负性情绪干扰行为抑制控制.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,2012/10/11 Thursday,#,负性情绪干扰行为抑制控制,:,一项事件相关电位研究,辛 勇 李 红 袁 加 锦,心理学,1001,班,1090080134,李慧,负性情绪干扰行为抑制控制,:,一项事件相关电位研究,摘要,一、引言,二、试验方法,三、实验结果,四、讨论,五、结论,摘要,以往研究提示,行为抑制控制与视觉情绪加工的神经活动存在交互作用,而视觉材料诱发的正、负情绪如何影响行为控制加工过程尚不清楚。,采用双选择情绪,oddball,范式与事件相关电位,(ERP),技术,本研究假设视觉情绪刺激的呈现对个体的行为控制能力具有显著影响。实验要求被试对标准刺激与偏差刺激,(85%vs.15%),分别做不同的按键反应。偏差刺激由正、负、中三种来自中国情绪图片系统的情绪图片组成。,行为结果发现,负性条件下的反应时间显著长于中性与正性条件,而三类偏差刺激的反应时均显著长于标准刺激的反应时。,ERP,结果显示,不论效价,在,240300ms,与,350550ms,两个时间窗口,偏差刺激与标准刺激诱发的平均波幅差异显著,表明本研究条件下行为抑制控制效应显著。在代表行为控制加工的偏差,-,标准差异波中,在上述两窗口内分别出现显著的,N2,与,P3,成分。负性条件下,N2,及,P3,潜伏期显著长于中性条件,;,而负性条件下,N2,波幅显著大于而,P3,波幅显著小于中性条件。相反,正性条件下,N2,波幅显著小于而,P3,波幅显著大于中性条件。,因此,本研究从行为与脑电两个层面揭示了情绪对行为控制过程的影响,:,负性情绪减弱个体的行为控制能力,从而导致个体对反应冲突的觉察变慢及对优势反应的抑制过程更长。相反,正性情绪对行为控制过程可能具有促进作用。,一、引言,（一）,作为执行功能的重要成分,对不适当行为模式的监控与抑制在人类的生存适应中起着重要作用。,采用,Go/Nogo,及双选择,oddball,范式的研究显示,额中央区,N2,、中央顶区,P3,成分是与行为抑制控制过程密切相关的两个,ERP,成分,行为控制相关,N2,成分被认为主要与冲突觉察与监控有关,;,而行为控制相关,P3,的出现则是行为抑制加工过程的直接指标,比如,Go/Nogo,任务中,P3,峰值的出现往往代表着行为抑制加工的完成。,（二）本研究采用高时间分辨率,ERP,技术,及情绪双选择,oddball,范式考察情绪对行为控制加工的影响及其时间特征。,双选择,oddball,范式要求被试尽快且准确地对大概率,Go,刺激,(,标准刺激,),与小概率,Nogo,刺激,(,偏差刺激,),做两类不同的按键反应。由于标准刺激的呈现概率远大于偏差刺激,因此,实验中被试对标准刺激的反应频率远高于对偏差刺激的反应频率。由此,个体对标准刺激的反应将成为优势反应。当偏差刺激呈现时,被试需抑制对标准刺激的优势反应,从而确保对偏差刺激做出正确的行为反应。,二、试验方法,2.1,被试,13,名在校大学生、研究生作为有偿被试,6,名男性,7,名女性,年龄范围在,1825,岁,平均年龄约为,22,岁,所有被试身心健康,均为右利手,视力正常或矫正后正常,均签署了实验知情同意书。,2.2,刺激材料,采用双选择,oddball,分类实验模式。在实验中,刺激材料均分为标准刺激和偏差刺激,(,其比例为,85%vs15%),两类。标准刺激为一张凳子的自然景物图片,偏差刺激为负性,中性与正性情绪图片各,25,张,各效价条件刺激图片在实验中呈现概率均为,5%,。所有刺激图片均来自中国情绪图片库系统,。各条件刺激图片唤醒度保持一致,(,负性,M=6.08,中性,M=5.86,正性,M=5.88;F(2,87)=1.55,p=0.22),而效价两两差异十分显著,(,负性,M=1.85,中性,M=5.46,正性,M=7.01;F(2,87)=486.2,p 0.001),。图片分辨率均为,100,像素,/,英寸,大小统一为,15cm10cm,。被试双眼与屏幕距离约,1.5m,因此水平与垂直视角均小于,6,。,2.3 ERP,记录,实验仪器为,Brain Product,脑电记录系统,参考电极置于双侧乳突连线,前额接地,采用,64,导电极帽记录脑电,同时记录水平眼电和垂直眼电,滤波带通为,DC-100 Hz,采样频率为,500Hz/,导,头皮电阻降至,5k,以下。进行离线分析,(off-line analysis),分析时程,(epoch),为,1000ms,含基线,200ms,自动矫正眨眼等伪迹,波幅大于,80V,者在叠加中被自动剔除。,2.4,程序和任务,实验共有,5,个,block,每个,block,包括,200,个刺激试次,(trial),。各效价条件刺激图片呈现顺序完全随机。在实验开始之前,告知被试本实验考察个体进行反应选择及对优势反应进行抑制的能力。,首先在电脑屏幕中央出现小十字注视点,持续,300ms,。,然后,呈现时距在,5001500ms,之间随机的空屏,随后呈现刺激图片。,被试的任务是当标准刺激出现时用左,(,右,),手食指按,F,键反应,;,而当偏差刺激出现,用右,(,左,),手食指按,J,键反应。反应手进行被试间平衡。刺激呈现时间上限,1000ms,刺激呈现随被试按键终止。,因此,当刺激呈现之后,被试需要,1000ms,之内尽可能准确而快速的做按键反应,在每个,block,结束之后,均提供被试对两类刺激图片的反应正确率作为反馈。