英语基础教学课件.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,English Basics,外语基础知识,Questions,！,你知道英文中有多少个字母吗？,你知道电脑、因特网这些用英语怎么说吗？,你知道如何用英语向别人问好吗？,你知道“我是,”,怎样用英语表达吗？,目录,(Index),第一章,(Chapter One),：语音基础,(Phonetics Basics),一、,字母表,(Alphabet),二、,音标,(Phonetic Symbols&Signs),第二章,(Chapter Two),：词类详文,(Words Categories),一、,词类,Parts of Speech),二、,词类的详细报道,(About Categories of Words),第三章,(Chapter Three),：句法一瞥,(About Sentence),一、,句子的成分,(Members of Sentence),二、,句子的种类,(Categories of Sentence),三、,句型结构,(Structure of Sentence),每课一图：,1,，,2,，,3,，,4,，,5,，,6,一、字母表（,Alphabet,）,英语字母发音表,A a,ei,N n,en,B b,bi:,O o,u,C c,si,:,P p,pi:,D d,di,:,Q q,kju,:,E e,i:,R r,a:,F f,ef,S s,es,G g,d,i,:,T t,ti,:,H h,eit,U u,ju,:,I i,ai,V v,vi:,J j,d,ei,W w,d,blju,:,K k,kei,X x,eks,L l,el,Y y,wai,M m,em,Z z,zed,或,zi,:,小贴士：,英文里面一共有,26,个字母,，大家不仅要记住如何正确地发音，还要熟练地能够默写出它们的大小写哦！,二、音标,(Phonetic Symbols&Signs),1.,元音,(Vowels),1.1,单元音,1.2,双元音,2.,辅音,(Consonants),2.1,清辅音,2.2,浊辅音,3.,语音基础知识,(Basics About Phonetics),音素,音标,音节段,1.1,单元音,1.i bean bin,前元音,2.i bit bit,前元音,3.e pet pet,前元音,4.pat pt,前元音,5.a barn ban,后元音,6.pot pt,后元音,7.born bn,后元音,8.put pt,后元音,9.u spoon spun,后元音,10.but bt,中元音,11.burn bn,中元音,12.about bat,中元音,1.2,双元音,13.ei bay bei,开合双元音,14.ai buy bai,开合双元音,15.i boy bi,开合双元音,16.u boat but,开合双元音,17.a how ha,开合双元音,18.i peer pi,集中双元音,19.e pair pe,集中双元音,20.poor p,集中双元音,2.1,轻辅音,1.p pay pei,爆破音,2.t take teik,爆破音,3.k cake keik,爆破音,4.f fate feit,摩擦音,5.think ik,摩擦音,6.s say sei,摩擦音,7.shake eik,摩擦音,8.h hate heit,摩擦音,9.t chair te,破擦音,10.tr tree tri:,破擦音,11.ts tsunami tsnmi,破擦音,2.2,浊辅音,12.b bay bei,爆破音,13.d day dei,爆破音,14.gate eit,爆破音,15.v vain vein,摩擦音,16.they ei,摩擦音,17.z zinc zik,摩擦音,18.pleasure ple,摩擦音,19.m make meik,鼻音,20.n name neim,鼻音,21.thing i,鼻音,22.r rate reit,舌则音,23.l lake leik,舌则音,24.j yes jes,半元音,25.w week wi:k,半元音,26.dr dress dress,破擦音,27.dz aids eidz,破擦音,28.d judge dd,破擦音,3,语音基础知识（,Basics About Phonetics,）,音素,：即每一个独立的国际音标。,e.g.,study,学习,stdi,(,含,5,个音素,),country,国家,kntri,（含,5,个音素）,car,小汽车,k-a:,（含,2,个音素）,dictionary,字典,diknri,（含含,9,个音素）,国际音标中共有,20,个元音音素和,28,个辅音音素。,音标,：即每一个单词的完整的注音记录。,e.g.,study stdi,country kntri,car ka:,音节段,:,每一个音标分为几段（音节段），如上。每一个音节段只含有一个元音音素和一个或一个以上的辅音音素构成。,如何划分音节段：,有多少个元音音素，就有多少个音节段。,e.g.,study,st-di(2,个音节段,),country kn,-tri,（,2,个音节段）,car ka:,（,1,个音节段）,dictionary dik-n-ri,（,4,个音节段）,一、词类,(Parts of Speech),名词,英文名称,The Noun(,缩写为,n.),表示人或事物的名称 例词,boy,clock,book,等,冠词,英文名称,The Article(,缩写为,art.),用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。例词a(an),the,代词,英文名称,The Pronoun(,缩写为,pron,),用来代替名词、形容词或是数词。例词,we,that,his,what,形容词,英文名称,The Adjective(,缩写为,adj.),用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征。例词,old,red,fine,good.,数词,英文名称,The Numeral(,缩写为,num.),表示数量或是顺序。例词,one,thirteen,first,动词,英文名称,The Verb(,缩写为,v.),。表示动作或状态。例词,sit,go,be(am,is,are),副词,英文名称,The Adverb(,缩写为,adv.),。修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词,not,，,too,here,very,介词,英文名称,The Preposition(,缩写为,prep.),。表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。例词,in,on,of,to,under.,连词,英文名称,The Conjunction(,缩写为,conj.),。用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。例词,and,or,but.,感叹词,英文单词,The Interjection(,缩写为,interj.),。表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。例词,oh,hello,hi,er,.,二、词类的详细报道,(About Categories of Words)1.,名词,名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的名词。根据词汇意义，名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。,专有名词：表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名词。具体的来说，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名电影名以及某些抽象名词。