医学英语-第一讲.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,题名的结构,Title,1,多见短语,如：名词,+,介词,Blindness,视觉缺失,After Treatment for Malignant Hypertension,名词,+,分词,Unilateral Neurogenic Pruritus Following Stroke,中风后单侧神经性瘙痒,名词,+,不定式,Suggestion to Abolish Icterus Index Determination,黄疸指数测定,where Quantitative Bilirubin Assay,胆红素定量,is Available,建议能做胆红素定量的化验室不再做黄疸指数测定,名词,+,同位语,Gentamicine,a Selective Agent for the isolation of Betahemolytic Streptoccoci(-,溶血性链球菌,),庆大霉素是分离,-,溶血性链球菌的选择性药物,名词,+,从句,Evidence,that the V-sis Gene Product Transforms by Interaction with the Receptor for Platelet-derived Growth Factor.,V-sis,基因产物由血小板生成因子受体相互作用而转化的,依据,动名词短语,Preventing Stroke in patients with Atrial Fibrillation,心旁纤颤患者中风预防,Detecting Acute Myocardial Infarction,急性心肌梗死,by Radio-immunoassay for Creative Kinase,酐激酶,用放射免疫法测定酐激酶诊断急性心肌梗死,介词短语,On Controlling Rectal Cancer,陈述句,Dietary Cholesterol,膳食胆固醇,is Co-carcinogenic,协同致癌因素,for human colon,结肠,Cancer,疑问句,Home or Hospital Births?,Is Treatment of Borderline(,零界,)Hypertension Good or Bad?,7,）时间,A Collaborative,综合,Study of Burn Nursing in China:1995-1999,格式,所有词首字母大写（除虚词之外）,只是第一个词的首字母大写,副标题中只是第一个词的首字母大写,题名中的冠词省略,题名上可加脚注,其表示方法,常用表达,资助单位，如：,To be Supported by or Supported by;Grant Support,；,or Sources of Funding,；,致谢，如：,To thank for;to be acknowledged,通讯地址，如：,Correspondence:Address or Requests for reprint should be addressed to(,索取复印本请致函。,年会报告，如：,presented at,文章来源：,From;,作者的名字格式：,LI Shizhen,或,Li Shizhen;Gao Changan,注：名中的第二个词由元音开头时，用撇号。）,收稿和出版日期：,Received.;Accepted for publication常见句式举例,1.,讨论型,Discussion of/on;An approach to;A probe into;Investigation of;Evaluation of/on,（汉语中的“初步体会”、“试论”、“浅析”之类的谦辞可以不译。直接表达本意。）,心脏性猝死,51,例临床病理,探讨,Sudden cardiac death;Clinicopathologic investigation of 51 cases.,2.,观察、报告、结果型：,An observation/Observations of/on/in,Clinical Observation on 342 Cases with Allergic Rhinitis,鼻炎,鼻粘膜炎,3.,调查类：,Survey of/on,慢性肾功能衰竭的,甲状旁腺切除,疗法,38,例调查,Parathyroidectomy in Chronic Renal Failure:Survey of 38 Cases,4.,体会经验类,:Experience in/with,；,Reflection on,治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症的新体会,Recent,Experience,with Bacillemia,菌血症,Due to Gram-negative Organisms.,5.,总结综述,Summary of/Experience of;Review of,35,例恶性高血压治疗总结,Treatment for Malignant Hypertension:An,Experience,of 35 Cases,6.,问题型,Problem of;Some Aspects on,甲状腺机能亢进手术治疗的几个问题,Certain Problems of the Surgical Treatment of Hyperparathyroiddism.,7.,探究,Study of/on/in;Probe into;Exploration of,心脏病患者血小板功能的研究,Platelet Function Studies in Heart Disease,8.,报告,Report of/on,A Report of Rosai-Dorfman,腮腺肿块病,9.,药物治疗和非药物治疗：,in the Treatment of;Management of;Treatment.with.;Use of in the treatment of Therapy of /for by,皮质激素治疗败血症休克,Use of Steroid,类固醇,in the Treatment of Clinical Septic Shock,血透析治疗牛皮癣,Treatment of Psoriasis by H,emodialysis,10.,诊断,in the diagnosis of ;Detection of in Diagnosis of by/with Detection of by,Application of to the Diagnosis of,胆石症超声波诊断,Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Gallstones.,标题的常见错误,词不达意,宫颈癌术前介入化疗的临床研究,Clinical research of cervical cancer on preoperative interventional chemotherapy,改译,:Clinical research of preoperative interventional chemotherapy,for,cervical cancer,误译漏译,高频彩超,X,线钼靶诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的价值比较及漏诊原因分析,Diagnostic value of high frequency ultrasonography and mammography for breast malignant tumor,Diagnostic value of high frequency ultrasonography and mammography for breast malignant tumor and analysis on missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis,缩略语的使用,CCK=cholecystokinin,胆囊收缩素,Effect of cholecystokinin on electricity activity of gastric distension related neurons on NTS,（孤束核中）,胆囊收缩素对,胃扩张相关神经元电活动,NTS,歧义多，应换成,Nucleus tractus solitarii,Effect of cholecystokinin on electricity activity of neurons in nucleus tractus,束,solitarii related to,gastric distension,冗词,降钙素基因相关肽与冠状动脉病变关系的探讨,Study for the relationship between,serum calcitonin gene-related peptide and coronary arteriopathy.,Serum calcitonin gene-related peptide and coronary arteriopathy.,不够醒目,正压通气治疗阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合症,Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome treated by continuous positive airway pressure,Continuous positive aireway pressure,for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,在下列英文标题中识别关键词、分析结构并翻译。