《英语应用文写作》写作基础知识.ppt

单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,英语应用文写作,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,（,Sentences,）,（,Paragraphs,）,（,Essay,）,(Basic Writing Skills),英语应用文写作多媒体课件,1.1.1.,英语基本句型,（,Basic Elements of a Sentence,）,英语句子的主要构成成份有：,S=Subject,主语,V=Verb,动词,O=Object,宾语,C=Complement,补语,A=Adverbial,状语,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,英语的七种基本句型：,SV:,主谓,SVO:,主谓宾,SVC:,主谓补,SVA:,主谓状,SVOO:,主谓（间接）宾（直接）宾,SVOC:,主谓宾补,SVOA:,主谓宾状,此外还有比较常用的,There be,句型，,表示,“,存在，有,”,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,Your dinner seems ready.(),I must send my parents a Christmas card.(),That class interested me.(),My school is on the next street.(),Many students find that book very helpful.(),You may put your umbrella under the table.(),She was smiling.(),We have made her the head of our group.(),同步练习,Now read the following sentences and tell which clause type they belong to.,SVC,SVOO,SVO,SVA,SVOC,SVOA,SV,SVOC,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,1.1.3.,有效句子,(Effective Sentences),英语应用文写作多媒体课件,完整的句子,(Completeness),清晰的句子,(Clarity),简洁的句子,(Conciseness),平行结构的句子,（,Parallelism),5.,灵活多变的句子,(Variety,),英语应用文写作多媒体课件,1.,写完整的句子,(Completeness),一个完整的句子既包括结构上的完整，也包括意义上的完整。,(1),结构上的完整,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,Wrong,:,Friendly people,another thing I like about college.,Correct,:,Friendly people,thats,another thing I like about college.,Wrong,:,Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly.Because they know how to listen.,Correct,:,Some people have a natural ability to learn languages quickly,because,they know how to listen.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,None of the following sentences are complete.,Make,necessary corrections to make them complete.,1.I dislike dogs because very smelly(,气味难闻,).,2.The dogs always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit.,-I dislike dogs because,they are,very smelly.,-The dogs,are,always noisy and try to jump on me when I go to visit,them,.,3.Ways of naming new babies different around the world.,-Ways,of,naming,new,babies,are,different,around,the,world.,同步练习,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,4.In,Guangzhou,is,hotter,than,in,Beijing,.,5.Dogs love to play with sticks.For example,go to get a stick if you throw it.,-In,Guangzhou,it,is,hotter,than,in,Beijing.,-Dogs love to play with sticks.For example,they,go to get a stick if you throw it.,-It,s,too cold in this room.,6.Is too cold in this room.,7.Because we dont have enough time to take care of a pet.,8.A book that you like.,-,That is,a book that you like.,-Because we dont have enough time to take care of a pet,we dont keep one.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,2.写清晰的句子,(Clarity),写作要注意句子的清晰度。以下几种情况妨碍文章的清晰，影响读者的理解。,(1),缺乏必要的细节。,简洁尽管重要，但必要细节的缺乏也会使读者产生误解甚至不知所云。例如：,a.,He loves sports much more than his sister.,b.When a person gets married,you take on new responsibilities.,c.The city has about one million.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,a,句既可理解为“他比妹妹更喜欢运动”，也可以理解为“他喜爱运动胜过喜爱他妹妹”。为了使意义清晰明了，应该在该句的后半部补上相应的谓语：,修改,：,He loves sports much more than,his sister does.,或：,He loves sports much more than,he loves his sister,.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,b.When a person gets married,you take on new responsibilities.,b,句中的,a person,和,you,指代不明。,应改为：,When a person gets married,he takes,on new responsibilities.(,泛指,),或：,When you get married,you take on new,responsibilities.(,特指,),c.The city has about one million.,c,句中，“,one million”,究竟指什么，缺乏必要的细节说明，应改为：,修改：,The city has a population of one million.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,(2),缺乏连贯性。,一个完整的意思被不必要地切割成几个句子，这样,一连串的短句由于未能体现出相互间的关系，读起来费,解，妨碍思维,。,为了使句子连贯，应注意不要将联系密切的词分开；,应围绕一个中心意思，多用修饰语（如分词短语、介词短,语、从句等）。例如：,Some people can not distinguish between colors.they are,said to be color-blinded.,此句将其中一句改成定语从句,应该为,：,Some people,who can not distinguish between,colors,are said to be color-blinded.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,b.He found the kitchen window open.He put a ladder against the window.He climbed in,.,此句子可改为：,Finding the kitchen window open,he put a ladder against it and climbed in.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,语态和主语的随意转换。