随后是,1000ms,的等待时间,然后出现小十字,以此循环。正式实验之前被试先进行,20,个试次,(trial),的练习,所有被试都必须在练习阶段反应正确率达到,100%,再进入正式实验。记录标准刺激及各效价偏差刺激诱发的,EEG,活动。实验结束后,对各个被试进行有关实验情况的访谈。,2.5 ERP,数据分析和统计,分析时程为,1000ms,其中刺激呈现前,200ms,作为基线。对各效价偏差刺激及标准刺激诱发的,ERP,分别进行叠加和平均。由图,1,与图,2,可知,情绪效价效应主要出现在头皮中央及额,-,中央记录区域,而偏差,-,标准差异波活动广泛分布在额,-,中央,-,后顶部记录区域。因此,本研究选择以下的,13,个电极位置记录的,ERP,波形用于统计分析,:FZ,FCZ,CZ,CPZ,PZ,F3,FC3,C3,CP3,F4,FC4,C4,CP4,进行统计分析。由图1,可知,偏差刺激与标准刺激诱发的,ERP,从大约,150ms,开始分离,该差异一直延续到大约,700ms,结束。这些差异在差异波上集中表现为早期,N1(130180ms),及,P2(190240ms),成分,及晚期抑制控制相关,N2(240300ms),及,P3(350550ms),成分。,因此,本研究首先通过平均波幅分析在,240300ms,及,350550ms,两窗口检验行为控制,ERP,效应的显著性。分析因素为刺激类别,(,标准刺激,偏差刺激,),与电极点,(13,个记录点,),。在行为控制效应显著的基础上,通过测量各效价条件下,N1,P2,、,N2,及,P3,的潜伏期,(,刺激呈现到波峰之间的时间距,),和波幅,(,基线到波峰,),进一步分析情绪效价对行为控制过程的影响。对上述各成分的波幅与潜伏期进行两因素重复测量方差分析,(ANOVA),。重复测量因素为效价,(,正,中,负,),及电极点,(13,个电极点,),。采用,Greenhouse-Geisser,法矫正自由度以及,P,值。,三、实验结果,3.1,行为结果,被试对标准刺激及偏差刺激的反应正确率均超过,96%,反应正确率的效价及刺激类型,(,标准,vs.,偏差,),主效应均不显著。对反应时间的统计分析表明,无论效价,被试对偏差刺激的反应时间显著长于对标准刺激的反应时间,F(1,12)=8.29,p 0.05,。此外,反应时间的效价主效应显著,F(2,24)=4.45,p 0.05,负性条件下的反应时间显著长于中性及正性条件下的反应时间。被试在标准刺激,负性偏差刺激,中性偏差刺激,正性偏差刺激条件下的反应时间分别为,:452ms,523ms,504ms,497ms,。,由此可知,本实验条件下,由于反应抑制的需要,被试在各偏差刺激条件下均出现显著的反应时间延迟效应,该效应在负性情绪条件下尤为突出。,3.2 ERP,成分与统计分析,3.2.1,行为控制效应检验,(,原始波形,),对,240 300ms,区间平均波幅的重复测量方差分析显示出显著的刺激类别,F(1,12)=6.12;p 0.05,及电极点主效应F(12,144)=3.65;p 0.01,。无论记录位置,偏差刺激诱发出相比标准刺激显著更大的负偏向,该偏向在差异波中集中表现为显著的额中央区,N2,活动。平均波幅在中前部记录点显著大于后部记录点。此外,刺激类别与电极点交互效应边缘显著,F(12,144)=1.75,p 0.1,见图,2,。,对,350550ms,区间平均波幅统计分析表现出显著的刺激类别,F(1,12)=7.03,p 0.05,及电极点,F(12,144)=2.61,p 0.01,主效应,以及显著的刺激类别与电极点交互效应,F(12,144)=3.02,p 0.01,。中央,-,顶区的波幅显著大于前部记录区域的波幅。偏差刺激,尤其在中央区及后顶区,诱发出相比标准刺激显著更大的正偏向,该偏向在差异波中表现为明显的,P3,活动,(,图,2),。,由此可知,本实验条件下,偏差刺激诱发出显著的行为抑制效应,该效应集中表现为额中央区的差异,N2,及中央顶区差异,P3,活动,(,图,2),。,3.2.3,情绪对行为控制过程的影响,(,偏差,-,标准差异波分析,),N1-P2,效应,:,重复测量方差分析表明,差异,N1,波幅的效价主效应显著,F(2,24)=7.14,p 0.01),。负性刺激诱发的,N1,波幅显著大于中性刺激,而正性条件的波幅显著小于中性条件。此外,差异,P2,波幅的效价,F(2,24)=9.96,p 0.05,及电极点,F(12,144)=2.08,p 0.05,主效应显著。,P2,波幅主要分布在额,-,中央区,且负性条件,P2,波幅相比中性与正性条件显著更负。,P2,潜伏期的效价效应显著,F(2,24)=3.72,p 0.05,负性条件下峰潜伏期显著早于正性与中性条件。上述两成分的其余效应均不 显著。,N2,效应,:,差异,N2,波幅的效价,F(2,24)=11.28,p 0.01,及电极点,F(12,144)=10.71,p 0.001,主效应显著。负性刺激诱发的,N2,波幅显著大于中性刺激,F(1,12)=15.02,p 0.01;,中性条件诱发的波幅显著大于正性条件,F(1,12)=14.51,p 0.01,。,N2,波幅主要分布在额,-,中央区域。此外,N2,潜伏期的效价主效应显著,F(2,24)=4.10,p 0.05,。