汉英翻译第五章课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,*,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,第五章:词性转换,在汉英翻译过程中,由于两种语言在语法和习惯表达上的差异,在保证原文意义不变的前提下,译文必须对汉语词类做必要的转换,在这一点上同英译汉中的词类,换是有着共同之处的.,词类转换如果运用得当,可以使译文变得通顺流畅,符合英语的表达习惯;否则就可能使译文变得不伦不类.汉语词类的转换主要涉及名词,动词,形容词和副词等处理问题,其中以动词的转换居多.,1.汉语名词转换成英语动词,在翻译过程中汉语名词一般是不改变其词性的,但有时某些汉语名词如“形状”,“地位”,“态度”,“特点”,“印象”,“目的”,定义”等,以及较为正式的文体中的名词,在英语中往往可用动词来表示,同时修饰这些名词的形容词往往也要转换成副词.,1)我国科学研究发展的特点是理论联系实际.,The development of scientific research in our country is characterized by the combination of theory with practice.,雄伟的人民大会堂给我们留下了深刻的印象.,The magnificent Great Hall of the People impressed us tremendously.,社会主义革命的目的是为了解放生产力Socialist revolution aims at liberating the productive forces.,4)自然保护区的规定和管理应按照国务院有关规定办理.,Nature reserves shall be designated and administered according to the relevant provisions of the State Councils.,5)成都工艺美术品厂的产品主要特点是工艺精湛,价廉物美.,The products of Chengdu Arts&Crafts Factory are mainly featured by their fine workmanship and reasonable price.,2.汉语形容词或副词转换成英语名词,有时候出于语法结构或修辞上的需要,也可以将汉语的某些形容词或副词转换成英语的名词.,在全国文明礼貌月中,所有城市必须搞好卫生,清除混乱和不礼貌现象.During the National Civic Virtues Month,all the cities must clean up,and banish disarray and discourtesy.,街中的一切逐渐消失在灰暗的暮色中.,Everything was gradually disappearing into a pall of gray.,3)他试图用热情的款待把他的窘态遮盖过去.,He tried to cover up his embarrassment with the enthusiasm of his hospitality.,4)海南岛上的空气是这样清香,使人感到格外凉爽,舒畅.,The air over Hainan Island was so fresh and fragrant;it gave us a feeling of exceptional coolness and comfort.,5)多年来我很少外出写生,如今我对此已感到很生疏了.,Since I seldom go out sketching for years,it is quite a strange to me now.,名词转换成副词,氧是物质世界的重要元素之一.它的化学性很活泼.,Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world.It is very active chemically.,我们的教育方针,应该使受教育者在德育,智育,体育几方面都得到发展,成为有社会主义觉悟,有文化的劳动者.,Our education policy must enable everyone who receives an education to develop morally,intellectually and physically and become a worker with both socialist consciousness and culture.,4.动词英译多端口处理,英汉两种语言分属完全不同的语系，因此在语言上呈现,出诸多差异，其中一个明显的差异是汉语的“多动词”现象,。人们发现，汉语动词的使用频率大大高于英语。这是因,为英语动词的造句功能比汉语小得多。谓语限定动词受主,谓关系的限制，一个简单句或分句大多只有一个谓语动词,（少数有两个或两个以上的并列谓语动词）。英语少用动,词的另一个直接原因是动词意义的多路径体现，即通过谓,语动词以外各种词性的词来体现汉语动词的意味。英语多,样性动态意味的表现形式恰恰体现了英语形态化语言的特,点。同时，侧重用什么词来对应汉语的动词，又受制于英,语的句型，时态，语态，搭配习惯及文章的文体等诸多方,面的因素。下面，本文拟从动词的零位体现，同源名词，,介词，形容词，副词和非谓语动词几方面分别展现各种转,换情形和对语法，文体的要求。,1.动词英译的零体现,动词的虚无可以达到词句精炼，严密，客观，庄重，紧凑,满足英文多文体的需要。,1）请走这边！This way,please.(口语),2）创一流服务，迎四海佳宾。First class service to all guests.(标语),3）不到喀什等于没到新疆！（广告）,No experience in Kashgar,No experience in Xinjiang.,(以上三句是呼唤功能文本句，为增强对读者的感染力，常采用简明的无动词句以达到最大效果的记忆性和说服性),4）试论汉语结构要素的历史演变.(题目),Pilot Study in the Historical Evolution of Chinese Structural Element.,（用于汉语论文题目的一些套话，比如：“浅谈”，“试论”或“论”无多少实际意义，可以用介词或不体现的形式）,5）我们学了社会发展史，就是说我们学了历史唯物论。