句子翻译技巧二英译汉.ppt

Click to edit Master title style,Click to edit Master text styles,Second level,Third level,Fourth level,Fifth level,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,1,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,句子翻译技巧二英译汉,句子翻译技巧二英译汉句子翻译技巧二英译汉句子英译汉的基本措施句式变化,句序变化,句子体现,句子英译汉的基本措施,句式变化,句序变化,句子体现,句子英译汉的基本措施,句式变化,复合句简朴句,简朴句复合句,复合句不一样类型的复合句,简朴句：只有一种主语和一种谓语的句子称为简朴句。,复合句：复合句由一种主句和一种或一种以上的从句构成。,句子英译汉的基本措施,句式变化,时间次序,逻辑次序,句子英译汉的基本措施,其他状况（描述与评论的次序）：,It is important that everyone does his duty.,每个人各司其责，这一点是很重要的。,It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want a wife.,凡有产业的独身汉，总要娶位太太，这已经是一条举世公认的真理。,The idea that the life cut short is unfulfilled is illogical.,认为生命中途夭折就不圆满，这种见解是没有道理的。,句子英译汉的基本措施,句式变化,被动态积极态(积极态被动态),正面体现背面体现(背面体现正面体现),Many teenagers dont know what education means to them.,诸多青少年不懂得教育的意义2.A force is needed to move an object against mertia.,需要一种力来使物体克服惯性而运动。,3.The time was when we were happy and gay.,那时候,我们无忧无虑。,4.She came on Monday,when I was busy doing an experiment.,她星期一来的，那天我正忙着做试验。,5.He had hardly gone to bed when the door bell rang.,他,刚刚,睡下，门铃,就,响了。,6.If he doesnt come before 12 oclock,we wont wait for him.,假如他12点前不来，我们就不等他了。,7.The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward.,风刮得那么大，我们,简直,寸步难行。,8.We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.,我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国持续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们读到这方面的消息时，心里颇为不安。,10.The pyramids stand huge and silent.,金字塔巍然矗立，庄严厉穆。,9.Every moment of every day,energy is being transformed from one form into another.,每时每刻,，能量,都在,由一种形式变为另一种形式。,否认含义,英语的否认大体有如下几种：,完全否认,部分否认,双重否认,否认的转移,He would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life.,叫他干什么他都乐意，只要不再过以往那种日子就行。,2.Nothing in the world moves faster than light.,世界上,没有任何东西,比光传播得快。,3.There are not many classmates who agree with me.,同意我意见的同学,不多,。,4.One could not be too careful when driving a car.,驾车时,越,小心,越,好。,（或,:,驾车时,再小心也不为过,。）,5.Not until the invention of the high altitude rocket did the direct study of the upper atmosphere become possible.,直到发明高空火箭之后，直接研究上层大气才成为也许。,练习四,6.All graduates from the Foreign Language Institute will not be competent to be interpreters.,外语学院的毕业生,并非人人都,将胜任口译工作。,7.The contemporary phenomenon of motorcar worship is to be explained not least by the sense of independence and freedom that ownership entails.,现代社会崇尚汽车的现象其部分原因可以解释为：一种人有了汽车，便可以自由行动，不依赖他人。,8.The value of loss in this equation is so small that we can overlook it.,在这个方程式中，损耗值小到可以忽视不计。,9.Ocean-going ships,equipped with radar,are safe from collision with other ships.,远洋船只要装上雷达后，就不会跟其他船只相撞。,10.But that the careful check were made,many errors in the blue print could not be discovered.,要不是通过仔细检查，蓝图中许多错误不也许发现。,There be 构造,带地点状语的there be构造,1、译成带主语的“有”（原句中的地点状语作主语）,2、译成无主句的“有”（“某处有”）,不带地点状语的there be构造,1、把原句主语部分拆开，一部分译成主语，另一部分译成谓语“有”的宾语,2、译成汉语无主句“有”或其他动词,其他译法,There are rich natural resources in China中国有,丰富的自然资源。,2.There are three main kinds of food:carbohydrates,fats and proteins.,食物重要有三种：碳水化合物，脂肪和蛋白质。,3.Is there any flour in the kitchen?,厨房里有,面粉吗？,4.But there had been too much publicity about his case.,但他的事目前已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。,5.There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.,这一带我不熟悉，天黑后来继续进行调查，获得成果的但愿不大。,练习五,6.There is another problem in referring to the USA,since some Latin American countries are also“United States.”.,USA这个称呼尚有此外一种问题，由于某些拉丁美洲国家也是United States（“合众国”）。,7.There was another long pause and then he said unsteadily,“All right”.He sounded far away,as if he has partially covered the mouthpiece with his hand.,又停止了好长一会儿，然后他颤声说道：“好吧。”