考研英语.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,考研英语班课程设置,课程板块,1、词汇 语法,2、阅读理解,3、完型填空,翻译,4、英文写作,英语六级翻译,Even though they were already late,they_,（宁愿停下来欣赏美丽的景色）,than just go on.,No agreement was reached in the discussion between the two parties,as _(,任何一方都不肯放弃自己的立场）,.,The pills _(,本来可以治愈那位癌症病人的）,but he didnt follow the doctors advice and take them regularly.,Would rather stop to enjoy the beautiful scene/appreciate,Neither would change/shift/give up its own stance/position,Should have cured the cancer patient,4,.It is _（你真好，给了我那么多帮助）；I really feel obliged to you.,5.The war left the family scattered all over the world,and it was thirty years _（他们才得以重聚）,4.,Kind/nice of you to give me so much help,5.Before they got reunited,学习de目标,在掌握3000个左右核心单词的基础上达到5600个核心单词,阅读速度达到每分钟读懂12001600单词，读懂中等水平的文章,写出120150单词的应用文和议论（说明)文体的文章,掌握英语的基本语法（时态、语态、语气、主从复合句、动词的独立结构、非谓语动词,）,考研英语相当于英语六级水平,英语基本语法成分,主语 主语从句,谓语 非谓语动词表语 表语从句,宾语 宾语从句,宾语补语、主语补语,状语 状语从句,同位语 同位语从句,定语定语从句,主语从句,1、由that 引起的,Its my fault,that,this has happened.,2、由连接代词（副词）或 whether引起的,Its not my business how she chooses to live.,whether it will do us harm or good remains to be seen.,3、由关系代词型引起的,What I want to say,is that,What she lacks is experience.,All I need,is books.,由it 引起的,It+be+形容词+从句,It is amazing how one can conceive such an idea.,It+be+名词+从句,It is a mystery to me how it all happened.,It+动词（+宾语或状语）+从句,It makes little difference whether we go or stay.,It+动词的被动语态+从句,It is known/reported/heard/said that,表语从句,n.（主语）+系动词+that,Dont tell me a lie.The fact is,that you have failed to pas the exam.,宾语从句,主语+动词（谓语）+that,非谓语动词,动词不定式 to do 可做主语，表语，表语，定语，状语,现在分词 v+ing 可做定语，独立成分（状语）,过去分词 v+ed,动名词 v+ing 可做主语，定语，宾语，表语,英语句子长的原因,1、,多用主从复合句，特别是定语从句较多；一个句子包含多个复合句。（状语、定语、宾语）,2、句子结构中间增加次要成分；,3、动词于介词搭配是中间插入次要成分，,4、插入语、同位语成分使句子拉长。,5、动词不定式、现在、过去分词短语用的较多,。,EgWithin two weeks,(状语）he was,talking,for the first time,with（谓语用表达法),the board of Hartford Financial Services Group,which,named him,CEO and chairman,（宾语补足语,）（非限制性定语从句）,on September 29.（状语）,看长句子的关键：,1、找主句的谓语动词；,2、再找从句中的谓语动词,有几个谓语动词，这个长句子就是由几个子句组成的,定语从句的翻译,Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different people and nations as in the recent events in Europe.(2005),电视是引发和传递这种感受的手段之一 在欧洲近年来发生的事件中，它把不同的民主和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。,A geological prospecting engineer,who had made a spectural analysis of ores,discovered a new open-cut coal mine.,一位地质勘探工程师对矿石进行了光谱分析之后，发现了新的露天煤矿。（翻译为时间状语从句）,The periodical physical examination must be given to a patient,who has recuperated from hepatities,.,肝炎患者虽然痊愈，但仍然需要对其进行定期的健康检查。（让步状语从句）,The last bits and pieces of interplanetary debris,from which Earth formed,were just arriving.,最后一批星际碎片-地球正是由这些碎片构成的-正降落在地球上。,（断开法）,后置法,When that happens,it is not a mistake:it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.,阅读理解题的题型：,主旨大意题 the best title for the text,推理判断题according to/it can be inferred from,观点态度题,语义理解题（衔接）,逻辑衔接题,动词搭配题,考核的手法：,设干扰题似是而非,判断过度-夸大其词,与事实相反与原文意义相反,文中未提到无中生有,设替代词原文的同义（近义词）,翻译技巧与实践,第一章 引论,1.1 翻译的概念及其重要性,1.2 翻译的（早期）基本标准,1.2.1 翻译的传统标准,信：faithfulness 忠实于原文,达：expressiveness 表达，顺达,雅：gracefulness 优美,1.2.2 翻译的基本标准,忠实，通顺,Aleander Fraser Tyter(17491814)in his Essay on the Principles of TranslationThe translation should give a complete transcript of the idea of the original work.,The style and manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.The translation should have the ease of the original composition.,1.3 翻译原则：A,B,C,A-accurate,be in despondence with the original language/work,B-beautiful,C-communicative,1.4 译者的基本素质,外文水平高,母语水平高,知识面广,熟悉基本的翻译技巧,Literal translation（直译）and free translation(意译）,改变形式的条件（Nida),直译会导致意义上的错误；,引入外来语形成语义空白，读者可能填入错误的意义时；,形式对等引起严重意义的晦涩时；,形式对等引起原意所没有的歧义时,Skating on thin ice.,The clever failed by his cleverness.,There is no smoke without fire.,词类的转译法,一、转译成动词,（一）名词转译成动词,1、动词派生的名词转译成动词（多用于政论文体）,2、含有动作意味的名词（多用于记叙文描写文体）,3、v+er=名词转译成动词（非职业性名词,4、作为习语主体的名词 转译成动词,Throughout his speech,he accented the seriousness of the situation.,They are good questions,because they can for the thought provoking answers.,（二）前置词转译成动词（带有动作意味）,（三）形容词转译成动词（表示心理状态）,形容词比较级转译成动词,We seek no wider war.