负性条件下,N2,潜伏期显著长于中性及正性条件。其余效应均不 显著。,P3,效应,:,差异,P3,波幅的效价,F(2,24)=15.26,p 0.001,及电极点,F(12,144)=8.86,p 0.001,主效应显著。此外,效价与电极点交互效应显著,F(24,288)=2.71,p 0.01,。负性刺激诱发的,P3,波幅显著小于中性刺激,F(1,12)=26.38,p 0.001;,而中性条件诱发的波幅显著小于正性条件,F(1,12)=8.29,p 0.05,。中央顶区的,P3,活动显著大于前部区域,而效价条件之间的差异主要分布在额中央区域。对,P3,的潜伏期分析表现出显著的效价,F(2,24)=4.87,p 0.05,及电极点主效应,F(12,144)=2.98,p 0.01,。负性条件下,P3,潜伏期显著长于中性及正性条件,中央,-,顶区记录点的,P3,潜伏期显著长于前部记录点。其余效应皆不显著,。,四、讨论,（一）采用双选择,oddball,范式,本研究发现视,情绪对个体的行为控制过程具有显著影响。,在偏差,-,标准差异波中,情绪对行为控制,的影响主要表现为负性情绪下人脑抑制加工的增,强及加工时间的延长。另一方面,无论是在早期,对反应冲突的觉察还是在晚期的抑制控制阶段，,正性情绪下人脑行为控制加工脑活动相比中性更,弱,提示正性情绪对行为控制过程可能具有促进,作用。,（二）由于,N1-P2,复合成分是偏差相关脑活动,因此显著,N1-P2,成分的出现标志着人脑对与背景偏离的刺激物的觉察,。,以往研究显示,N1,活动是早期视觉选择性注意的标志,而前部,P200,的出现跟知觉加工中注意的卷入有关。因此,个体在,150200ms,左右已经觉察到偏差刺激的呈现,并引起相比标准刺激更多的注意分配,从而为随后的反应冲突觉察及行为控制做准备。负性刺激诱发的,N1-P2,成分相比中性刺激显著更负,且负性条件下,P2,潜伏期更早,这反映了人脑对负性事件的注意偏向,。由于注意资源的有限性,N1-P2,阶段对负情绪内容的优先加工,可能导致随后任务相关的行为控制过程受到干扰。,（,三）、,1,、以往研究发现,行为抑制任务中,N2,与反应冲突检测有关。有反应冲突的任务诱发的,N2,显著大于无反应冲突的任务。,由于,N2,波幅是冲突监控中注意分配的直接指标,而其潜伏期代表着反应冲突觉察的速度,统计结果提示负性条件下的反应冲突监控需消耗个体更多注意资源,而觉察反应冲突的速度相比中性与正性条件更慢。由于负情绪事件的重要生存适应价值,人脑对该类事件存在加工偏向,;,该偏向很可能导致任务相关维度加工的不足。因此,负性条件下,个体需要克服对情绪维度的加工偏向,以有效监控反应冲突并完成行为抑制控制。,2,、近期,Yuan,等人的系列研究显示,随着效价强度的增强,负性情绪对任务相关维度加工的影响也越大。,与上述结果一致,本研究中双加工过程的存在导致负性条件下,N2,波幅最大,而情绪对冲突监控的干扰很可能是负性条件,N2,潜伏期延长的原因。相反,正性条件诱发的,N2,的波幅显著小于中性条件,而两者峰潜伏期无显著差异。这表明,正性情绪下个体消耗较少的注意资源便能有效监控反应冲突的出现,这可能与正性情绪增加注意广度有关,。,（四）以往研究显示,对任务无关干扰信息的认知控制导致,P3,波幅的降低,认知控制条件下的,P3,波幅低于无认知控制条件下,。人脑对负性事件的加工具有优先性。因此,负性条件下,个体需动用认知控制,排除无关负性情绪的干扰,以确保行为抑制过程的有效完成,从而导致了负性条件下,P3,波幅的降低。这一观点得到了,P3,潜伏期效应的支持。负性条件下更长的潜伏期,标志着个体需要更长时间完成行为抑制控制过程,这也与负性条件下反应时的延迟相一致。,另一方面,正性刺激诱发了相比中性条件更大的,P3,波幅,而两者并无,P3,潜伏期及反应时间的差异。这提示正性条件下并无显著认知控制过程的参与。以往研究显示,正性情绪增加注意的广度,显著激活联想系统,对认知灵活性与执行功能具有促进作用。,因此,更好的分配性注意与广泛联想性皮层区域的激活可能促进行为控制过程的完成,由此导致正性条件下,P3,波幅的增大。有关正性情绪与行为控制的具体关系有待进一步研究的解决。,五、结论,采用双选择,oddball,范式,本研究发现视觉情绪对行为抑制控制过程具有显著影响。,1,）该影响主要表现为负性情绪对行为控制过程的干扰。相比中性条件,负性情绪下个体的行为反应显著延迟,;,2,）并且个体的反应冲突监控和随后的行为抑制脑活动增强,而加工过程变慢。正性情绪对行为抑制过程可能具有促进作用。,参 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into gender-related prevalence of affective disturbances.Human Brain Mapping,30(11),36763686.,Abstract,Considerable studies have shown that emotional processes interact with behavioral inhibitory control(Shafritz,Collins,Goldstein,et al.,2007).However,how visual induced emotion influences behavioral