系统解剖学2.ppt

人 体 解 剖 学,systematic anatomy,绪 论,人体解剖学的定义、地位；,人体解剖学发展简史；,人体解剖学的分类；,解剖学姿势和常用的解剖学术语；,定义,：,人体解剖学是一门研究,正常人体形态和构造,的科学。在医学领域，基础课中的基础课，是学习后续医学基础课程和临床医学课程的基础。,弗里德里希冯恩格斯,Friedrich Von Engels,（,18201895,）,没有解剖学,就没有医学,-,恩格斯,地位,：,医学学科中,1/3,以上的名词来源于解剖学。,“著书不明脏腑，岂不是痴人说梦；治病不明脏腑，何异于盲子夜行。”,-,王清任,医林改错,中医四大名著之首,若夫八尺之士皮肉在此，,外可度量循切而得之，其死可解剖而视之，其脏之坚脆，腑之大小，谷之多少，脉之长短，血之清浊，,，皆可大数。,古希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖,希波克拉底,Hippocrates,（公元前,460377,）,心脏有两个心室和两个心,房。左心室不含血而含气，,是智慧的存在,希波克拉底文集,古,希腊,名医、解剖学家,论著,医经,盖伦,Galen,（,130200,）,血管内运行的是血液,而不是空气,盖伦,维萨里,Vesalius,(15141564),现代解剖学的奠基人,人体构造,插图,列文虎克,Leeuwenhoek,（,16321723,）,荷兰显微镜学家,显微镜的发明使我们可以观察细,胞水平微细结构，产生了组织学,透射电镜,扫描电镜伪彩,电子显微镜的发明使我们可以观察亚细胞,水平的超微结构，产生了细胞学。,1895,年伦琴,X,射线的发现，使我们可以观察人,活体内部结构，产生了,X,线解剖学,CT,CT,MRI,MRI,超声、,CT,、,MRI,技术的快速发展，促进了疾,病的诊断，同时也产生了断面解剖学。,数字化技术的快速发展，虚拟现实技术的,逐渐成熟，使数字解剖学成为现实。,组织化学,免疫组织化学,Western blot,RT-PCR,组织化学、免疫细胞化学、分子生物学等技术方法使,我们从分子和基因水平研究有关结构的化学性质。,外科手术越来越细化，形,成各专业的外科解剖学。,运动解剖学,艺术解剖学,人体解剖学的分类,巨视解剖学,微视解剖学,系统解剖学,局部解剖学,组织学,细胞学,胚胎学,根据研究手段分类,人体的构成,细胞,组织,器官,系统,上皮组织,神经组织,结缔组织,肌肉组织,感觉器,脉管系统,生殖系统,呼吸系统,泌尿系统,运动系统,消化系统,内分泌系统,神经系统,细胞,生物学,组 织 学,解 剖 学,解剖学姿势,:,身体直立，两眼平视前方；,双足并立，足尖朝前；,上肢垂于躯干两侧，,手掌朝向前方（拇指在外侧）。,方位术语,:,上-下,前,(,腹侧,),-后,(,背侧,),内侧,-外侧,浅-深,近侧-远侧,轴与面,轴,：,垂直轴,矢状轴,冠状轴,面,:,冠状面,矢状面,水平面或横切面,小节,熟悉：人体解剖学的定义、研究范围,熟悉：人体的组成，分部和组织、器官、系统的概念,掌握：人体解剖学姿势、轴、面和方位术语,第一篇 运动系统,运动系统的组成,骨,关 节,骨骼肌,运动系统的功能,支持 保护 运动,约占成人,体重的,60%,骨总论,骨的分类,骨的构造,骨的化学成分和物理性质,骨的发生、发育及骨的可塑性,一骨的分类,成人共有,206,块骨,骨可以按照部位和形态分类,按部位,颅骨,躯干骨,四肢骨,中轴骨,骨可以按照形态分类,长骨,短骨,扁骨,不规则骨,长骨,骨干,骺,关节面,干骺端,骺线,（由骺软骨,骨化而成,）,骨髓腔,充满骨髓,短骨,扁骨,不规则骨,骨 质,骨 膜,骨 髓,骨密质,骨松质,红骨髓,黄骨髓,二骨的构造,骨外膜,骨内膜,二骨的构造,骨密质,骨松质,板障,内板,外板,骨 质,骨 膜,骨 髓,骨密质,骨松质,红骨髓,黄骨髓,二骨的构造,骨外膜,骨内膜,骨的化学成分和物理性质,有机质：,主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。,无机质：,主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性。,有机质,无机质,儿童,1,1,青壮年,3,7,老年,1,4,躯干骨及其连结,1,、椎骨的一般形态和各部椎骨的特征；胸骨的基本形态结构；躯干骨的骨性标志。,2,、肋的一般形态、结构；特殊肋的特征。,3,、椎骨的连结概况；脊柱的组成、分部和功能；椎间盘的形态、结构、功能及其临床意义；前、后纵韧带的特征；黄韧带的位置和功能；椎骨关节突关节基本结构；棘上、棘间韧带；脊柱整体观的形态与机能特点。,4,、胸廓的组成、形态和功能；胸廓上、下口的形态及组成。掌握骨性胸廓的运动。,5,、肋和脊柱，肋软骨与胸骨的连结概况。,躯干骨的组成,尾骨,coccyx,椎骨,vertebrae,胸骨,sternum,骶骨,sacrum,肋骨,Costal bone,躯干骨的组成,一椎骨,vertebrae,幼年时椎骨为,32,或,33,块,There are 32/33 vertebrae in children,颈椎,Cervical vertebrae C.7,胸椎,Thoracic vertebrae T.12,腰椎,Lumbar vertebrae L.5,骶椎,Sacral vertebrae S.5,骶骨,sacrum,尾椎,Coccygeal vertebrae Co.34,尾骨,coccyx,（一）椎骨的一般形态,椎体,椎弓,椎孔,横突,上关节突,下关节突,棘突,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征,1,颈椎,横突孔,棘突末端分叉,椎体小，越往下越大,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征,1,颈椎,(1),寰椎,Atlas