我们不谋求扩大战争。,The American people hailed its programm greater Sino-American trade.,美国人民欢迎该党扩大中美贸易纲领。,（四）副词转译成动词,Part II Translation,一、英译汉准则,（一）正确理解原文、弄清上下文之间的关系（逻辑关系、语法关系、意义关系）,真题分析：,The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanations.,There is no more difference,but there is just the same kind of difference,between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinary person,as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or a butcher weighing out his goods in common scales,and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complex analysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights.,It is not that the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other,differ in the principles of their,Construction or manner of working;but the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.,参考译文,：,这并不是说面包师傅或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比，后者更是一种精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。,（二）认真分析划线部分的语法结构,真题分析：In the early industrialized countries of Europe,the process of,industrialization,-,with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns,that followed,-,was spread,over nearly a century,whereas,nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.,在早期实现工业化的欧洲国家中，其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变革，持续了大约一个世纪之久，而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右就可能完成这个过程,。,（三）仔细琢磨划线部分英语句子的含义,固定表达法,某些短语的特殊含义,代词的指代意义,The importance of the English language in communication cant be overestimated.,英语在国际交流中的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。,英语在国际交流中的重要性不能被估计过高。,（四）忠实原文，译文要符合汉语习惯,真题分析:,While there are almost,as many,definitions of history,as,there are historians,modern practice most closely confirms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.,几乎每个历史学家都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重视过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。,英译汉从句的翻译技巧,一、定语从句,限制性定语从句,1、译成“的”字结构的定语，放在先行词之前。,He,who has never had such experiences,does not know what is happiness.,没有这种经历的人,不知道什么是幸福。,Television is one of the means,by which,these feelings are created and conveyed,-and perhaps never before has it served,so,much,to connect different people and nations,as,in the rent events in Europe.,电视是引发和传递这种感受的手段之一-在欧洲近年来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。,英译汉被动语态与特殊句型的翻译技巧,一、被动语态的翻译技巧,1、保留原文的主语，用“被、受、叫、靠”等介词引出被动者。如：,His shameless act,was severely condemned,by the public opinion.,他的无耻行径,受到,公共舆论的严厉谴责,。,Bankers draft,drawn by,one branch on the Head Office or another branch are not cheques,because the Head Office and all the branches,are,considered,to be one institution,whereas the drawer and drawer must be distinct parties.,一个分行开始给其总行或另一个分行的汇票不是支票，因为总行和所有分行,被看成,是一个机构，而出票人和付款人必须是两个不同的机构,。,2、被动结构的表语化，将其翻译成“是 的”、“由 的”等。如：,Because the air and water in Biosphere II,are recycled,the residents have to take special pains to keep everything pure.由于生物圈二号的,空气和,水是,循环的,，因此居民们必须特别小心，使一切东西都保持干净。,The movement to oppose racial discrimination,was personally initiated,and,led,by a famous negro leader.,这次反对种族歧视的运动,是由一位著名的黑人领袖亲自发动和领导的。,3、,译成具有被动意义的汉语结构。如：,The proclamation of news,is subject to,censorship.新闻发布须受检查。,4、,使用无主句，如：,It should,be made clear,to entire citizens that whoever enjoys rights must undertake corresponding obligations.,应该使全体公民明白，享受权力者必须承担相应的义务。