inhibitory control remains unknown.Specifically,whether emotion of different valences influences behavioral inhibitory control similarly or positive and negative emotions impact this control in different ways remains undetermined.Based on previous studies reporting different effects of positive and negative emotions on cognitive processes(Rowe,Hirsh and Anderson,2007),the present study hypothesize that the inducement of negative emotion may impair behavioral control while that of positive emotion promotes the achievement of the control.,Using a two-choice oddball task(standard vs.deviant ratio:85%:15%)an d event-related potential measures(ERPs),the present study investigated the effect of emotion on behavioral inhibitory control.ERPs were recorded for standard stimuli,positive,neutral and negative deviant stimuli while subjects classify deviant and standard stimuli by pressing different keys,irrespective of the emotionality of deviants.All stimuli were emotionally evocative scenes taken from Chinese Affective Picture System,Response times for negative deviant stimuli were longer than those for neutral and positive deviants.ERP data showed significant amplitude differences betwee n deviant and standard conditions during 240-300ms and 350-550ms intervals,suggesting that the present task is valid in inducing processes of behavioral inhibitory control.In the deviant-standard difference ERPs that pure ly index effect of this control,there were pronounced deviant-related N2 and P3 components in 240-300ms and 350-550ms interval s respectively.The deviant-related N2 during negative condition was larger than that during neutral condition,while de viant-related P3 was less pronounced in response to negative stimuli than in response to neutral stimuli.In contrast,the N2 was smaller while the P3 was larger during positive versus neutral conditions.Additionally,the peak latencies of N2 and P3 components were delayed during negative compared to neutral conditions.,To summarize,the present study demonstrated a significant influence of emotion valence on processes of behavioral inhibitory control in both behavioral an d electrophysiological levels.Negative emotion impairs processes of the response conflict monitoring and subsequent behavioral inhibition,while po sitive emot