,We have studied the history of social developmenthistorical materialism.,（同位语中的动词，在重复前面的情况下，根据英文表达习惯予以省略，以达到突出同位语的目的）,中国支持联合国召开会议，讨论海湾战争问题。,China backs UN meeting on Gulf War.,（英语中的“on”经常表示“论述，讨论，涉及”等动词意味，又如，毛泽东的实践论译为,On Practice,此外，还表示汉语的“进行”，“上映”）。,我向外张望，想弄清怎么一回事，只见派格蒂从篱笆那边出现，登上马车，真叫我大为惊异。,Looking out to ascertain for what I saw,to my amazement,Peggoty burst from a hedge and climb into the cart.（“真叫我大为惊异”属汉语中的小句，特点是各个部分主要有动词连接起来，它们之间存在隐含的逻辑关系。经分析，该子句与前面的关系为结果，因此，用了含有结果意义的介词to短语做了转换，实现由隐性向显性的过渡。）,几乎所有的英语介词在汉译英中都可以派上动词的用场，比如：along（沿着），down（顺着。而下），up(顺着。而下)，China in progress(发展中的中国)at the news(听到这消息。)等等。,IV.动词转形容词,朱总理，中央及有关部委领导同志，在华外国专家出席了宴会。,Present at the banquet were Premier Zhu,leading figures of the central government and the relevant ministries and commissions,and foreign experts working in China.(主语太长，因此present放在句首，出现倒装，避免了头重脚轻),2）博斯腾湖盛产芦苇，给巴州带来了巨大的经济利益。,Reed is abundant in the Bosten Lake,which brings tremendous economic benefit to Bayangol Mongolian Prefecture.(汉语中的某些动词，其对应的英语可能是形容词组，“abundant in”属固定搭配，就是其中一例。),有一些形容词，如：afraid（害怕）,aware（知道）,confident（确信）,ignorant（不知道）,sure（确信）subject（需要）作表语，汉译时往往以动词的姿态出现。后续部分按功能语法，可划为宾语。,3）我们不怕鬼。We are not afraid of ghosts.,4）你们一定知道，这种打字机轻便高效，经久耐用又经济实惠，适合高中学生使用。,You are well aware that this type of typewriter is portable and durable,economical and practical for high school students.,5）对港口区内非法悬挂中华人民共和国国旗航行的外国船舶处以500元的惩款。,A foreign vessel flying the flag of the Peoples Republic of China,which is illegal,is subject to a fine of 500 yuan.,如果把电源线接错，就会损坏机器。,The wrong power-line connection will damage the motor.,（“接错”变成形容词后，使显性的条件从句，降格为名词短语，呈现出表示条件意味的隐性偏正结构。）,V动词转副词,他不愿让我进去。,He wouldnt like to allow me in.,我正忙着做一种新的捕鼠装置时，马克走来拖着我出去看花展。,I was busy making a kind of new rat device when Mark came up to drag me out for a flower show.,出现在上两例用做动词的副词都是宾补，而在汉语里对应的是兼语式的结构，对应的词是趋向动词。,今晚放映什么影片？,What film will be on this evening?,(该句中副词“on”作表语，为典型口语化句子),VI非谓语动词对应无形态变化的汉语动词,英语有发达的关系手段，它们不仅有形态变化，有连词和介词，还有关系代词，关系副词，不定式，分词和动名词，可以构成无数的短语，表述各种语法关系；而汉语是非形态语言，无非谓语动词形式，更没有关系代词和关系副词，尽管有连词和介词，但数量比英语少，使用频率大大低于英语。因此，众多的无形态变化的汉语动词就要变成集动词和关系词于一身的非谓语动词，以此完成围绕主谓两巨栋的英式句子的空间搭架。,这种鸟飞得很快，很远，它们吃的主要是草籽和树上的干果仁。,These birds fly very fast over long distance,mainly eating seeds and berries.,（本句中eating为现在分词做伴随壮语，逻辑主语是鸟，从而减少两套主谓结构的出现。）,我们用自己动手的方法，达到了丰衣足食的目的。,By using our own hands,we have hit the target of ample clothing and abundant food.（本句中，using为动名词做介词的宾语，起着方式壮语的功用。）,接着又踏着楼梯，上楼看了宽大敞亮的卧室，里头摆着大衣柜，高柱床。,Then they went upstairs to see the bright,spacious bedroom with its wardrobe four-poster bed.（该句中see 是动词不定式，做目的壮语）,挨我们这一头，全是干净的沙地，上面罩着伞也似的树荫。,At our end was clean sand with umbrella like trees shading above.,（句中shading为现在分词构成独立主格的第一制式）,加强公路建设，改善农村条件。同时，大力加强邮电通信建设。,More roads will be built so as to improve the rural transport.In the meantime,efforts will be made to increase post and telecommunication facilities.,（汉语中众多的平列式短句，动词形态千篇一律。但从隐形的语义链接中看出“改善”是“加强”的目的，所以，形式上采用了动词不定式。）