语言学总复习名师优质课赛课一等奖市公开课获奖课件.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,语言学总复习,第1页,Chapter1 Invitations to linguistics,1.the definition and the design features of language语言定义与特征,2.the origin and the function of language语言起源和功效,3.main branches of linguistics study语言学研究范围和内容,4.important distinctions in linguistics语言学一些主要概念区分,第2页,Definition of language,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,第3页,Design features of language,1.arbitrariness任意性,2.duality二重性,3.creativity创造性,4.displacement不受时空限制性/移位性,第4页,Origin of language,Divine-origin theory 神授说,Bow-wow theory 汪汪理论 摹声说,Pooh-pooh theory 噗噗理论 感叹说,Yo-he-ho theory 呦嘿吼理论 劳动叫喊说,第5页,Functions of language,1.informative function信息功效,2.interpersonal function 人际功效,3.performative function 施为功效,4.emotive function 感情功效,5.phatic communion 寒暄交谈,6.recreational function 娱乐功效,7.metalingual function 元语言功效,第6页,Definition of linguistics,Linguistics is the scientific study of language.,语言学是对语言科学研究。,第7页,Main branches of linguistics,1.phonetics 语音学,2.phonology 音系学,3.morphology 形态学,4.syntax 句法学,5.semantics 语义学,6.pragmatics 语用学,第8页,Macrolinguistics,1.psycholinguistics 心理语言学,2.sociolinguistics 社会语言学,3.anthropological linguistics 人类语言学,putational linguistics 计算机语言学,第9页,Important distinctions in linguistics,1.prescriptive&descriptive,要求式和描写式,2.synchronic&diachronic,共时研究与历时研究,3.langue&parole 语言与言语,petence&performance,语言能力与语言利用,第10页,Chapter2 Speech sounds,1.speech organs 发音器官,2.distinction,classification and the criteria of description between consonants and vowels 辅音和元音区分、分类及描写规则,3.coarticulation and phonetic transcriptions 协同发音和语音转写,第11页,4.phonmes and allophones音位和音位变体,5.phonological process,phonological rules and distinctive features 音系过程、音系规则和区分特征,6.syllable structure,stress and intonation音节结构 重音和语气,第12页,Major branches of phonetics,Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学,Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学,Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学,第13页,Speech organs,The lungs（肺），the tracheatrek(气管),the throat（咽喉）,the nose and the mouth,The mouth:the tongue,the palate plt(颚),The throat:pharynx frks(upper)(咽),larynx lrks(lower)(喉头),The vocal tract(声道):the pharynx,mouth,and nose,The mouth:the oral cavity(口腔),The nose:the nasal cavity(鼻腔),第14页,第15页,第16页,Table 2.1 A chart of English consonants,第17页,第18页,English vowels(RP),第19页,Four basic requirements for the description of vowels,1)the,height,of tongue raising(high,mid,low),2)the,position,of the highest part of the tongue(front,central,back),3)the,length,or tenseness of the vowel(tense vs.lax or long vs.short),4),lip-rounding,(rounded vs.unrounded),第20页,Coarticulation协同发音,anticipatory coarticulation,(先期协同发音).lamb,it is,perseverative coarticulation,(后滞协同发音).map,第21页,Phonetic transcription标音,Narrow transcription严式标音,Broad transcription 宽式标音,第22页,Phonemes and allophones音位与音位变体,1.minimal pairs 最小对立体,2.phoneme 音位,3.allophones 音位变体,plementary distribution 互补分布,5.free variation 自由变体,第23页,Assimilation rule 同化规则,Progressive assimilation 顺同化 map,Regressive assimilation 逆同化 lamb,第24页,Suprasegmental features超音段特征,Syllable音节Stress重音,Tone声调,Intonation语气,第25页,The syllable structure,音节,Onset 节首 Rime韵基,Nucleus节核 Coda节尾,k r k t,第26页,Chapter 3 From morpheme to phrase,1.the formation of word词组成,2.the classification of word 词分类,3.word formation（1）：from morpheme to word构词法1：从词素到词,4.word formation（2）：lexical change,构词法2：词汇改变,第27页,The formation of word词组成,1.morpheme 词素,2.free morpheme 自由词素,3.bound morpheme 黏着词素,4.root 词根,5.stem 词干,6.affix 词缀,7.inflectional affix and derivational affix,屈折词缀与派生词缀,第28页,The classification of word 词分类,1 variable and invariable words可变词与不变词,2 grammatical(functional)and lexical(content)words词汇词和语法词,3 closed-class and open-class words 封闭类词和开放类词,4 word class词类,第29页,Word formation(1):from morpheme to word构词法1：从词素到词,1.inflectional morphology 屈折构词,2.derivational morphology,(root+affix),派生构词,（其中包含compounding,(word+word),）,第30页,Word formation(2):lexical change构词法2：词汇改变,1.Invention 新创词语,2.Blending 混拼词,3.abbreviation(clipping)缩写词,4.Acronym 首字母缩写词,5.Back-formation 逆构词法,6.Analogical creation类推构词,7.class shift 词性变换,8.Borrowing 外来词,第31页,Chapter 4 From Word to Text,1.Syntactic relations句法关系,2.Grammatical construction and its constituents语法结构与成份,3.Syntactic function句法功效,4.Category 范围,5.Phrase,clause and sentence,6.Recursiveness递归性,7.Beyond the sentence,第32页,Definition of syntax,Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language,or the study of the interrelationship between elements in sentence structures.,句法就是研究语言不一样成份组成句子规则或句子结组成份之间关系。