,-,Sudden cardiac death,：,Clinic pathologic,investigation,of 51 cases,心脏性猝死,51例临床病理探讨,-,Paranthyroidectomy,in Chronic Renal Failure:,Survey,of 38 Cases,慢性肾功能衰竭的甲状旁腺切除疗法,38例调查,-Recent,Experience,with Bacillemia,菌血症,due to,Gram-negative Organisms,.,治疗革兰氏阴性杆菌血症的新体会,-Treatment for,Malignant Hypertension,:An,Experience,of 35 Cases,35,例恶性高血压治疗总结,-Certain,Problems,of the Surgical Treatment of,Hyperparathyroidism,.,甲状旁腺机能亢进手术治疗的几个问题,-,Platelet,Function,Studies,in Heart Disease,心脏病患者血小板功能的研究,-A,Report,of,Rosai-Dorfman,腮腺肿块性病报告,-,Use,of Steroid,（类固醇）,in the Treatment of Clinical Septic Shock,皮质激素治疗败血症休克,-,Treatment,of Psoriasis,by Hemodialysis,血液透析治疗牛皮癣,-,Ultrasonography,in the Diagnosis of,Gallstones,.,胆石症超声波诊断,请把下列句子改写成名词性短语标题,-Thyroid,(ai),甲状腺癌,cancer,is,a late consequence of head-neck irradiation,放射,改为：,Thyroid cancer,as,a late consequence of head-neck irradiation,-Coronary heart disease:Overweight and obesity are risk factors,改为：,Coronary heart disease:Overweight and obesity as risk factors,-High blood pressure is a side effect of drugs,poisons,and food,改为：,High blood pressure,:,A side effect of drugs,poisons,and food,-High uric acid,serves,as an indicator of cardiovascular disease,改为：,High uric acid as an indicator of cardiovascular disease,-Prostaglandins,前列腺素,serve,as mediators of inflammation,改为：,Prostaglandins as mediators of inflammation,1,青藤碱,sinomenine.,依赖性的实验研究,2,血管内超声评价直接管状动脉内支架置入术,stent implantation,的临床研究,3,转基因,transgenic,番茄口服液研究中卡那霉素,kanamycin,筛选方案的探讨,4,完全闭塞与非闭塞,occluded versus nonoccluded,冠状动脉病变支架植入术比较,5,灯盏花素,breviscapine,注射液治疗视网膜中央静脉阻塞后血流动力学的研究,6.,血液透析,hemodynamic,对尿毒症,uremic,患者外周树状,dendritic,细胞的影响,7.,老年人创伤,geriatric trauma,的临床分析,8.,心肌细胞的分离培养和细胞形态学观察,9.,青光眼,Glaucoma,持续高眼压手术治疗,单用吗啡与联合用药治疗转移,metastatic,骨肿瘤疼痛的疗效比较,体内外环境,vivo and in vitro,对骨髓间细胞,mesenchymal,向神经细胞分化的影响,集束电极射频治疗,electrode RF,肝恶性肿瘤疗效合并发症的,CT,评价,中国中老年人向心性肥胖,central obesity to cardiovascular,和心血管病危险因素及其聚集性,clustering,多普勒Doppler-derived flow 超声右室流出道血流参数评价肺心病右室ventricular systolic pulmonary收缩功能,变应原诱导Allergen-induced的非过敏性支气管反应性增高,庆大霉素是分离-溶血性链球菌betahemolytic streptococci的选择性药物,不同配方胃肠外营养对大鼠肝部分切除partial hepatecomy 后肝再生的影响,1 A study on the dependence of sinomenine.,2 Direct coronary stent implantation by introvascular ultrasound guidance,3 A protocol of screening by kanamycin in studies of transgenic tomato oral vaccine,4.Comparison of clinical and angiographic血管造影术outcomes of stenting for totally occluded versus nonoccluded coronary artery lesions,5.A study on hemodynamic change after treatment of central retinal vein occlusion with breviscapine injection,6.The influence of hemodialysis on dendritic cell in peripheral blood in uremic patients,7.The clinical analysis of geriatric trauma,8.Primary culture of myocardial cells and their morphological features,9.Surgical treatment of glaucoma patients with persistent intraocular hypertension,10.Comparison of therapeutic effects between single morphine and drug combination for pain in metastatic bone tumor,11.Effects of environment in vivo and in vitro on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells of bone into neural cells.,12.CT scanning for evaluation of efficiency of cluster electrode RF on heptic carcinoma and its complications,13.Relationship of central obesity to cardiovascular risk factors and their clustering in middle aged Chinese population,14.Doppler-derived flow indicates of right ventricular outflow tract for evaluation of right ventricular systolic function in patients with pulmonary heart disease.,15.Allergen-induced increase in nonallergic bronchial reactivity,16.Gentamicin,a selective agent for the isolation of betahemolytic streptococci.,17.Influence of different total parenteral nutrition support upon hepatic regeneration after partial hepatecomy in rats.,关键词和引言,Introduction,关键词,即核心词，标题所涉及的主题概念，重点要论述的问题，目的、对象、研究手段、结论等。