,事实求是地说，解决中国人的吃饭问题，任务艰巨，困难不少，但潜力很大，前景广阔。,Truly speaking,China has had great difficulties in solving her problem with food provision.But she also has great potential and prospects for having her people well fed.（speaking在句中是现在分词，做独立成分，表示说话人的语气。）,汉语动词在汉英语际转换中多端口处理，是翻译中应用广泛的技巧。至于，汉语英译对应采纳哪一种形式，取决于析义立形时，它所扮演的语法角色，修辞需要及处在什么样的文体中。多形态动词意味的体现是英语营造学造句法的必然产物，具体地说，开门见山，先搭起主语和主要动词两巨栋，然后运用各种关系词把有关材料组成各种关系结集，向这两巨栋前后挂钩，直接间接地嵌扣。在汉译英时，只有尊重此种造句规律，才能把汉语变成地道的英语，实现无形态语言向有形态语言的过渡及汉语的多动词对应英语的多形态。,作业:,他们不顾一切困难,挫折,坚持战斗.(转成介词),他在讲话中特别强调提高产品质量.(转成名词),汉语的特点之一是动词占优势.(名词转动词),他执政期间,有两点突出的发展:一是伊朗的石油收入迅猛上升;二是由于大规模地滥用每年二百二十亿美元的石油收益,而开始造成了一种社会政治危机.(名词转动词),由于新疆经济基础薄弱,总体经济水平低下,效率不高,投资不足.地方财政依靠中央大量补贴,对高等教育的投资相对较少.(转成动词),译文曝光台:,巴州得天独厚的气候条件使它成为世界上最适合种植番茄的地区之一，也成为了我区番茄的主要产区之一。截止目前巴州共有番茄生产企业19家,日处理番茄的能力已达2.5万吨。2003年完成工业总产值5.37亿元。当地农民通过种植番茄每亩收入在千元以上。今年巴州番茄种植面积比去年增长15.8%，预计番茄产量120万吨左右，比去年增长20.2%。番茄加工业已经成为巴州经济快速发展和农民致富的重要途径。,标题,番茄加工业成为巴州经济快速发展和农民致富的重要途径。,翻译,记者,苏拉提 居里艾提,时间,10月20日,字,235,午,联播,晚间,评 定,此外巴州生长的番茄，红色素含量远远高于世界平均水平。目前已有两家生产红色素的企业在巴州投产，从而延伸了番茄产业链，提高了番茄的深加工力度。Title:Tomato processing industry become the way of getting wealth SURAT Reports,A For the special climate,Bayangol Prefecture is one of the areas which are most suitable to the growth of tomato,and it is also the main places for producing tomatoes in XJ.虽说问题不大,搭配上还是出现过失.比如说:suitable to;还有结构比较松散.Up to now,there are 19 tomato-processing enterprises in Bayangol Prefecture,and per day output of processing tomatoes has reached to 250,000 tons.英语以形驭义,而且形制使用成龙配套.,例如:up to now 一般与现在完成时搭档.另外,出现了一处语法错误reached to.In 2003,they have finished 537 million Yuan of gross production value.Local farmers can get over 1000 Yuan per mu on planting tomatoes.译者在时态上接连出错,说明基本功不扎实.另外,也说明翻译是曝光台.任何语言基本功上的闪失,都会表现出来;后半句on planting tomatoes 存在错误,应改为by planting tomatoes.The planting area of the prefecture has increased 15.8%,compared with that of last year.,本句中Planting area应改为planted area,这,又是一处语言基础性错误,同时15%前应加介词by,因为increase在这里与15%不构成主谓关系。It is estimated that the output of tomatoes will be around 1.2 million tons,20.2%higher than that of last year.Thus,the tomato processing industry has already be a way to speed up local economy and increase farmers incomes.此处为语法错误,应把be改为been。,A In addition,the content of red pigment of tomatoes growing in Bayangol Prefecture is much higher than the average of world level.第一句表述拖沓,同时growing用错,应改为grown。At present,two enterprises produce red pigment has been put into operation in Bayangol Prefecture,thus,the tomato industrial chain has been extended,and the strength of deep processing has been promoted.这里受汉语的影响,出现了不分主次的谓语动词。后面又出现了生硬的表达形式。