,He was running very hard in the race and his ankle was broken.,应改为：,He was running very hard in the race and broke his ankle.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,b.The teacher left the classroom after the lecture was finished.,应改为：,The teacher left the classroom after he finished the lecture.,或：,Having finished the lecture,the teacher left the classroom.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,c.,She reviewed the lessons and all the exercises,assigned by the teacher were done,.,应改为,：,She reviewed the lessons and did all the exercises assigned by the teacher.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,人称和数的随意转换。,a.If one has talents,we will be,likely to succeed.,应改为：,If one has talents,one will be likely,to succeed.,或,:,If we have talents,we will be likely,to succeed.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,b.If a person is selfish,they will have few friends.,应改为：,b.If a person is selfish,he will have few friends.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,代词指代不明。,The pollution in this area is serious;they should,do something about it.,应改为：,The pollution in this area is serious;the government,should do something about it.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,同步练习,:,Correct the following sentences if necessary,There,are,always a lot of good news over the radio.,Each of the plans,has,its advantage.,Either you or I,are,to clean the room.,All those who want to go on the trip should get,his,equipment ready immediately.,is,am,their,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,5.,Paid little attention to his table manners.,6.The teacher giving such a hard exam.,-,He,paid little attention to his table manners.,(add a subject),-,The teacher,is,giving such a hard exam.,(add a helping verb),英语应用文写作多媒体课件,7.When only five years old,my father took me to a circus,(,杂技团,).,_,When only five years old,I was taken to,a circus by my father.,_,When I was only five years old,my father,took me to a circus.,8.A car drove down the street,decked with ribbon,.,（用缎带装饰起来的）,_,A car,decked with ribbon,drove down the street.,(Misplaced modifier,误置修饰语）,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,3.,写简洁的句子,(Conciseness),简洁就是用尽可能少的词表达尽可能充分的意思。在不改变句子意义的情况下，在能用词的地方，不用短语；在能用短语的地方不用句子。,英语应用文写作多媒体课件比较下列两个句子：,a.He expresses a number of clever expressions much to the audiences delight.,He delighted the audience with his clever expressions,b.This morning I went to the classroom,when I got there,I saw many people in the classroom.,This morning I went to the classroom,and saw many people there.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,要想使句子简洁应注意以下几点：,(1),避免重复意义相同的词。,a.It was blue,in color,.,b.It was small,in size,.,c.,In my opinion,I think your plan is,feasible.,d.Mary is a quiet and careful,woman,.,以上划线部分都属于意义重复，应去掉。,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,又如：,He gave many reasons for his failure,but,the reasons he gave,were not convincing.,应改为He gave many reasons for his failure,but none,of them was convincing.,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,(2),避免使用累赘的词,。,累赘的词指的是拖泥带水，啰啰唆唆的词或词组。例如：,She was told,of the fact,that eating junk food,might harm her health.,b.Mrs.Smith likes to drink all kinds of wines,that are,produced in France.,c.,There are,some students,who,cheat in exams.,以上划线部分都是累赘的词，应去掉。,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,同步练习,The chairman will give up his job next,year because of old age.,-The chairman will,retire,next year.,The woman who is dressed in black over there,is the person who is now in charge of our sales department.,-The woman,in black,over there is,the,manager,of our sales department.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,同步练习,1.She spends her free time reading,listening to music,and she works in the garden.,She spends her free time reading,listening to music and,working,in the garden.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,2.The teacher told us that we should read our text and to write a short review of it.,The teacher told us that we should,read,our text and,write,a short review of it.,Or:,The teacher told us,to read,our text and,write,a short review of it.