一般用名词或名词词组，不用动词或形容词。可参见,医学文献索引,或者,Medline(,联机医学文献分析和检索系统,),中的查找主题词的翻译，选用符合国际惯例的主题词。如：淋巴癌,Lymphoma,，而不是,Lymph cancer/tumor.,引言,要简要介绍背景和理由；内容和目的。背景包括研究现状，进展、尚待解决的问题；相关的资料来源，收集方法；研究方法，预期结果，价值和意义；本人先前的一些研究介绍。例如：,第一段 课题的研究概况（背景和理由）,Helicobacter Pylori(pairo:rai)Hp,幽门杆菌,is considered to be the main aetiological agent,发病原因,of the most common form of chronic gastritis in the adult population.,Type B gastritis is localized in the antrum,窦,腔,房,and pylorus,幽门,whereas type A gastritis,the classic autoimmune gastritis,mainly occurs in the fundus底部,.H pylori positive chronic gastritis of the antrum has been found to be closely related to duodenal,十二指肠,ulcer and can lead to gastric atrophy,萎缩,a precursor,ofgastriccancer.,第二段和第三段内容和方法,Environmental factors,such as socioeconomic and educational state,seem to affect the prevalence of H pylori infection.Infection is consistently higher in Hispanic and black people than in white people and is inversely related to educational level.,The prevalence,程度,of H pylori infection is higher in close communities,密集人口,and in members of family groups than in the general population.,This may be due to relapses or reinfections between members of the same family.Furthermore,the route of transmission of H pylori remains unknown.Under natural circumstances transmission could be by the oro-oral or faecal-oral(,粪,-,口,)routes,but no strong evidence exists to support either route as the primary one,and both may be relevant depending on other factors.,第四段理由和意义,Most studies of transmission of H pylori infection within families have been conducted on parents and siblings of children referred for,针对,研究,symptoms and not on the general population.To avoid this potential selection bias,we studied part of the population of the cohort study,群组研究,to assess whether children of H pylori infected parents had higher infection rate than those families with uninfected parents.,引言部分的时态和句型,介绍背景、现状、善待解决的问题，报告病案或概括原始文献的观点和结论常用一般现在是或者是现在完成时。多用被动语态。,例：,Since its initial description 40 years ago,HCM,（,Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy,肥厚型心肌病）,has been largely regarded to be associated with substantial disability and premature death,and annual mortality rates as high as 3%to 6%,had been reported.,自,40,年前首次报道以来，人们一直认为,HCM,与严重活动能力受限和过早死亡有关。据报道每年死亡,-Studies,have shown,that patients with chronic renal failure,have,a high frequency of cardiovascular atheromatous,动脉粥样化的,disease.,-Stethoscope diaphragms,听诊器薄膜,have been shown,to harbor,隐藏,potentially pathogenic bacteria.,2.,在有关“内容、目的和方法等”的句子中，描述过去的研究活动可用过去时或者过去完成时。,-In a 22-year-old male,who had been irradiated 16 years previously for Hodgkins disease,a radiation-induced,thyroid carcinoma,.,16,年前因患霍金病接受放射治疗的,22,岁男子患有放疗诱发的甲状腺癌。,-,Patients,with myocardial infarction,心肌梗塞,cardiomyopathy,心肌症,and congenital heart diseases,were excluded,-The analysis showed that this disease was associated with age,systolic blood pressure收缩压,body mass index.