ANTIBIOTIC-SENSITIVITY.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,AntibioticsIn The Environment,Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section,Office of Public Health,Louisiana Dept of Health&Hospitals,.Your Taxes at Work.,phone:[phone],fax:[phone],Drugs for Human Treatmentare Excreted into Sewage,Some drugs excreted in unmetabolized amounts via the urine and feces,Some yield bioactive metabolites.,Some excreted as conjugates,Drugs for Human Treatmentare Excreted into Sewage,Metabolism of Antibiotics,Raw Sewage,Antibiotics are Escaping into the Environment,Household chemicals can enter streams through wastewater discharges.,Wastewater treatment facility near Atlanta,Georgia,Other Sources,Leaching from municipal landfills,Direct discharge of raw sewage(storm overflow events&residential“straight piping”),Sewage discharge from cruise ships(millions of passengers per year),Veterinary Medicines in the Environment,Antibiotics to Cure Plants,Antibiotics to Cure Plants,Antibiotic use in the United States in 1999 by crop,Data obtained from databases maintained by the USDAs National Agricultural Statistics Service,Aquaculture,Terramycin for Fish(oxytetracycline),approved to treat catfish,salmonids and lobster,bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia/pseudomonas disease in catfish,ulcer disease,furunculosis,bacterial hemorrhagic septicemia&pseudomonas,bacterial disease gaffkemia in lobster,Potentiated sulfonamide:(Romet-30;ormetoprim:sulfadimethoxine),enteric septicemia of catfish and furunculosis in salmonids,Sulfamerazine,How Much Antibiotics?22,000 t,11,000 t dispensed to humans(50%),in 150 million prescriptions,written annually by physicians,8-10,000 t given to animals(40%),to treat or prevent infections,mixed into feed to promote growth of agricultural animals,20-30 t Plant(0.1%),30-200 t Aquaculture(1%),Recent Awareness,Prior discovery delayed primarily by limitations in analytical environmental chemistry(ultra-trace enrichment and detection).,Environmental Persistence,Continual input to aquatic environment via sewage,persistence for compounds that otherwise possess no inherent environmental stability,Bacterial chemostat:pseudo-persistent chemicals,Significance?,Toxicological significance for both humans and ecological exposure to multiple chemicals at trace concentrations(ppb-ppt)for long durations is poorly understood.,Who is Looking?,USGS Survey,Pharmaceuticals,hormones,and other organic wastewater contaminants were measured in 139 streams during 1999 and 2000.,What to Look at?,Not everything that can be counted counts,Not everything that counts can be counted,(Einstein),Not everything that can be measured is worth measuring,Not everything worth measuring is measured,(Environmental corollary),Veterinary and Human Antibiotics Monitored by USGS,Tetracyclines,Chlortetracycline,Doxycycline,Oxytetracycline,Tetracycline,Fluoroquinolones,Ciprofloxacin,Enrofloxacin,Norfloxacin,Sarafloxacin,Macrolides,Erythromycin-H2O(metabolite),Tylosin,Roxithromycin,Sulfonamides,Sulfachlorpyridazine,Sulfamerazine,Sulfamethazine,Sulfathiazole,Sulfadimethoxine,Sulfamethiazole,Sulfamethoxazole,Others,Lincomycin,Trimethoprim,Carbadox,Virginiamycin,Which Antibiotics,Most frequently detected antibiotics by USGS,4 used to treat humans%of samples,Erythromycin for pneumonias 22,Lincomycin for strep throat 19,Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole 27&19,for middle ear,urinary tract,respiratory tract and HIV-opportunistic infections,Tylosin-fifth most frequently detected antibiotic,for beef cattle and swine production 14,9 other antibiotics:,tetracycline,chlortetracycline,oxytetracycline,ciprofloxacin,norfloxacin,roxithromycin,sulfadimethoxine,sulfamethazine,sulfamethizole,Levels,Antibiotic levels low(2g/L,Even low-level concentrations in environment could increase the rate at which pathogenic bacteria develop resistance to these compounds,Problem not Limited to Antibiotics,