,You,are requested,to look into the matter and give us an early reply.,请你们查明此事并早日答复我们。,With the new technique,measurement,was claimed to be,much more precise.,有了这种新技术，人们断言，测量的结果精确得多。,And it,is imagined,by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes,and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.,许多人认为普通人的思维活动根本无法和科学家的思维过程相比较，他们还认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。,6、如果对所叙述的内容十分清楚，不需要重新提起，可以翻译成：“如所”。如：,As is mentioned above,the economic situation in the province is getting better and better.,如上所述，该省的经济形势越来越好。,7、一些句子可以根据内容的褒贬意义翻译为“得到”，“遭到”如：,When that happens,it is not a mistake:it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action,an instinct that,should be encouraged rather than laughed at.,这种反应并不错，这是人类道德观念的本能在起作用。这种本能,应得,到鼓励而,不应遭到,嘲笑。,8、省略表示被动意义的“被”、“由”等短语。如：,The weight of water,displaced by an object,is equal to the weight of the object.,物体排开水的重量等于物体自身的重量。,9、被动翻译成主动,New sources of energy must be found,and this will take time,but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the time past.,必须找到新的能源,，这需要时间。过去我们曾感受到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再现了。,二、特殊句型的翻译,1、there is no+动名词,Theres no doing=It is impossible to do,(做某事不可能）,Theres no denying(question,doubt,wonder)that,(不可否认）,例1、Theres no saying how long the war is going to last.,战争还要进行多长时间仍是个未知数。,例2、Theres no knowing which team will win the game.,不知道哪一个队能赢得比赛。,2、anything but,根本不,；,nothing but,只不过；,all but,几乎，差一点；除以外其余都是,；,But for,要不是；,But that+从句,若不是,例1、As was alone in a deserted apartment,he was so fully occupied with his research work that he felt,anything but,lonely.,虽然他独自一个人住在这幢房子里，但他埋头于研究工作，,一点也没有,感到孤独。,例2、The method of scientific investigation is,nothing but,the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind;it is simply the mode by which app phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.,科学研究的方法,不过是,人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨的解释的表达方式,。,例3、She was,all but,at a loss on hearing the occurrence of the highway crash.,她听到交通事故的发生，,几乎,不知所措了。,3.Be+not+表语A,but+表语B 不是，而是,Be+表语B+and(或but)not+表语A 是而不是,例：It,is not that,the scales in the one case,and the balance in the other,differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working;,but that,the latter is much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former.,并不是说,（面包师傅或卖肉的人所用的）磅秤在构造原理或工作方式上和（化学家所用的）天平存在差异，,而是说,与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的仪器，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。,4、“名词+or+名词”结构中 or后的名词是同位语，应译为“即；或者称”,例：Moreover,technology includes techniques,or,ways to do things,as well as the machines that may,or,may not be necessary to apply them.,再者，技术包括技艺，或称制作方法，以及可能或可能不一定应用到这些技艺的机器。,5、”主语+had(would)rather+动词原形than 谓语（rather than)+动词原形,意思是“宁可而不”（用于表取舍）,例：I,would rather,have the small one,than,the large one.我宁愿要小的一个,而,不要大的。,6、not nearly(=by no means，far from),决不，远不，并没有,例：The food supply will not increase,nearly,enough to match this,which means that we are facing crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.（选自考研真题）,食品供应将,远远,赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正面临危机。,7、if only+条件状语从句+主语,要是那该多好,主句+only if+条件从句,必须在条件下才,例：1.If only the tsunami had not occurred,everything would have been all right.,如果海啸没有发生就好了，那样就不会出现什么问题了。（虚拟语气）,例2、Only if the school board has given permission is a student allowed to be matriculated.只有校方允许学生才能注册入学。,类似结构：only when(只有在时候才),only because(只因）,8、not so much as,与其说不如说,例：Science moves forward,they say,not so much,through the insights of great men of genius,as,because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.,他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展,与其说,源于天才伟大的真知灼识，,不如说,源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。