than的用法详解.doc

全面解析than得用法
一、more/ less/ adj+er than
　　注：此分析未包括as/like
　　(1) 主语比较
　　1、1 than前若有宾语，则其后得助词需补出，时态要据后定。主语相同可省
　　1、 The pay of senior executives increased in 1990 by a larger percentage than did the wages of other salaried workers、
　　2、 As a result of the continuing decline in the birth rate, fewer people will enter the labor force in the 1980’s than did in the 1960’s and 1970’s, a twenty-year period during which people born after the war swelled the ranks of workers、 (主语people相同且无定语成分则省之，但did不能省)
　　3、 Several studies have found that the coronary patients who exercise most actively are at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack、(主语相同且有定语成分，必须要that/those来指代)
　　1、2 than前只有BE + ADJ，则其后得主语无须补助词。
　　1、 Even though Bela Bartok’s music has proved less popular than Igor Stravinsky’s and less influential than Arnold Schonberg’s, it is no less important、
　　2、 In 1982 the median income for married-couple families with a wage-earning wife was $9,000 more than that for families in which only the husband was employed、
　　1、3 than前有两个动词，比较主语无须补助词。
　　1、 A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associate with other calves, they have require less medication and gain weight more quickly than those raised in confinement、
　　(2) than后名词前得介词要补出
　　1、 Aging is a property of all animals that reach a fixed size at maturity, and the variations in life spans among different species are far greater than those among individuals of the same species: a fruit fly is ancient at 40 days, a mouse at 3 years, a horse at 30, a man at 100, and some tortoises at 150、 介宾得比较。
　　2、 The investor who is uncertain about the future is more likely to put money into blue-chip stocks or treasury bills than into gold、
　　3、 Nowhere in Prakta is the influence of modern European architecture more apparent than in its government buildings、(倒装句)
　　4、 The human growth hormone, made by the pituitary gland, is secreted in higher concentrations during sleep than during waking hours、
　　(3) 宾语比较，一般加that/those
　　1、 In addition to having more protein than wheat does, rice has protein of higher quality than that in wheat, with more of the amino acids essential to the human diet、 (B-p106-19)
　　(4) 宾语补语，比较结构修饰宾语，无须补出助词;
　　1、 In his eagerness to find a city worthy of Priam, the German archaeologist Schliemann cut through Troy and uncovered a civilization a thousand years more ancient than the city known to Homer’s heroes、
　　2、 、Domestic automobile manufacturers have invested millions of dollars in research to develop cars even more gasoline-efficient than those at present on the road、
　　3、 The man was always aware, sometimes proudly and sometimes resentfully, that he was a small-town Midwesterner thrust into a world dominated by wealthier, better-educated, and more polished people than he、
　　4、 Bihar is India’s state, with an annual percapita income of $111 lower than that of the most impoverished countries of the world、
　　5、 Florida will gain another quarter-million jobs this year alone, many of them in such high-paying fields as electronics and banking, making the state’s economy far more diversified than it was ten years ago、 (需要解释)
　　(5) likely引导得表语比较
　　1、 St、 John’s , Newfoundland, lies on the same latitude as Paris, France, but in spring St、 John’s residents are less likely to be sitting at outdoor cafes than to be bracing themselves against arctic chills, shoveling snow, or seeking shelter from a raging northeast storm、
　　2、 According to a recent study, the elderly in the United States are four times more likely to give regular finacial aid to their children than to receive it from them、
　　(6) 宾语+介词混合结构：
　　1、 Although Napoleon’s army entered Russia with far more supplies than for any previous campaign, it had provisions for only twenty-four days、
　　2、 Once positioned in space, the Hubble Space Telescope will capture light from source twenty times fainter than those that can be detected by ground-based instruments、
　　(7) 句子得比较
　　1、 In Japan elderly people are treated with far greater respect than they are in most Western countries、
　　2、 For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than they originally seemed、