,译文再现,Tomato processing industry makes farmers get rich SURAT Reports,A The unique climate makes Bayangol become one of the most suitable regions for growth of tomatoes in the world and also one of the major producers.So far,the prefecture has 19 tomatoes processing enterprises with the daily-treatment capacity of 25,000 tons.In 2003,the completed industrial output value 5.37 hundred million RMB Yuan.The local farmers can earn over one thousand RMB Yuan per mu by growing tomatoes.The planting area for tomatoes in Bayangol has risen,15.8%more than that last year.It is expected the output of tomatoes will reach 1.2 million tons or so,20.2%more than that last year.Tomato processing industry has become an important way for the rapid economic progress and better life for farmers in Bayangol Mongolia Prefecture.,A In addition,the tomatoes grown here enjoy much higher haematochrome than world average level of its kind.At present,two enterprises producing haematochrome have been put into operation in Bayangol Prefecture,thus extending tomatoes industrial chain and improving the deep-procession of tomatoes.,作业点评:,这次到台湾访问交流,虽然行程匆匆,但是,看了不少地方,访了旧友,交了新知,大家走到一起,谈论的一个重要话题就是中华民族在21世纪的强盛.The current trip to Taiwan for visit and exchange,though in a tight schedule,has taken us to quite a few places and enabled us to call on old friends and make new acquaintances.As we join together,one of the major topics is the prosperity of Chinese nation in 21st century.虽然祖国大陆,台湾的青年生活在不同的社会环境中,有着各自不同的社会经历,但大家的内心都深深铭刻着中华文化优秀传统的印记,都拥有着振兴中华民族的共同理想.Although the youth of the Mainland China and Taiwan live in different social backgrounds and have different social experiences,all of us are greatly impressed by excellent traditional Chinese culture,with common aspiration for revitalizing Chinese nations.,在世纪之交的伟大时代,我们的祖国正在走向繁荣富强,海峡两岸人民也将加强交流,共同推进祖国统一大业的早日完成.During the great age at the turn of this century,our motherland is moving towards prosperity and the people on the both sides of the Taiwan Straits will also enhance communication and strive for the earlier accomplishment of motherland reunification.世纪之交的宝贵机遇和巨大挑战将青年推倒了历史前台.The rare opportunity and tremendous challenge at the turn of this century will push youth to the historical foreground.跨世纪青年一代应该用什么样的姿态迎接充满希望的新世纪,这是我们必须回答的问题.In what kind of gesture should the trans-century young generation anticipate the new century full of hope?It is the question we must answer.,作业答案,1）They insisted on struggle despite all the difficulties and frustrations.,2）He placed a special stress on the improvement of product quality in his speech.,3）Chinese is partially characterized by abundant verbs.,4）His period in office is marked by a steep rise in Irans oil revenue and the first sign of a social-political crisis brought about by widespread misuse of the 22 billion USD a year earning from oil.,5）Less investment in the higher education results from Xinjiangs weaker economic foundation,lower overall economic level,poor efficiency,inadequate capital input and a large amount of subsidy into the local finance from the central finance.,Thanks,