,de-,defrost,deregulation,degeneration,deformed,denationalize,un-,undo,unpack,untie,unwrap,unmask,dis-,disconnect,dishearten,disinterested,9,English Lexicology(II),9/113,5.2 Prefixation,Centralize,Plane,Infect,Zip,Regulate,Possess,Pollute,Decentralize,Deplane,Disinfect,Unzip,Deregulate,Dispossess,Depollute,10,English Lexicology(II),10/113,5.2 Prefixation,3)Pejorative prefixes,mis-,misguide,misapplication,misbehavior,mischoice,misgivingmal-,maladjustment,maldigestion,malfunction,maldevelopment,pseudo-,pseudonym,pseudoscience,pseudoclassic,pseudo-friend,11,English Lexicology(II),11/113,5.2 Prefixation,4)Prefixes of degree or size,hyper-,hyperactive,hypercritical,hyperaggressive,hypercautious,ultra-,ultramodern,ultrasecret,ultraclean,ultrasonic,ultraconservative,mini-,minibus,minicamera,miniskirt,out-,outdo,outgrown,outlive,over-,overwork,overestimate,overemphasize,overabundance,overburden,under-,underdeveloped,underpopulation,undergraduate,super-,supermarket,superpower,superstar,sub-,subadult,subtitle,subbreed,subatom,12,English Lexicology(II),12/113,5.2 Prefixation,Computer,Critical,Conscious,Natural,Sensitive,Simple,Number,Statement,culture,Minicomputer,Ultracritic/hypercritic,Subconscious,Supernatural,Hypersensitive/ultrasensitive,Oversimple,Outnumber,Understatement,Subculture,13,English Lexicology(II),13/113,5.2 Prefixation,5)Prefixes of orientation and attitude,co-,Co-author,co-star,co-prosperity,cooperation,counter-,Counterexample,counterclaim,counteractive,counterattack,counterculture,countermeasure,anti-,anti-abortion,anti-art,antiwar,antibacterial,antisocial,anticancer,antibody,pro-,pro-American,pro-revolutionary,pro-Fascism,pro-student,proslavery,14,English Lexicology(II),14/113,5.2 Prefixation,6)Locative prefixes,fore-,forearm,foreleg,forename,foreword,inter-,international,intergovernmental,intertwine,interdisciplinary,intercollege,trans-,transatlantic,transoceanic,transform,transplant,tele-,telephone,telegram,telecommunication,15,English Lexicology(II),15/113,5.2 Prefixation,View,Conference,Continental,Ground,Cast,Pacific,Racial,Shore,Interview,teleconference,Intercontinental,Foreground,Telecast,Transpacific,Transracial,Foreshore,16,English Lexicology(II),16/113,5.2 Prefixation,7)Prefixes of time and order,ex-,ex-husband,ex-president,ex-colony,ex-convict,fore-,foresee,foretell,forefather,forewarn,pre-,premature,prewar,prehistoric,prepay,premarital,post-,post-election,postwar,postgraduate,postdoctoral,17,English Lexicology(II),17/113,5.2 Prefixation,8)Number prefixes,uni-/mono-,unilateral,unicell,unicircuit,unicolor,unicycle,unidimensional,uniform,unipolar,monoxide,monocrystal,monogamy,monologue,bi-/di-,bicycle,bilingual,bimonthly,dioxide,dialogue,dichotomy,disyllable,tri-,triangular,triatomic,trimonthly,trilateral,trilingual,multi-/poly-,multipurpose,multipolar,multiangular,multilingual,polyatomic,polycrystal,polygamy,semi-,semicircle,semiliterate,semivowel,semiannual,semicolony,semiautomatic,18,English Lexicology(II),18/113,5.2 Prefixation,Lingual,Lateral,Polar,Dimensional,Unilingual,bilingual,trilingual,multilingual,Unilateral,bilateral,trilateral,multilateral,Unipolar,bipolar,tripolar,multipolar,Unidimensional,bidimensional,tridimensional(three-dimensional),multidimensional,19,English Lexicology(II),19/113,5.2 Prefixation,9)Conversion prefixes,a-,aloud,asleep,aglow,awash,be-,belittle,bestir,befriend,bewitch,en-,endanger,enforce,enable,embody,embitter,empower,20,English Lexicology(II),20/113,5.2 Prefixation,10)Miscellaneous prefixes,Extra-,Extralinguistic,extraordinary,extraterrestrial,Neo-,Neo-classicism,neo-colonialism,neo-fascism,Neolithic,Pan-,Pan-Pacific,Pan-Arabism,Pan-Africanism,.,21,English Lexicology(II),21/113,5.3 Suffixation,The definition of suffixation,Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem,suffixes have only,a small semantic role,their primary function being to,change the grammatical function,of stems.In other words,they mainly change the word class.However,they may also add attached meaning to the stem.,22,English Lexicology(II),22/113,5.3 Suffixation,The classification of suffixes,Since suffixes mainly change the word class,we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into,1)noun