　　3、 Holland spends a larger percentage of its gross national product on defending its coasts from rising seas than the United States does on military defense、句子比较
　　4、 Two new studies indicate that many people become obese more because their bodies burn calories too slowly than because they eat too much、
　　5、 Dr、 Hakuta’s research among Hispanic children in the United States indicates that the more the children use both Spanish and English, the greater their intellectual advantage in skills underlying reading ability and nonverbal logic、 (B-p106-7)
　　(8) than ever, than anticipated/ estimated…
　　1、 The report on the gross national product—the nation’s total production of goods and services—showed that second-quarter inflation was somewhat lower than previously estimated and that the savings rate was slightly higher、
　　2、 The financial crash of October 1987 demonstrated that the world’s capital markets are more closely integrated than ever before and that events in one part of the global village may be transmitted to the rest of the village—almost instantaneously、
　　(9) more than, less than 及其她。

　　9、1 视同副词
　　1、 Founded in 1983, the magazine has since more than doubled its circulation and its advertising、
　　2、 The number of undergraduate degrees in engineering awarded by colleges and universities in the United States more than doubled from 1978 to 1985、
　　3、 Degler does more than merely summarize existing research; he constructs a coherent picture of two centuries of studies dealing with the changing roles of women、
　　4、 A Labor Department study states that the number of women employed outside the home increased by more than thirty-five percent in the past decade and accounted for more than sixty-two percent of the total growth in the civilian work force、
　　5、 Less detrimental than the effects of bacterial transformation are the effects of bacterial deterioration: spoilage of food, corrosion of metals, decay of wood, and other undesirable alternations of substances、
　　6、 No less remarkable than the development of the compact disc has been the use of the new technology to revitalize, in better sound than was ever before possible, some of the classic recorded performances of the pre-LP era、
　　7、 Even though the direct costs of malpractice disputes amounted to less than one percent of the $541 billion the nation spent on health care last year, doctors say fear of lawsuits plays a major role in health-care inflation、
　　8、 With total sales of less than three hundred thousand dollars and fewer new subscribers than last year, the New England Theatre Company is in danger of losing its building、
　　9、2 视同形容词
　　9、 No less an authority than Walter Cronkite has reported that half of all Americans never read a book、
　　10、 IRS provision 354-B requires that an S corporation with assets of greater than $200,000 send W-2 forms to its full-and part-time employees on or before Jan、31、
　　(10) 插入语

　　1、 The visiting pharmacologists concluded that the present amalgam of Chinese and Western medicine is probably as good as, or better than, any other system that might be devised for the patients treated at the Nan Kai hospital in Tian-jing、
　　2、 The use of chemical pesticides in this country is as extensive as it was ten years ago, if not more so、
　　二、非比较，但与比较相关：
　　1、 According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of young adults used cocaine in 1979, twice the number reported in the 1977 survey、 同位语
　　2、 Of the twin supernovas, the more recently discovered it the larger, but it is the smaller one that has irrevocably altered astronomists’ ideas about the origins of the universe、
than常见语法难点讲解
Than在不同情况下得用法
一、后接人称代词用主格还就是宾格
由于than既可用作连词也可用作介词，所以当后接人称代词时，可用主格也可用宾格。通常认为在正式文体中多用主格，在口语或非正式文体中多用宾语。如：
Everyone here is taller than I [me]、 这儿得每一个人都比我高。
Her sister swims faster than she [her]、 她姐姐游泳比她快。
但就是，若人称代词之后跟有动词，则只能用主格。如：
Everyone here is taller than I am、 这儿得每一个人都比我高。
注意：有时用主格或宾格会导致意思得变化。比较：
I love you more than he (likes you)、 我比她更爱您。
I love you more than (he likes) him、 我爱您胜过爱她。
二、后接动词用不定式还就是动名词
1、 当连接两个非谓语动词时，通常应使用一样得形式。如：
It is much easier to get into debt than to get out of it、 借债容易还债难。
He likes playing chess more than watching TV、 与瞧电视相比，她更喜欢下棋。
比较：
He thinks it is safer to drive himself than (to) let me drive、 =He thinks that driving himself is safer than letting me drive、 她认为她自己开车比让我开车要更安全些。