C1,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征,1,颈椎,(1),寰椎,Atlas C1,呈环形，无椎体,、,棘突和关节突,包括前弓后弓和两个侧块组成,椎动脉沟,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征,1,颈椎,(2),枢椎,axis C2,齿突,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征,2,胸椎,椎体：,心形,上、下肋凹,锥孔：,更小、更圆,棘突：,呈叠瓦状 ：,横突肋凹,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征,3,腰椎,椎体较大,椎弓上发出的突起,比较短，比较宽,（二）各部椎骨的主要特征,4,骶骨,前面,岬,后面,骶正中嵴，,骶后孔,，骶管裂孔 ，骶角,Lateral part:,耳状面,auricular surface,骶粗隆,sacral tuberosity,关节总论,骨连接的分类及意义,关节的基本构造,关节的辅助构造,关节的运动,关节的分类,一骨连接的分类,Classification of joints,人体骨和骨之间借结缔组织、软骨或骨相连形,成骨连结。,从骨连结的形式可分为直接连结（不动连接）和,间接连结（可动连接，关节）两种。,韧带连结,Syndesmosis,缝,suture,纤维软骨结合,Symphysis,骨性结合,Synosteosis,间接连结又称关节,articulation,或滑膜关节,synovial joint,是骨连结的最高分化形式，具有较大的活动性。,二关节的基本构造,Basic structures of articulations,关节面,Articular surface,关节软骨,articular cartilage,关节囊,Articular capsule,纤维膜,Fibrous membrane,滑膜,Synovial membrane,关节腔,Articular cavity,三关节的辅助构造,Accessory structures of articulations,韧带,Ligaments(lig.):,囊外,(,内,),韧带,extra-and intracapsular ligaments,关节盘,Articular disc,和关节唇,articular labrum:,滑膜襞,Synovial fold,和滑膜囊,synovial bursa,四 关节的运动,movements of articulations,角度运动：,1,、屈,flexion,和伸,extension,2,、收,adduction,和展,abdution,踝关节的屈又称跖屈，伸又称背伸。,旋转运动,rotation,：,内旋和外旋；旋前和旋后,环转运动,circumduction,：,移动,translation,五 关节的分类,classification of articulations,单轴关节,Uniaxial joints:,屈戍关节,hinge joints,车轴关节,trochoid(pivot)joints,双轴关节,Biaxial joints:,椭圆关节,ellipsoid joints,鞍状关节,saddle joints,多轴关节,Multiaxial joints:,球窝关节,ball-and-socket joint,平面关节,plane joints,根据参与构成关节骨的数目将关节分为二类,：,单关节 如 掌指关节 复关节 如 肘关节,根据关节的运动形式也可将 关节分为二类：,单动关节 如 肩关节 联合关节 如 颞下颌关节,影响关节的灵活性 和稳固性因素,关节面的形态是决定关节运动轴和运动方式的结构基础，运动轴愈多，运动形式就愈多样化，愈灵活；其次，关节头和关节窝的面积差，也反映出运动的灵活与否，同类关节，两者的面积差愈大，运动幅度也愈大，反之面积差越少，则趋于稳固。再其次，关节囊的厚薄、松紧，周围韧带和肌腱的状况也明显影响着关节的运动。,思 考 题,解剖学姿势、常用术语,骨的形态分类、构造,骺软骨与人体长高有何关系？,骨的物理性质随年龄怎样变化，为什么？,你如何理解“没有解剖学就没有医学”这句话？,简答关节的基本构造，辅助构造及关节的运动。,二胸骨,sternum,胸骨柄,Manubrium sterni,:,颈静脉切迹,jugular notch;,锁切迹,clavicular notch,胸骨体,Body of sternum,剑突,Xiphoid process,胸骨角,Sternal angle:,胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处微向前突，称胸骨角，可在体表扪及，两侧平对第,2,肋，是计数肋的重要标志。,the junction of manubrium and body,which connects 2nd costal cartilage laterally,and lies opposite lower border of T4 posteriorly,胸骨角,Sternal angle,三肋,ribs,肋由肋骨和肋软骨组成，共,12,对。,General features,真肋,Ribs 17 called,true ribs,假肋,Ribs 810 called,false ribs,浮肋,Ribs 1112 called,floating ribs,三肋,ribs,肋由肋骨和肋软骨组成，共,12,对。