suffixes,2)adjective suffixes,3)adverb suffixes,4)verb suffixes,23,English Lexicology(II),23/113,5.3 Suffixation,1),Noun suffixes,Noun suffixes may be subdivided into the following five kinds.,Denominal nouns(concrete or abstract),Deverbal nouns,De-adjectival nouns,Noun and adjective suffixes,24,English Lexicology(II),24/113,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,Denominal nouns(concrete),-eer,auctioneer,engineer,mountaineer,pamphleteer,profiteer,racketeer,-er,Londoner,teenager,villager,-ess,actress,waitress,stewardess,hostess,lioness,-let,booklet,leaflet,piglet,starlet,25,English Lexicology(II),25/113,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,Denominal nouns(abstract),-,age,baggage,luggage,mileage,percentage,-,dom,freedom,kingdom,stardom,officialdom,-,ery/-ry,drudgery,slavery,nunnery,nursery,machinery,-ism,idealism,optimism,individualism,consumerism,-ship,dictatorship,scholarship,friendship,sportsmanship,-ocracy,aristocracy,democracy,meritocracy,-hood,boyhoodbrotherhood,neighborhood,adulthood,-,ful,handful,mouthful,plateful,tubful,26,English Lexicology(II),26/113,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,Deverbal nouns,-,ant,contestant,inhabitant,assistant,informant,-,ee,interviewee,addressee,appointee,nominee,employee,-,er/-or,driver,employer,interviewer,computer,silencer,accelerator,supervisor,actor,window-shopper,-ation,foundation,exploration,nomination,starvation,-ing,building,dwelling,earnings,savings,clothing,stuffing,-al,refusal,revival,survival,arrival,dismissal,-ment,amazement,arrangement,movement,government,-,age,breakage,coverage,shrinkage,drainage,27,English Lexicology(II),27/113,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,De-adjectival nouns,-,ity,diversity,equality,rapidity,verbosity,responsibility,actuality,regularity,popularity,respectability,-,ness,accurateness,falseness,kindness,selfishness,happiness,largeness,frankness,unexpectedness,thicknessgoodness,28,English Lexicology(II),28/113,5.3 Suffixation,1)Noun suffixes,Nouns and adjective suffixes,-,ese,Burmese,Chinese,Cantonese,officialese,journalese,-(,i)an,Darwinian,republican,Elizabethan,Shakespearean,Indonesian,Russian,-,ist,communist,pianist,specialist,socialist,29,English Lexicology(II),29/113,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,Denominal suffixes,-,ed,dogged,rugged,pointed,chocolate-flavored,-,ful,delightful,successful,faithful,meaningful,-,ish,childish,foolish,snobbish,Irish,Turkish,-,less,homeless,hopeless,merciless,harmless,-,like,childlike,ladylike,statesmanlike,-,ly,friendly,cowardly,motherly,daily,weekly,-,y,milky,sandy,hairy,meaty,30,English Lexicology(II),30/113,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,Denominal suffixes,-ic(-atic),ethnic,economic,historic,problematic,-ous(-ious,-eous),ambitious,desirous,marvelous,courageous,erroneous,courteous,-,al(-ial,-ical),accidental,professional,residential,musical,philosophical,31,English Lexicology(II),31/113,5.3 Suffixation,2)Adjective Suffixes,Deverbal suffixes,-,able(-ible,-uble),debatable,drinkable,changeable,perishable,permissible,visible,dissoluble,soluble,-,ive(-ative,-sive),attractive,reflective,productive,negative,decorative,talkative,affirmative,expansive,explosive,decisive,32,English Lexicology(II),32/113,5.3 Suffixation,3)Adverb Suffixes,-,ly,smoothly,personally,extremely,publicly,naturally,-,ward(s),downward,eastward,homeward,forward,-,wise,clockwise,lengthwise,weatherwise,educationwise,taxwise,moneywise,33,English Lexicology(II),33/113,5.3 Suffixation,4)Verb suffixes,-ate,Originate,hyphenate,-,en,Deepen,harden,strengthen,hasten,-,ify,Solidify,modify,beautify,classify,identify,-,ize(-ise),Symbolize,computerize,legalize,publicize,specialize,34,English Lexicology(II),34/113,5.3 Suffixation,False,Sterile,Intense,Fat,Horror,Memory,Apology,Falsify,Sterilize,Intensify,Fatten,Horrify,Memorize,Apologize,35,English Lexicology(II),35/113,5.4 Conversion,The definition of conversion,Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix.It is also called,zero derivation(,零位派生,),.,36,English Lexicology(II),36/113,5.4 Conversion,Major types of conversion,Noun-verb conversion,Verb-noun conversion,Adjective-noun