他的声音听上去很遥远，仿佛他用手半捂着电话的话筒似的。,8.There are also some reporters there;in fact,there are quite a few.,那儿有某些记者，实际上，记者还不少。,9.There are no greys in his picture of the world;everything is either diabolically black or celestially white.,在他的世界里没有灰色；每样东西不是地狱般的黑暗，就是天堂同样的明亮。,10.There are some old people dancing in the hall.,（有）某些老人在大厅里跳舞。,名词性从句,主语从句,1、由关系代词引导的主语从句，一般可按原文语序翻译,2、由it作形式主语的主语从句，翻译时位置可前可后,宾语从句,翻译时一般不需要变化其位置。（it作形式宾语或介词宾语时，合适调整语序）,表语从句,一般也不必变化语序,同位语从句,1、基本保持原文语序,2、译为类似定语的构造或独成一句。,3、加入冒号、破折号或“这样”、“这一”、“即”等字眼,4、变化原文的同位语构造，用无主句或其他方式译出。,It has been roughly estimated that 40%of human diseases are the result of infection by bacteria.,有人粗略估计，人的40%疾病是由细菌感染导致的。,2.He boasts that a slave is free the moment his feet touch British soil and he sells the children of the poor at 6 years of age to work under the lash in the factories for 16 hours a day.,他吹嘘说，任何奴隶一踏上英国的土地就获得自由，而他却出卖穷人家六岁的孩子到工厂干活，每天十六小时，受尽鞭打和责骂,3.When imaginative scientists first suggested the possibility that one person could speak directly to another over a long distance,few people took them seriously.,当富有想象力的科学家最初提出某人也许同相隔遥远的另一人直接通话时，很少有人认真看待他们。,练习六,5.He was puzzled that I did not want what was obviously a“step”toward what all Americans are taught to want when they grow up:money and power.,所有美国人受的教育是长大成人后应当追求金钱和权力，而我却偏偏不要明明是朝这个目的前进的工作，他对此大为不解。,4.Im wondering if the heart of all new ideas lies in the borrowing,adding,combining or modifying of old ones.,我想懂得：一切创新，实质上与否就是对旧事物的借鉴、充实、组合或修改。,6.The blunt truth of the matter is that human being s are not designed for tasks which require relentless vigilance:for the sophisticated human brain these are fatiguing and boring.,显而易见的事实是：人体的构造不是为了做那些精神一直保持高度集中的工作而设计的，由于这些工作会使复杂的人脑疲劳生厌。,7.There has long been a superstition among mariners that porpoises will save drowning men by pushing them to the surface,or protect them from sharks by surrounding them in defensive formation.,很久以来，海员中有一种迷信，认为海豚会把溺水的人推到水面，或者在溺水的人周围形成防御队形，保护他们不受鲨鱼伤害。,9.In addition English is the language of commerce and the second language of many countries which formerly had French and German in that position.,此外，英语还是许多国家的贸易语言和第二语言。而在这此前，这些国家都是以法语和德语为贸易语言和第二语言的。,8.Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry,and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds.,再者，显而易见的是一种国家的经济实力与其工业和农业生产效率亲密有关，而效率的提高则又有赖于多种科技人员的努力。,10.It is beyond imagination how shockingly commercialized the world of professional sports is and how much money has been poured into advertising to boost public interest in sports.,人们很难想象职业体育的商业化是何等惊人，很难想象为激发公众爱好而投入了多少广告费。,定语从句,前置译法,后置译法,融合法,which,和,as,引导的较特殊的定语从句的翻译,译成状语从句,At once the sky grew dark,and the ground opened up near the spot where they were standing.,天一下子黑了下来，在,他们站的,地方附近，地面裂开了。,2.Late 19,th,century saw all the universities in the United States adopt the credit system,which benefited students a great deal.,十九世纪末，美国所有大学已实行学分制，,学生们从中受益匪浅,。,3.For them,who are used to using feet and inches,this is apt to be confusing.,像他们习常用“英尺”和“英寸”的人，对这种算法很难弄清。,练习六,4.Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully,which shows that the computations were accurate.,不过问题还是圆满处理了，这阐明计算是精确的。,5.Iron is not so strong as steel which is an alloy of iron with some other elements.,铁的强度不如钢，由于钢是铁与其他某些元素的合金。,6.Electronic computers,which have many advantages,can not carry out creative work and replace man.,虽然电子计算机有许多长处，但它们不能进行发明性工作，也替代不了人。,7.Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor.,美国人的,许多风俗习惯似乎令初来乍到的游客费解,。