2、 若不就是连接两个非谓语动词，则其后出现得动词通常用动名词形式(虽然也可用不定式，但不如用动名词普通)。如：
There are worse calamities than failing your driving test、 比起您驾驶考试不合格来说，更大得灾难还多着呢。
Nothing gives me more pleasure than listening to Mozart、 再没有比听莫扎特得乐曲更让我高兴得事了。
Nothing is more unpleasant than finding [to find] insects in your bath 最使人不快得就是在浴室里发现有虫子。
三、引导比较状语从句得时态问题
若than引导得比较状语从句与主句动作不一致，可以根据情况使用适当得时态形式。如：
He drives faster than he did a year ago、 她开车比一年以前快了。
The house is rather bigger than we thought、 这所房子比我们想得大得多。
若主句为将来时，than引导得从句可用现在时态表示将来，也可直接使用将来时态。如：
We’ll probably drive faster than you do [will]、 我们开车可能会比您们快
四、引导比较状语从句得倒装问题
than引导比较状语从句时，从句语序通常不需倒装，但在正式文体中，有时也可倒装。如：
City dweller has a higher death rate than country people does、
=City dweller has a higher death rate than does country people、 城市居民死亡率比农村居民高。
五、引导比较状语从句且在从句中充当成分
有时可引导一个从句并在从句中充当句子成分(主语、宾语、表语)，为便于理解，有时可视为than后省略了what：
We don’t want to do more than is necessary、 我们不想做不必要得事情。
The pain was almost more than he could bear、 这样得痛苦几乎使她受不了。
She’s not a very good manager she always spends more money than she earns、 她不大会理财——总就是入不敷出。
Life here is much easier than it used to be、 如今在此地生活比起从前可舒服多了。
比较下面一句，than后得expected为省略结构：
He returned three days earlier than (he was) expected、 她回来得比预料得要早三天。
六、后接时间或条件状语从句
若语义需要，有时其后可接when引导得时间状语从句以及if 引导得条件状语从句。如：
You are a little fatter than when I saw you last、 您比我上次见您时胖点了。
Joe carries only nine pounds more than when he was twenty、 乔比她20岁时只重了九磅。
They work better together than if they are alone、 她们一起干比她们单干效果要好。
七、同质比较还就是异质比较
than 通常用于两个不同得人或物在同一方面进行比较，但有时指得可能就是同一个人或物在两个不同得方面进行比较，此时只用于more…than…结构，而不能用 –er…than…得形式(即使就是单音节也就是如此)，这类结构通常可译为“与其……不如……”“有……无……”。如：
He’s more fat than short、 与其说她矮不如说她胖。
They are more brave than wise、 她们有勇无谋。
If we tell him about it, it may do more harm than good、 倘若我们把情况告诉她，那可能弊多利少。
八、与never (a) 连用时如何理解
有时than与带有never (a) 得比较级结构连用，表示强调，通常表示最高级得含义。如：
I’ve never had a worse morning than today、 我哪一天早上也不像今天早上这样倒霉。
若意思明确，有时可省略than结构。如：
He is fine, never better、 她很好，比以往任何时候都好。
I’ve never seen a finer bird、 我从未见过比这更美得鸟。
I’ve never found a better job、 这就是我找到得最好得工作。
九、than any other后接名词用单数还就是复数
than any other后接名词时通常用单数形式，很少用复数。如：
He swims faster than any other student in his class、 她比班上得其她任何学生都游得快。
More heat is lost through the head than any other part of the body、 从头部散发得热量比身体得其她任何部位都多。
十、几组容易理解出错得than习语
1、“no +比较级+than”与“not +比较级+than”
(1) “no +比较级+than”用于否定两者，表示“与……一样不”，其义大致相当于其中形容词或副词得反义词用于as…as…结构。如：
He is no richer than a beggar、=He is as poor as a beggar、 她穷如乞丐。
This one is no better than that one、=This one is as bad as that one、 这个与那个一样不好。
(2) “not +比较级+than”得意思就是“不比……更”“不如”。如：
He is not richer than you、 她不如您富有。
This one is not better than that one、 这个不如那个好。
2、 no less than, no less、、、than 与 not less than
(1) no less than 有两个意思：一就是表示“多达”“有……之多”，强调数量之多；二就是表示“简直”“与……没有差别”。如：
We walked no less than three miles、 我们走了三英里之远。
We won no less than ￡500 in a competition、 我们在一次比赛中就赢了500英镑。
It is no less than robbery to ask for so much、 要这么多，简直跟抢劫没什么两样。
(2) no less、、、than 意为“与……一样”“不比……差”，强调两者具有同等性。如：
He is no less wise than you、 她跟您一样聪明(她并不比您笨)。
A dolphin is no less a clever animal than a dog is、 海豚与狗同样都就是聪明得动物。
(3) not less than 意为“不下于”“至少”。比较：
He has no less than seven daughters、 她有七个女儿之多。
He has not less than seven daughters、 她至少有七个女儿。
3、 no more than, no more…than与not more than
(1) no more than表示“仅仅”“只有”“只不过”，强调程度低或数量少。如：
He is no more than an ordinary English teacher、 她只不过就是个普通得英文老师。
He has no more than three shirts、 她只有3件衬衫。
(2) not more than 表示“至多”，与at most同义。如：
He has not more than three shirts、 她最多只有3件衬衫(含有或许还不到3件之意)。
(3) no more、、、than 表示对两者都否定, 意为“既不……也不”“同……一样不”。如：
He is no more a writer than a painter、 她既不就是画家，也不就是作家。
A whale is no more a fish than a horse is、 如同马不就是鱼一样，鲸也不就是鱼。
Than 得用法
既可以做连词也可以做介词得than都有比较得含义，它居然也可以用在定语从句中。
例句： 1、 Parents had better not give kids more money than is needed、 父母最好别
给孩子们太多得钱，够用就可以了。
2、 Don't order more food than can be finished、 别点太多吃得，会吃不完得。此处than以主语得形式出现在定语从句中，其实省略了what，than也就等于than what。因此例句也可以写作：Parents had better not give kids more money than what is needed 、例句2则可以转换为：Don't order more food than what can be finished、 不管就是做介词还就是连词，在定语从句里做关系代词也罢，than都表示了一个比较得关系，从上述两个例句来瞧，句中都出现了比较级得形式。