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,3.Mr.Butler is a man of wide experience and who is very popular with his co-workers.,Mr.Butler is a man of,wide experience,and,great popularity,among his co-workers,.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,4.Would you prefer to go for a walk outside or staying indoors?,Would you prefer to go for a walk outside or,stay,indoors?,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,5.Please clean the kitchen,the heat must turn down,and lock the doors,.,Please clean the kitchen,turn down the heat,and,lock the doors.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,6.The manager told Henry that he had only two choices:to work harder or leaving the company.,The manager told Henry that he had only two choices:to work harder or,to leave the company.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,7.My best friend is honest,clever,and works hard.,My best friend is honest,clever,and,hard-working.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,8.After the long trip,I was tired out,thirsty,and wanted to eat.,After the long trip,I was,tired out,thirsty,and hungry,.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,5.,写灵活多变的句子,(Variety),要使文章生动吸引人，写作时要经常变换句型和句子结构。,(1),句子开头多样化,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,分词或分词短语开头。,a.We reached our destination exhausted.,应该为：,Exhausted,we reached our,destination.,b.I finished my homework and began to review the lessons.,应该为：,Having finished my homework,I,began to review the lessons.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,形容词开头。,He was intelligent and hard-working,and he graduated with honors.,应该为：,Intelligent and hard-working,he,graduated with honors.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,介词短语开头。,a.The girl was in despair and turned to her friends for help.,应该为：,In despair,the girl turned to,her friends for help.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,不定式短语开头。,a.He worked hard day and night to pass the exams.,应该为：,To pass the exams,he worked,hard day and night.,b.He spoke slowly and emphatically to make everything clear.,应该为：,To make everything clear,he,spoke slowly and emphatically.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,(,Paragraphs),英语应用文写作多媒体课件,Topic Sentence(general),Supporting Sentence No.1(specific),(explanation,example,or more details),Supporting Sentence,No.2,(specific),Supporting Sentence,No.3,(specific),Concluding Sentence(general),英语应用文写作多媒体课件,主题句,(Topic Sentence),主题句在英语段落中起着举足轻重的作用。英语段落的主题句大多位于句首，但也有居于中间或末尾的。主题句位于句首，开段明义，让读者很快就能了解作者要说明的问题。例如：,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,Lets Speak for Ourselves,Most of us depend too much on preprinted greeting cards to express our feelings on special occasion.,Instead of,making an effort to say what we feel,we communicate almost exclusively through words written by professional card writers.We send preprinted cards for birthday,anniversaries,congratulations,major holidays,and numerous other events.We use these cards to express love,longing,regrets,and congratulations.Most of these cards communicate their messages-our messages-through corny(,平淡的,)rhymes,or,silly jokes.What an improvement it would be,if,we purchased cards that were blank inside and took the time to write our own words,or if we telephoned or sent a handwritten note.,Our words might not be as slick,（灵巧的）,or funny as store-bought sentiments,but,they would certainly be more genuine.,Topic Sentence,Supporting,Sentences,Conclusion,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,II.,根据下列段落，选择恰当的主题句,：,My first visit was in the summer of 1974,to see the worlds Fair.The second time was in 1976,to see friends.The last time I visited New York just last month,when I went there to look for a job.Maybe soon I will be a resident of New York instead of a visitor.,I have made three visits to New York,I have visited New York four times,I will live in New York soon,Key:a.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,III.,将下列句子改写成简洁明晰的主题句：,In general,I usually go to cinema on weekend.,In my opinion,my favorite movie is,Gone with the Wind,I often think if I made a speech before others who listen to,it is hard for me to do so.,I usually go to cinema on weekend,.,Gone with the Wind is,my favorite movie,It is hard for me to made a speech before others.,Making a speech before others is hard for me,.