,8.A few stars are known which are hardly bigger than the earth,but the majority are so large that hundreds of thousands of earths could be packed inside each and leave room to spare;here and there we come upon a giant star large enough to contain millions of millions of earths.,人们懂得有些恒星并不比地球大多少，但绝大多数恒星却非常巨大，每个星球容纳成千上万个地球还绰绰有余。我们到处都能见到大得足以包容亿万个地球的巨星。,9.There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expense than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee,the lightness of the cake,or the attractiveness of the house,which may be her chief interest and pride.,最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神和费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她丈夫谈政治，谈生意，却没注意到香喷喷的咖啡，松软的糕点，和房间内讲究的陈设，而这些却也许是她最感爱好并引认为荣的东西。,10.Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged,biochemical changes occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.,研究人员证明人们在动脑筋时，大脑中会有生化变化，这种变化使大脑在注意力和记忆力此类认知领域方面愈加有效地活动。,状语从句,前置译法,后置译法,转译,连词省译,When the modern chicken farm is finished,we will produce 50,000 chickens a year.,这座现代化的养鸡场建成之后,，每年能产,5,万只鸡。,2.As she had lots of time,she decided to go to the Washington Monument first.,时间还早,，她决定先到华盛顿纪念碑去一下。,3.They were obviously doing the right thing,and she would defend them,whatever anyone said.,显然他们这样做是对的，,不管谁怎么说，,她也要为他们辩护。,练习六,4.Well let you use the room on condition that you will keep it clean and tidy.,假如你们能保持整洁的话，我们可以让你们用这个房间。,5.Even if he did throw the police off his trail,shell go and give him away.,虽然刚刚警察没能追上他，她也会去汇报的。,6.Probably he had stood there for some time,because the ash of his cigar was discovered on the ground near the gate.,他也许曾在那里站过一会，由于在门口地上发现了他的雪茄烟灰。,7.She was both pleased and displeased that her friend heard these insinuations.,她又喜又恼，由于这些冷嘲热讽的话已经给她的朋友听到了。,练习六,8.We do not read history simply for pleasure,but in order that we may discover the laws of political growth and change我们读历史不单纯是为了娱乐，,而是为了可以从中发现政治发展和政治演变的规律。,9.The more he considered his plan,the more hopeful it seemed to him.,他越揣摩，越觉得他的计划是有但愿的。,10.Young people like the thriller even if they are devoid of substance.,惊险小说虽然言之无物，年轻人也喜欢。,练习六,长 句,顺译法,逆译法,分译法,综合法,It was on a Sunday evening,when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem,that he heard the gate swing to,and saw the girl coming running among the trees,with the red-cheeked,stolid Joe in swift pursuit.,一种星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面听画眉鸟的啼鸣，一面在写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔来，背面跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。,10.The world today is filled with dangers,hence the sick joke that the reason we have not been contacted by an alien civilization is that civilizations tend to destroy themselves when they reach our stage.,当今世界充斥危险，因此就有了那个令人毛骨悚然的玩笑，说我们尚未受到外星文明拜访的原因在于：但凡文明发展到我们目前的程度，它们往往就自我消灭了。,“长句并非不困难，但难的不在于传神，而在,于重心的安排。长句中往往只有极短的一句（,simple,sentence,）中间加入三四个副句，而副句中又有,participle,的副句。在译文中统统拆了开来，往往宾主不,分，轻重全失。为了保持原文的重心有时不得不把副句抽,出先放在头上，到末了再译那句短的正句。”,-,傅雷,长句的翻译措施,重心的安排,主次的先后,形式的变通,语境的规定,1,重心调整,在复合句中，英语的主句为重要部分，一般放在句首，即,重心在前。而汉语则一般按照逻辑、时间的先后次序，将,重要部分放在句末，形成后中心。此外，英语是先表态，,后阐明状况，而汉语则往往先阐明状况，后表态。因此，,译文要注意“重心调整”。,And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born,and the kind of people among whom he was born.,他出生在这一类人中间，他出生在这种地方，他有这样的母亲；这些要是让她懂得了的话，他懂得那该有多么丢人。,5.Harry grew tired of watching the crowding lorries,the mount police with their effect of sleek menace,the utility van dashing about,taking down and sending out wireless messages,the lieutenant confusedly studying the map to make out what the messages meant and appealing for aid now and then to the sergeant.,卡车挤来挤去，骑警气势汹汹，轻型面包车来回奔跑，无线电讯来来往往，中尉忙乱地在研究地图，以便弄清这些电讯的意思，并不时向中士求援，这一切哈里都看厌了。,2,逻辑把关,翻译的内容与构思，必然是合乎逻辑的。我们在翻译时要,运用逻辑分析的措施，防止语言混乱的误译现象。