,Posterior end:,肋头,costal head,肋颈,costal neck,肋结节,costal tubercle,Shaft:,肋角,costal angle,肋沟,costal groove,Anterior end,三肋,ribs,非典型的肋,第一肋,First rib:,前斜角肌结节,tubercle for scalenus anterior,锁骨下动、静脉沟,sulcus for subclavian artery and vein,11th and 12th ribs lack costal necks,tubercles and angles,躯干骨的连结,Articulations of Bones of Trunk,一脊柱,The vertebral column,脊柱由,24,块椎骨、一块骶骨、,一块尾骨组成。,The vertebral column,consists of 24 vertebrae,the sacrum,and the coccyx.,（一）椎骨间的连结,Joints of the vertebrae,椎体间的连结,Joints of the vertebral bodies,椎间盘,Intervertebral discs,前纵韧带,Anterior longitudinal ligament,后纵韧带,Posterior longitudinal ligament,椎弓间的连结,Joints of the vertebral arches,棘上韧带,Supraspinal ligament,项韧带,Ligamentum nuchae,棘间韧带,Interspinal ligament,黄韧带,Ligamenta flava,横突间韧带,Intertansverse ligament,关节突关节,Zygapophysial joint,1,椎间盘,Intervertebral discs,是连结相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘（第,1,及第,2,颈椎之间除外），椎间盘有中央部的髓核和周围部的纤维环两部分构成。,between bodies of adjacent vertebrae,composed of:,Nucleus pulposus and Annulus fibrosus.,椎体间的连结,1,椎间盘,Intervertebral discs,椎间盘脱出,Hemination of nucleus pulposus,椎体间的连结,2,前纵韧带,Anterior longitudinal ligament,椎体间的连结,是椎体前面延伸的一束坚固的纤维束，宽而坚韧，上自枕骨大孔前缘，下达第,1,或第,2,骶椎椎体，牢固附着于椎体和椎间盘，有防止脊柱过度后伸和椎间盘向前脱出的作用。,Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1S2.,Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column.,3,后纵韧带,posterior longitudinal ligament,椎体间的连结,位于椎体的后面，窄而坚韧。起自枢椎，下达骶骨。与椎间盘纤维环及椎体上下缘紧密连结，而与椎体结合较为疏松，有限制脊柱过度前屈的作用。,Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum,Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs.,1,黄韧带,ligamenta flava,椎弓间的连结,位于椎管内，连结相邻两椎弓板间的韧带，由黄色的弹性纤维构成。黄韧带协助围成椎管，并有限制脊柱过度前屈的作用。,elastic ligament,unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae,and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal;tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.,椎弓间的连结,2,棘间韧带,Interspinal ligament,3,棘上韧带,Supraspinal ligament,项韧带,Ligamentum nuchae,4,横突间韧带,Intertansverse ligament,5,关节突关节,Zygapophysial joint,寰椎与枕骨及枢椎的关节,1,寰枕关节,Atlantooccipital joint,寰椎与枕骨及枢椎的关节,2,寰枢关节,Atlantoaxial joint,包括三个关节，分别为寰枢外侧,关节和寰枢正中关节。,Three synovial joints between atlas and axis:,Laterally,paired joints between articulating facets.,Median joint between dens of axis,and anterior arch of atlas,寰枢关节有下列韧带增强：,齿突尖韧带,apical ligament of dens,翼状韧带,alar ligament,寰椎横韧带,transverse ligament of atlas,覆膜,tectorial membrane,运动：使头作俯仰,/,侧屈和旋转运动。,allow atlas(and head)to pivot on the axis and vertebral column,（二）脊柱的整体观及运动,Normal Curves and movement of vertebral column,颈曲,Cervical curvature,convex forward,胸曲,Thoracic curvature,convex backward,腰曲,Lumbar curvature,convex forward,骶曲,Sacral curvature,convex backward,脊柱的运动,Movement of the vertebral column,屈伸,flexion and extension,侧屈,lateral flexion,旋转,rotation,（二）脊柱的整体观及运动,Normal Curves and movement of vertebral column,二胸廓,Thoracic cage,（一）组成：由,1,块胸椎,/12,对肋,/,一块胸骨,和他们之间的骨连结共同构成。