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,1.2.2,段落的特征,（,Qualities of Effective Paragraph,）,1.,段落的统一性,(Unity),。,2.,段落的连贯性,(Coherence),。,3.,段落的完整性,(,Completeness,),。,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,1.,段落的统一性,(Unity),一个好的段落通常只有一个中心思想。段落的统一性体现在用这个中心思想来统帅全段内容，段落中的其他句子则都应围绕这一主题，一切与主题无直接关系的句子都必须删除,例如：,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,Sample 1:,Television is not only a convenient source of entertainment,but also a comparatively cheap one.,With a TV set in the family,people dont have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre,the movies,or the opera.All they have to is to push a button or turn on a knob,and they can see plays,films,operas and shows of every kind.,此段的主题句即段首句是本段的中心,（,This paragraph is about the convenience and cheapness of television,）,全段围绕这一中心展开，符合段落的统一性原则。再如：,Sample 1,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,An educated man is a tolerant man,.He respects the opinions of his friends.For example,Dr.Reynolds likes old things.He likes old paintings.He enjoys old books.He owns old furniture.Some people dont like any old thing.They dont like old paintings.They dont enjoy old books.They always buy modern furniture.Dr.Reynolds never criticizes them.He respects peoples differences.He understands human nature.He is a wise and kind man.,这种“主题句加例证”的写作格式是取得统一性的常用方法。,Sample 2,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,2.,段落的连贯性,(Coherence),。,一个好的段落除了内容要统一、完整外，还要结构连贯。连贯性指的是段落的结构是否有条理。一个段落内的各句应该有逻辑地、自然地衔接在一起，成为一个完整的整体。只有这样，读者才能跟上作者的思路，明白他讲的意思。达到连贯性的一个重要策略是使用合适的连接词。,例如：,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,Sample 1:,The moon has always been an object of interest to human beings.Until the 1960s,getting there was only a dream.Some thought that people could never reach the moon.Neil Armstrong stepped onto the lunar,(,月亮的,),surface in 1969.Moon landings have become routine,(,日常事务,),to the general public.,本段没有加连接词，比较下段加连接词的效果,。,Example,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,The moon has always been an object of interest to human beings,；,however,until the 1960s,getting there was only a dream.,Although,some thought that people could never reach the moon,Neil Armstrong stepped onto the lunar,(,月亮的,),surface in 1969.,After that,moon landings have become routine,(,日常事务,),to the general public.,经过两段的比较可以看出，,加了连接词的段落，段落内句与句之间衔接和谐、条理清晰、层次分明、通顺流畅。可见学会正确使用连接词对段落的协调连贯是非常重要的,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,II.Arrange the following sentences into paragraphs according to their logical order,.(,将下列各组句子依逻辑顺序排列成意义连贯的段落。,),A change of crop and the use of a good fertilizer will keep the land in good condition.,If we do not give it any fertilizer,the plants will be weak.,The same crop ought not to be grown in the same place every year;it is better to have a different crop.,All soil needs food.,Animal waste is the best food for the soil;but chemical fertilizers are also very useful.,-,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,Cross out 2 irrelevant sentences,Joe and I decided to take the long trip wed always across the country.We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life.Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie.We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country.Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner.To our surprise,we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much,and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,3.,段落的完整性,(,Completeness,),这里段落的完整性指整个段落在意义上的完整性。段落的中心思想必须得到充分的讨论，一个观点必须得到足够的事实支持，方可进入下一段落。换言之，写了主题句以后还必须回答与之相关的问题。否则，这个段落就是不完整的。例如：,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil.Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task.Besides,it is more useful to workyou produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.,英语应用文写作多媒体课件,It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words.Often writing is much clearer than a picture.It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means,but a careful writer can almost always explain it.,It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words.Sometimes,pictures are pretty useless t