conversion,37,English Lexicology(II),37/113,5.4 Conversion,Noun-verb conversion,He,elbowed,his way through the crowd.,Problems,snowballed,by the hour.,The newspaper,headlined,his long record of accomplishments.,Kissinger got the plans and,helicoptered,to Camp David.,38,English Lexicology(II),38/113,5.4 Conversion,Abuse,Advice,House,Use,Belief,Grief,Shelf,mouth,Abuse,Advise,House,Use,Believe,Grieve,ShelveMouth,Changes of pronunciation and spelling,39,English Lexicology(II),39/113,5.4 Conversion,Verb-noun conversion,He was admitted to the university after a three-year,wait,.,This little restaurant is quite a,find,.,It is a good,buy,.,He took a close,look,at the machine.,doubt,smell,desire,want,attempt,hit,reply,divide,40,English Lexicology(II),40/113,5.4 Conversion,Verb-noun conversion,Phrasal verb-noun conversion,Right branching,Left branching,Break down,Breakdown,Break out,Outbreak,Pick up,Pick-up,Spill over,Overspill,Take over,Take-over,Start up,Upstart,Get together,Get-together,Put in,Input,Break through,Breakthrough,Keep up,upkeep,41,English Lexicology(II),41/113,5.4 Conversion,Conflict,Abstract,Contrast,Decrease,Discount,Export,Rebel,Permit,Progress,Protest,Transfer,Transplant,Survey,Torment,Shift of stress,42,English Lexicology(II),42/113,5.4 Conversion,Adjective-noun conversion,Partial conversion,Complete conversion,43,English Lexicology(II),43/113,5.4 Conversion,Adjective-noun conversion,Partial conversion,Denoting a quality or a state common to a group of person:t,he deaf,the blind,the poor,the wounded,Denoting peoples of a nation(ending in sh,-se,-ch):,the English,the Chinese,the Danish,the Scotch,Denoting a quality in the abstract:,a strong dislike for the sentimental,to distinguish the false and the true,from the sublime to the ridiculous,Denoting a single person(converted from participles):,the accused,the deceased,the deserted,the condemned,44,English Lexicology(II),44/113,5.4 Conversion,Adjective-noun conversion,Complete conversion,A,native,two natives,a returned native,He is a,natural,for the job.,Tom is one of our,regulars,he comes in for a drink about this time every night.,To them she is not a brusque,crazy,but appropriately passionate.,They are the,creatives,in the advertising department.,45,English Lexicology(II),45/113,5.5 Compounding,The definition of compounding,Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit,a compound word,.It is a common device which has been productive at every period of the English language.Today,the largest number of new words are formed by compounding,.,46,English Lexicology(II),46/113,5.5 Compounding,Forms of compounds,Solid:bedtime,honeymoon,Hyphenated:above-mentioned,town-planning,Open:reading material,hot line,47,English Lexicology(II),47/113,5.5 Compounding,Types of compounds,Noun compounds,Adjective compounds,Verb compounds,48,English Lexicology(II),48/113,5.5 Compounding,Noun compounds,Headache,housekeeping,hot line,swimming pool,raindrop,breakdown,biological clock,identity crisis,49,English Lexicology(II),49/113,5.5 Compounding,Adjective compounds,Weather-beaten,rocks,peaceloving,people,everlasting,friendship,a,difficult-to-operate,machine,a,made-up,story,an,on the spot,inspection,taxfree,products,fire-proof,dress,50,English Lexicology(II),50/113,5.5 Compounding,Verb compounds,Formed by back-formation,house-keep,from,housekeeper,windowshop,from,window-shopping,mass produce,from,mass production,hen-peck,from,hen-pecked,spoon-feed,from,spoon-fed,.,51,English Lexicology(II),51/113,5.5 Compounding,Verb compounds,Formed by conversion,to blue-print,to cold-shoulder,to outline,to honeymoon,to snowball,to chain-smoke,to sweet-talk,to job-hop.,52,English Lexicology(II),52/113,Chapter 6 Word-Formation II:The Minor Processes,6.1,Blending,6.2,Backformation,6.3,Shortening,6.4,Analogy,53,English Lexicology(II),53/113,6.1 Blending,The definition of blending,Blending,（,拼缀法）,is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words.The result of such a process is called,a blend or telescopic word or portmanteau word,.Blending is thus a process of both,compounding and abbreviation,.Structurally blends may be divided into four types.,54,English Lexicology(II),54/113,6.1 Blending,Examples,news