,Composition,Bones consists of twelve thoracic,vertebrae,twelve pairs of ribs and,costal cartilages,and sternum,二胸廓,Thoracic cage,（一）组成：由,1,块胸椎,/12,对肋,/,一块胸骨,和他们之间的骨连结共同构成。,Composition,关节,Joints:,肋椎关节,Costovertebral joints,肋头关节,Joints of costal head,肋横突关节,Costotransverse joints,胸肋关节,Sternocostal joints,第一胸肋结合,Sternocostal synchondrosis of first rib,胸肋关节,Sternocostal joints,肋软骨连结,Interchondral joints:between costal cartilages 8,9,and 10 to form the costal arch,肋弓,二胸廓,Thoracic cage,（二）整体观,General features of thoracic cage,近似圆锥形,Roughly cone-shape,胸廓上口,Inlet of thorax:bounded by upper border of manubrium,first rib,and vertebra T1,胸廓下口,Outlet of thorax:bounded by vertebra T12,12th and 11th ribs,costal arch and xiphoid process,胸骨下角,Infrasternal angle:formed by the costal arch of both side,肋间隙,Intercostal spaces:lie between the ribs,二胸廓,Thoracic cage,（三）功能,function,对胸腔及腹腔上部器官有保护作用,。,protects the organs in the thoracic cavity and upper abdominal cavity,参与呼吸运动,plays a vital role in the process of breathing,吸气时,Inspiration,呼气时,Expiration,思 考 题,名词解释：,胸骨角 椎间盘,简答：,椎骨的一般形态。,椎骨的连结概况。,胸廓的组成、形态和功能。,上肢骨及其连结,Bones of upper limbs and their joints,1,、上肢骨,上肢骨的组成、排列和分部，上肢带骨的形态位置及其主要结构。肱骨、前臂骨（桡骨、尺骨）的形态、位置及主要结构。腕骨的排列顺序。上肢骨的骨性标志。,手骨的分部和各骨的形态、结构。,2,、上肢骨连结,理解上肢骨连结的诸形式、结构和功能特点。,肩关节的形态、结构和功能及临床意义。肘关节的组成、功能、结构特点及其临床意义。桡腕关节的结构特点和运动。掌握拇指腕掌关节的组成和运动。,熟悉前臂骨的连结、腕骨间关节、腕掌关节、掌指关节和指关节的形态结构。,上肢骨,Bones of upper limbs,组成,Composition:,上肢带骨,Should girdle,锁骨,clavicle,肩胛骨,scapula,自由上肢骨,Bones of free upper limb,肱骨,Humerus,桡骨,Radius,、尺骨,ulna,腕骨,Carpal,、掌骨,metacarpals,、指骨,phalanges,（一）锁骨,Clavicle,“S”shaped,medial 2/3 convex forward and lateral 1/3 convex backward,Sternal end,胸骨端,medially and acromial end,肩峰端,laterally,（二）肩胛骨,Scapula,Two surfaces,前面,Anterior surface concave:,肩胛下窝,subscapular fossa,后面,Posterior surface:,冈上、下窝,supra-and infraspinous fossae,肩胛冈,spine of scapula,肩峰,acromion,Three borders,上缘,Superior:,喙突,coracoid process,肩胛切迹,scapular notch,腋缘,Lateral(axillary)border,脊柱缘,Medial(vertebral)border,Three angles,上角,Superior:opposite to the 2nd rib,下角,Inferior:opposite to the 7th rib or 7th intercostals space,外侧角,Lateral:,关节盂,glenoid cavity,盂上、下结节,supra-and infraglenoid tubercles,（三）肱骨,humerus,上端,Upper end:,肱骨头,head of humerus,解剖颈,anatomical neck,大、小结节,greater and lesser tubercles,大、小结节嵴,crests of greater and lesser tubercle,结节间沟,intertubercular groove,外科颈,surgical neck,骨干,Shaft:,三角肌粗隆,deltoid,桡神经沟,groove