,4.The law of universal gravitation states that every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.,根据万有引力定律的论述，宇宙中每一质点都以一种力吸引其他各个质点这种力与各质点的质量的乘积成正比，与它们之间距离的平方成反比。,7.Americans who would be patriots must try to learn what it is that they have in common,what it is in the republic that is worth cherishing and preserving;until they know that,their patriotism will have no more content than a bright,loud afternoon parade.,美国人假如想要成为真正的爱国之士，就必须努力探求他们之间的共同之处，努力探求在这个国度里值得爱惜和遵守不渝的究竟是什么。假如他们不能理解这一点，那么他们的所谓爱国主义充其量只是一次午后的庆祝游行：炫耀一番，喧闹一场而已。,8.Computer languages may range from detailed low level close to that immediately understood by the particular computer,to the sophisticated high level which can be rendered automatically acceptable to a wide range of computers.,计算机语言有低级的也有高级的。前者比较繁琐，很靠近于特定计算机直接能懂的语言；后者比较复杂，适应范围广，能自动为多种计算机所接受。,3,形式变通,由于英汉句式的不一样，将英语句子直接译为汉语的句子在,诸多状况下是行不通的。因此，要根据句意做合适变通。,长句的翻译措施,4.,意向取舍,英语长句的句子成分较多，翻译时存在着怎样在译文中重,新安排的问题。在有上下文的状况下，对长句的翻译决不,应当只孤立地考虑语法构造，还要注意作者在组织安排句,子构造及次序时的意向性（intentionality）。要尽可,能地照顾译文读者的思维方式和体现习惯，结合译文特点，,体现译文优势。,The method normally employed for free electrons to be produced in electron tubes is thermionic emission,in which advantage is taken of the fact that,if a solid body is heated sufficiently,some of the electrons that it contains will escape from its surface into the surrounding space.,固体加热到足够温度时，它所含的电子就会有一部分离开固体表面而飞逸到周围的空间中去；这种现象称为热电子放射；一般,电子管就运用这种现象产生自由电子。,6.There are swift flowing rivers,slow,sluggish rivers,mighty rivers with several mouths,rivers that carry vast loads of alluvium to the sea,clear,limpid rivers,rivers that at some seasons of the year have very much more water than at others,rivers that are made to generate vast quantities of electricity by their power,and rivers that carry great volumes of traffic.,有的河流水流湍急，有的河流速缓慢，有的大河出海口有好几处，有的河带着大量冲击土入海，有的河清澈见底，有的河水量在一年中的某些季节较少，而在某些季节里却多得多，有的河运用其动力大量发电，有的河所承担的运送量很大。,长句的翻译措施,重心的安排,主次的先后,形式的变通,语境的规定,It was on a Sunday evening,when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem,that he heard the gate swing to,and saw the girl coming running among the trees,with the red-cheeked,stolid Joe in swift pursuit.,一种星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面听画眉鸟的啼鸣，一面在写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，接着看见那姑娘从树丛里奔来，背面跟着那呆头呆脑的红脸的乔。,2.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born,and the kind of people among whom he was born.,他出生在这一类人中间，他出生在这种地方，他有这样的母亲；这些要是让她懂得了的话，他懂得那该有多么丢人。,练习六,4.The law of universal gravitation states that every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other with a force which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.,根据万有引力定律的论述，宇宙中每一质点都以一种力吸引其他各个质点。这种力与各质点的质量的乘积成正比，与它们之间距离的平方成反比。,3.The method normally employed for free electrons to be produced in electron tubes is thermionic emission,in which advantage is taken of the fact that,if a solid body is heated sufficiently,some of the electrons that it contains will escape from its surface into the surrounding space.,固体加热到足够温度时，它所含的电子就会有一部分离开固体表面而飞逸到周围的空间中去；这种现象称为热电子放射；一般,电子管就运用这种现象产生自由电子。,5.Harry grew tired of watching the crowding lorries,the mount police with their effect of sleek menace,the utility van dashing about,taking down and sending out wireless messages,the lieutenant confusedly studying the map to make out what the messages meant and appealing for aid now and then to the sergeant.,卡车挤来挤去，骑警气势汹汹，轻型面包车来回奔跑，无线电讯来来往往，中尉忙乱地在研究地图，以便弄清这些电讯的意思，并不时向中士求援，这一切哈里都看厌了。,6.There are swift flowing rivers,slow,sluggish rivers,mighty rivers with several mouths,rivers that carry vast loads of alluvium to the sea,clear,limpid rivers,rivers that at some seasons of the year have very much mo