,第33页,Syntactic relations句法关系,1.positional relation位置关系,2.relation of substitutability替换关系,3.relation of co-occurrence同现关系,注意每种关系不一样名称及举例,第34页,Functional approach功效学派,Identification of,Subject,Predicate,(predicator),Object.,第35页,The structural approach结构主义学派(Saussure),IC Analysis:Immediate Constituent Analysis直接成份分析法,Tree diagram树形图,Endocentric and exocentric constructions向心结构与离心结构（有没有head）,Coordination and subordination并列与隶属（有几个head）,第36页,Traditional approach传统学派,Number数(singular,plural,dual etc.),Gender 性(masculine,feminine,neuter),Case 格(accusative宾格,nominative,主格dative与格 etc.),Agreement 一致性(anaphoric前照应,head and its dependent与中心词一致,verb and subject 主谓一致),第37页,Phrase,clause and sentence,Phrase&word group,Clause(finite&non-finite,coordinate and subordinate clause),Sentence,第38页,Recursiveness 递归性,Conjoining并列,Embedding隶属,第39页,Beyond the sentence,Sentential connection句子,Cohesion 衔接,Cohesion,is a concept to do with discourse or text rather than with syntax.It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text,and defines it as a text.,第40页,Cohesive devices衔接伎俩,conjunction连接词,ellipsis省略,lexical collocation词汇搭配,lexical repetition词汇重复,reference所指,substitution,替换 etc.,第41页,Chapter 5 Meaning,1.Leechs seven types of meaning,2.referential theory指称论,3.sense relations涵义关系,4.sense relations between sentences句子之间涵义关系,ponential analysis语义成份分析法,6.sentence meaning,第42页,Leechs seven types of meaning,1.conceptual meaning概念意义,2.connotative meaning内涵意义,3.social meaning社会意义,4.affective meaning情感意义,5.reflected meaning反射意义,6.collocative meaning搭配意义,7.thematic meaning主位意义,第43页,Referential theory指称论,1.definition,The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to,or stands for,is known as the referential theory.,将词意义和它所指或所代表事物联络起来意义理论叫做指称论。,第44页,Semantic triangle语义三角,Sense and reference涵义和所指,第45页,Sense relations 涵义关系,1.synonymy同义关系,2.antonymy反义关系,3.hyponymy上下义关系,4.polysemy一词多义,5.homonymy同音/同形异义关系,第46页,Sense relations between sentences,1.synonymy同义关系,2.inconsistency不一致关系,3.entailment蕴含关系,4.presupposition预设关系,5.contradiction自相矛盾,6.semantic anomalynmli语义异常,第47页,Componential analysis语义成份分析法,Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning.This approach is based on the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components,called,semantic components,semantic features or semes.第48页,father:PARENT(,x,y,)&MALE(,x,),x,is a parent of,y,and,x,is male.,take:CAUSE(,x,(HAVE(,x,y,),x,causes,x,to have,y,.,give:CAUSE(,x,(HAVE(,x,y,),x,causes,x,not to have,y,.,die:BECOME(,x,(ALIVE(,x,),x becomes not alive.,How about“Kill”?,kill:CAUSE(,x,(BECOME(,y,(ALIVE(,y,),x causes y to become not alive.,第49页,Sentence meaning,An integrated theory综合理论,Logical semantics逻辑语义学（propositional logic命题逻辑）,（predicate logic 谓词逻辑）,第50页,Chapter 8 Language in use,1.sentence meaning and utterance meaning,2.speech act theory言语行为理论,3.conversational implicature会话含义理论,第51页,Speech Act Theory言语行为理论,Performatives and constatives施为句和叙事句,Theory of illocutionary act行事行为理论,Locutionary act发话行为,Illocutionary act行事行为/言外之意,Perlocutionary act取效行为,第52页,Conversational implicature会话含义理论,Cooperative principle（CP）合作标准,Characteristics of conversational implicature 会话含义特点,第53页,Maxims of CP:,QUANTITY 数量准则,1.Make your contribution as informative as is required.（使你话语按照当前交谈目标所要求那样信息充分）,2.Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.（不要使你话语比所要求信息更充分）,QUALITY 质量准则,Try to make your contribution one that is true.（设法使你话语真实）,1.Do not say what you believe to be false.（不要讲明知是虚假话）,2.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.（不要说没证据话）,第54页,RELATION 关联/关系准则,Be relevant.（要相关联）,MANNER 方式准则,Be perspicuous.（要清楚）,1.Avoid obscurity of expression.（防止艰涩）,2.Avoid ambiguity.（防止歧义）,3.Be brief.（要简练）,4.Be orderly.（要有序）,第55页,Characteristics of converstaional implicature,Calculability可推导性,Cancellability 可取消性,Non-detachability 不可分离性,Non-conventionality 非常规性,第56页,