for radial nerveon,下端,Lower end:,内、外上髁,lateral and medial epicondyles,肱骨小头,capitulum,肱骨滑车,trochlea,冠突窝,coranoid fossa and,桡窝,radial fossa,鹰嘴窝,and,尺神经沟,sulcus for ulnar nerve,（四）桡骨,radius,上端,Upper end:,桡骨头,head of radius,桡骨颈,neck of radius,桡骨粗隆,radial tuberosity,和,环状关节面,articular circumference,骨干,Shaft,：,骨间缘,interosseous border,下端,Lower end:,茎突,styloid process,尺切迹,ulnar notch,和,腕关节面,carpal articular surface,（五）尺骨,ulna,上端,Upper end:,鹰嘴,olecranon,冠突,coronoid process,滑车切迹,trochlear notch,桡切迹,radial notch,尺骨粗隆,ulnar tubersity,骨干,Shaft,：,骨间缘,interosseous border,下端,Lower end,尺骨茎突,styloid process,尺骨头,head of ulna,（六）手骨,腕骨,Carpal bones,掌骨,Metacarpal bones,指骨,Phalanges of fingers,上肢骨的连结,Joints of upper limb,组成,Composition:,上肢带连结,胸锁关节,sternoclavicular joint,肩锁关节,acromioclavicular joint,喙肩韧带,coracoacromial ligament自由上肢骨连结,肩关节,shoulder joint,肘关节,elbow joint,手关节,joints of hand,（一）胸锁关节,Sternoclavicular joint,上肢骨和躯干骨间连结的唯一关节,组成,Composition:,锁骨的胸骨端与胸骨的锁切迹及第一肋软骨的上面构成。,sternal end of clavicle,clavicular notch of sternum,and first costal cartilage,结构特点：,1.,关节囊坚韧并有韧带加强。,2.,囊内有关节 盘,Articular capsule:strong and is reinforced by anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments,articular disc,运动：,允许锁骨的外侧端向前、向后、向上、向下运动，及旋转和环状。,Movements:elevation and depression,forward and backward,rotation and circumduction of the acromial end of the clavicle,（二）肩锁关节,Acromioclavicular joint,组成,Composition:,锁骨的肩峰端与肩峰的关节面,acromion and acromial end of clavicle,运动,Movement:,关节活动度小,rotation of scapula on clavicle,（三）喙肩弓,Coracoacromial arch,组成,Composition:,喙突、肩峰和喙肩韧带共同构成。,formed by coracoacromial ligament,，,coranoid process,and acromion,作用,Function:,有防止肩关节向上脱位的作用。,that prevents the shoulder joint from superior dislocation,（四）,Shoulder joint,肩关节,典型的多轴球窝关节,组成,Composition:,肱骨头、肩胛骨的关节盂,head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula,结构特点,:,1.,关节囊,薄而松弛，尤其是下部。,Thin and lax,especially lower part,肱二头肌长头腱在结节间滑膜鞘内穿过关节囊,Tendon of long head of biceps brachii passes though the cavity,滑膜层可形成滑膜囊或者滑膜鞘,（四）,Shoulder joint,肩关节,典型的多轴球窝关节,辅助构造,Accessory structures,盂唇,Glenoid labrum:fibrocartilaginous ring on periphery of glenoid cavity,喙肱韧带,Coracohumeral ligament,：,runs from coracoid process to greater tubercle,运动,Movements:,屈伸、收展、旋转和环转。,flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,medial and lateral rotation,circumduction,（五）,Elbow joint,肘关节,组成,Composition:,肱骨下段和尺骨、桡骨上端构成,lower end of humerus,upper ends of radius and ulna,Humeroulnar joint,肱尺关节,:,humeroulnar joint,肱桡关节,:,Humeroradial joint,桡尺近侧关节,:,proximal radioulnar joint,结构特点,:,1.,关节囊,两侧壁厚而紧张，并有韧带加强；前后壁薄而松弛，后壁最薄。