,9、由 much less,still less,引导是词组或从句，表示一种追加的否定。（这两个词组只能用于否定句）,例1.The newly-arrived immigrants do not apprehend arithmetic,much less,master mathematics.新来的移民连算术都不懂，,更不用说,掌握数学了。,例2：If you dont know how to operate the electrical appliance,still less,do I.,你不知道如何操作这台机器，我,就更,不知道了。,To say nothing of,Not to speak of,Not to mention,Let alone,“更不用说”,也表示追加的说法,10、no more than,和一样都不（than 后面是否定的意义）,例1、,There is,no reason,they should limit how much vitamin you take,any more than,they can limit how much water you drink.,他们没有理由限定你吃多少维生素，,就如同,他们,不能,限定你喝多少水,一样。,例2、As a nation,the French are,no more,eager to learn about their wartime failings,than,are the Japanese.作为一个民族，法国人,正如,日本人,一样,不,积极从他们战争的失败中吸取教训。,Youth is not a time of,life,;it is a state of mind;it is not a matter of rosy cheeks,red lips and supple kneads;,it is a matter of,the will,a,quality,of the imagination,a vigor of the emotions;it is the,freshness,of the deep spring of,life,.,青春不应以生命时间,来衡量,，而是由人的精神状态,所决定；,青春不只是玫瑰色的脸颊，红彤彤的嘴唇和健美的腿脚，而是人类的意志、愿望、想象,灵性,和情感活力；青春是人类心灵深处的,清,泉。,译题一：Walking in London is so much fun,I had been expecting to walk into work today:I had assumed the strikes included the Tube and was almost disappointed to discover that the trains would be running as usual.I might go by foot anyway.Walking is a neglected pleasure.We dont do it often enough with the express intent of enjoying ourselves.We see it as the way to get somewhere quickly rather than a soothing way to spend half an hour or more.But it also opens our eyes to what has been there all along.,参考译文：漫步伦敦之乐,我一直想着今天徒步上班,因为我料定地铁也在罢工之内。看到列车像平时那样正常运行，我感到有些失望。不管怎么说，我还是可以走路上班。步行是久违了的乐趣。现在,我们难得仅仅为了享受生活而散步。有时，我们奔走半小时或更长的时间，并非为了散心，而是为了尽快赶到某个地方。即便是这样，在路上，我们依然可以欣赏沿途的景色。,Have College Diplomas Lost Some Worth?,Is a college diploma starting to have a lower value than a high school one?There is more pressure than ever in the competitive job market to stand out from the crowd.Continuing your education is one way to get that extra edge.Graduate school courses are more specific and ideal for a person who has a pretty clear idea of their career plans.,与中学学历相比，大学学位的价值开始降低了吗？在竞争激烈的就业市场上，要想脱颖而出，人们的压力比以往任何时候都要大。继续深造是获得额外优势的一种途径。对于自己的职业规划认识非常清晰的人来说，研究生院的课程更加具体，也更为理想。,否定句的翻译,全部否定 complete negation,No,none,nothing,As personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning to side with defendants,especially in cases where a warning label probably would not have changed anything.,尽管人身伤害索赔一如既往，但有些法庭已开始站在被告一方，特别是在处理那些即便有警示标识语也改变不了什么的案件中。,部分否定 part negation,All/every/both/always+not,不是所有都.不是每个都、不是两个都、不总是,Not all that shift can be attributed to the movement out of the snow belt,census officials say,nonstop waves of immigrants played a role,too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterdays“baby boom”generation reached its child-bearing years.,人口普查的官员说，不是所有的这种变化都归因于雪带的移动，不停的移民流和更多的婴儿出生也引起了一定的作用，因为“婴儿潮”的一代人也到了生儿育女的年龄了。,双重否定,意义上的肯定,被译为“没有就不”或“没有就没有”,Without the ability to think critically,to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others,they cannot fully participate in our democracy.,没有,能力进行批判性思考，维护自己的观点，并理解他人的观点，他们,就不能,充分参与我们的民主。,半否定句,scarcely,hardly,seldom,The mergers of telecom companies,such as World Com,hardly,seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress.,像世界电信公司这类通讯公司的合并似乎不太可能给消费者带来物价的上涨，也不会导致技术进步速度的减慢。,特指否定句,，由非谓语动词的否定式构成，即以 not to do,not doing 或 not done 出现,Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education,not to pursue,knowledge for the sake of knowledge.,甚至学校也只不过是吧我们的孩子送去实用教育的地方-而不是为了知识而学知识的地方。,延续否定句,指前面已经有一个否定句，后面又追加一个或数个否定句，这种追加的否定句叫做延续否定句,No meat,no fur,no medicines 即是 not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animals 的延续否定,For example,a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at