人体质量指数,常用句型或结构的使用,-The purpose/aim/objective/goal(of the present study)is/was to,-The present study is/was designed/devised/intended to,-The study was performed/conducted/carried out/undertaken to,-We aimed/sought to/attempted to,-In an attempt to investigate/determine/clarify/assess,-in an effort to in order to/in this study,An attempt was made to;,-,This paper examines/,(is concerned with,deals with will present or describe);,-This study will have three objectives:,相关课题的研究成果和现状的常用句型,已有过的研究,S/b.et al.tested(developed,reported,conducted,used)they found;S/th.Were conducted(performed,made)by s/b;Reports were made by;early studies in were reported by;the paper by is;another method of has been used by;adopted a slightly different approach to;,described a technique for;The ways that researchers have put forward may be concluded in two sorts:one is another;These theory fall into two categories;the methods based on can be divided into;Several researchers have theoretically investigated;S/b proposed that;the previous work on.indicated that.Recent experiments have suggested that The history of the use of can date back to.,未得到充分研究,has not yet been thoroughly investigated;Little work has been carried out for However,no prior work exists on the problem of;No further study on the.has been reported;Great progress has been made,but There is no theory concerning;There is not enough convincing evidence showing that;no such finding could be available in;the data failed to prove that;the character of the is not yet well known;from literature survey.,文献回顾,it appears that none of the previous investigators is concerned with;The limitation of have long been recognized;There are some shortcomings in the use of;another disadvantage of this approach is that.;The theory cannot apply to other cases of;the study give rise to some difficulties;the main drawback of this,引起关注,S/th has received great(significant,considerable)attention;has for a long time been of interest to investigators;increased attention has been paid in recent years to the use of;has been an active area of research recently;has undergone a remarkable in interest and attention in recent years;in view of the considerate effort is being expanded into,不同观点,Studies have differed in their conclusion on/about/regarding,there have been different/conflicting reports regarding/on;the discrepancies may be a result of;studies by produced converse professional debate on/about,文献资料来源：,found/reported/described/mentioned/showed that;was found;It has been reported/demonstrated observed that,尚待解决的问题,Little research has been done on;Relatively little knowledge is available related to;Little attention has been given to;remains controversial;unexplored/unclear重要性,has practical significance/implication for;has been the subject of intensive for;has been the subject of intensive research;has been the focus of much interest and debate,内容和目的,the purpose/object/aim of this study;this research aims to/was designed to/was undertaken to,In an attempt to investigate/determine/clarify/assess;in an effort to in order to/in this study,an attempt was made to;this paper examines/(is concerned with,deals with will present or describe);this study will have three objectives:,练习：请把以下表示目的的句子翻译成英文。,1,）目的：对临终前改变护理而采取的临床干预进行回顾性研究。,Objective:To review clinical interventions designed to change care at the end of life.,2,）目的：研究,CMV(cytomegalo virus,巨细胞病毒,),对一年死亡率的同位肝移植患者的作用。,Objective:To study the effect of CMV on 1-year mortality rates in orthotropic,支架桥面合一的,liver transplant recipients.,3,）本文提出了一种确定,HIV,低流行人群中,HIV,危险性,(risk),的方法。,This article proposes a method for estimating HIV risk in low-HlV-prevalent populations.,4,）本研究的目的是确定由拆换导尿管而引起的菌血症发病率和临床处理。,The purpose of our study was to determine the incidence and clinical relevance of bacteremia induced by urinary catheter replacements.,5,）本研究的目的是调查硝酸甘油剂量对心肌缺血性损害的影响。,The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the dose of nitroglycerin on myocardial ischemic injury.,6,）目的：确定输注人体白蛋白能否改善病人的预后,To determine whether replacement of human albumin/bju/will improve a patients prognosis.,练习：翻译句子，注意划线部分的表达。,-Hearts from men who died of sudden coronary death,were studied,in a prospective fashion.T