,thin and lax anteriorly and posteriorly,strongly thickened on either side by collateral ligaments,（五）肘关节,Elbow joint,2,韧带,Ligaments:,桡侧副韧带,Radial collacteral ligament,尺侧副韧带,Ulnar collacteral ligamentAnnular ligament of radius,桡骨环状韧带,Movements:flexion and extension,pronation and supination,运动,movement,以屈伸为主，还可以做旋前和旋后运动。,flexion and extension,pronation and supination,（六）桡尺连结,Joints between radius and ulna,桡尺近侧关节,Proximal radioulnar joint,桡尺远侧关节,Distal radioulnar joint,前臂骨间膜,Interosseous membrane of forearm,（六）桡腕关节,Radiocarpal joint,典型的椭圆关节,组成,Composition:,结构特点,:,1.,关节囊,松弛，关节的前、后和两侧均有韧带加强。,lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament,运动,Movements:,屈伸、收展和环转,flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,and circumduction,腕骨间关节,Intercarpal joints,属于微动关节,腕掌关节,Carpometacarpal joints:,拇指腕掌关节,Carpometacarpal joint of thumb,组成,composition:,大多角骨和第一掌骨底构成,运动,Movement:,屈伸、收展和环转,flexion,extension,adduction,abduction,and opposition,掌骨间关节,Intermetacarpal joints,掌指关节,Metacarpophalangeal joints,指骨间关节,Interphalangeal joints,下肢骨及其连结,Bones of upper limbs and their joints,1,、上肢骨,上肢骨的组成、排列和分部，上肢带骨的形态位置及其主要结构。肱骨、前臂骨（桡骨、尺骨）的形态、位置及主要结构。腕骨的排列顺序。上肢骨的骨性标志。,手骨的分部和各骨的形态、结构。,2,、上肢骨连结,理解上肢骨连结的诸形式、结构和功能特点。,肩关节的形态、结构和功能及临床意义。肘关节的组成、功能、结构特点及其临床意义。桡腕关节的结构特点和运动。掌握拇指腕掌关节的组成和运动。,熟悉前臂骨的连结、腕骨间关节、腕掌关节、掌指关节和指关节的形态结构。,下肢骨,Bones of lower limbs,组成,Composition:,下肢带骨,Pelvic girdle,髋骨,hip bone,自由下肢骨,Bones of free lower limb,股骨,Femur,髌骨,patella,胫骨,Tibia,腓骨,fibula,跗骨,Tarsals,跖骨,metatarsals,趾骨,phalanges of toes,（一）髋骨,hip bone,髂骨,ilium,耻骨,Pubis,坐骨,Ischium,（二）股骨,Femur,上端,Upper end:,股骨头,femoral head,股骨头凹,fovea of femoral head,股骨颈,neck of femur,大转子,greater trochanter,，,小转子,lesser trochanter,转子间线,intertrochanteric line,转子间嵴,intertrochanteric crest,骨干,Shaft:,粗线,linea aspera,臀肌粗隆,gluteal tuberosity,耻骨肌线,pectineal line,，,腘面,popliteal surface,下端,Lower end:,内、外侧髁,medial and lateral condyles,，,内、外上髁,medial and lateral epicondyles,收肌结节,adductor tubercle,，,髁间窝,intercondylar fossa,髌面,patellar surface,（二）股骨,Femur,股骨颈骨折,Fracture of the femoral neck,（三）髌骨,Patella,人体最大的籽骨,（四）胫骨,Tibia,上端,Upper end:,内、外侧髁,medial and lateral condyles,髁间隆起,intercondylar eminence,腓关节面,fibular articular surface,胫骨粗隆,tuberosity of tibia,骨干,Shaft:,骨间缘,interosseous border,比目鱼肌线,soleal line,下端,Lower end:,腓切迹,fibular notch,内踝,medial malleolus,（四）胫骨,Tibia,上端,Upper end:,腓骨头,fibular head,腓骨颈,neck of fibula,骨干,Shaft:,骨间缘,interosseous border,下端,Lower end:,外踝,lateral malleolus,颅骨及其连结,skull and their joints,1,、颅骨,颅的组成和功能。脑颅诸骨、面颅诸骨的名称、位置和形态分部。颅侧面观