,e.g.Jack,杰克,China,中国,July,七月,Friday,星期五,The Great Wall,长城,Christmas,圣诞节,English,英语,The Adventure of Tom Sawyer,汤姆索亚历险记,1.2,名词复数的规则变化,(1),一般情况加词尾,-s,，如,book/books,desk/desks,等。,(2),以,s,x,z,sh,ch,等结尾的名词，通常加词尾,-es,：,bus/buses,box/boxes,dish/dishes,等。,(3),以,y,结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母,+y”,结尾的名词，将,y,改为,ies,；以“元音字母,+y”,结尾的名词，直接加词尾,-s,：,city/cities,toy/toys,holiday/holidays,等。,1.3,单数与复数同形的名词,这类名词不多，主要的有：,sheep,绵羊,fish,鱼,deer,鹿,Chinese,中国人,Japanese,日本人,Portuguese,葡萄牙人,Swiss,瑞士人,aircraft,飞行器means,方法,series,系列,head(,牛等的,),头数,works,工厂,注：,(1)fish,有时也用,fishes,这样的复数形式，尤其是表示种类时；,head,若不是表示牲口的“头数”，而是表示“人的头”或“人数”，则要用,heads,这样的复数形式。,(2),由汉语拼音形式出现的名词，其复数与单数同形，如,fifty yuan(5,元,),，,thirty fen(3,角,),，,five li(5,里,),，,ten mu(10,亩,),等。,1.4,名词复数的不规则变化,有的名词单数变复数时，没有一定的规则，需特别记忆：,man/men,男人,woman/women,女人,child/children,小孩,tooth/teeth,牙齿,foot/feet,脚,goose/geese,鹅,mouse/mice,老鼠,ox/oxen,公牛,注：,(1),一些以,man,woman,结尾的合成词，在构成复数时与,man,woman,的变化形式相同，如：,policeman/policemen(,警察,),，,Englishman/Englishmen(,英国人,),，等等。但是,human(,人,),，,German(,德国人,),，,Walkman(,随身听,),不是合成词，它们的复数要按一般规则变化，即为,humans,Germans,Walkmans,，而不是,humen,Germen,Walkmen,。又如,Bowman,是姓，其复数是,Bowmans,，不是,Bowmen,。,(2)foot,表示“英尺”时，其复数可以有两种形式,feet/foot,，如：,He is about six feet(foot)tall.,他大约,6,英尺高。,1.5,复合名词变复数的方法,复合名词变复数通常是将其主要名词变为复数：,passer-by/passers-by,过路人,looker-on/lookers-on,旁观者,若没有主要名词，则通常在最后一个词尾加,s,：,know-all/know-alls,万事通,对于由,man/woman,用于另一名词前构成的合成名词，则需将两者变为复数：,man nurse/nurse doctors,男护士,woman lawyer/women lawyers,女律师,2.,冠词,(Article),冠词是英语所特有的词类，在汉语中是没有冠词这一说的。虽然它看起来简单，左右不过是,a,，,an,，,the,三个单词，但是正因为中国人的语言习惯大不相同，要彻底掌握和用好冠词，还是不容易的。众所周知，冠词分为定冠词,(the definite article),和不定冠词,(the indefinite article),以及不用冠词的情况下的零冠词,(zero article),。它们都置于名词之前用来说明名词所表示的人或事物。它们不能离开名词而单独存在。,2.1,定冠词,the,及其用法,特指某些人或某些事物；,Show me the photo of the boy.,The book on the desk is mine.,指双方都知道的人或事物；,Where are the new books,，,Jim,？,They are on the small table.,指上文提过的人或事物；,She lives on a farm.The farm is not big.,用在世界上独一无二的事物前。,The sun is bigger than the moon.,用在序数词和形容词最高级前；,The first month of the year is January.,Walk along this road,，,and take the fourth turning on the left.,用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前；,the Great Wall;the Womens Hospital,用在一些习惯用语中；,in the morning(afternoon,，,evening),on the left(right),at the back(front)of,the day before yesterday,all the same.,2.2,不定冠词a,an,的用法,用于可数名词的单数形式前，指人或事物的某一种类。单词开头若为辅音用,a,，若为元音则用,an,；,Susan is a scientist.,Pass me an orange,please.,指某人或某事，但不具体说明何人或何物；,A boy is looking for you.,We work five days a week.,表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有,one,强烈；,We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow.,I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears.,用于某些固定的词组中；,a few,a little,a lot of,a moment ago,2.3,不用冠词（零冠词）的情况,在专有名词和不可数名词前；,China,Bill Smith,milk,名词前已有作定语用的,this,，,that,，,my,，,your,，,some,，,any,等代词。,The letter is in her bag.,Come this way,please.,I have some question.,复数名词表示一类人或事物时；,My father and mother are teachers.,I like cakes.,在星期，月份，季节，节日前；,It is Sunday(Monday,Tuesday,etc.)today.,June 1st is Childrens Day in China.,It is cold in winter.,在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前；,Mr.Mott is going on a trip.,What colors are Mrs.Greens shoes?,在三餐饭和球类运动的名词前；,He went to school before breakfast this morning.,Can you play basketball?,3.,动词,(Verb),动词就是用来表示一个主体发生的动作、行为的词语。英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词和不及物动词；,不及物动词,(intransitive verb),字典里词后标有,vi.,的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如,to,of,at,后方可跟上宾语。具体每个动词后究竟加什么介词就得联系动词短语了；,及物动词,(transitive verb),字典里词后标有,vi.,的就是不及物动词。不及物动词后不能直接跟有动作的对象（即宾语）。若要跟宾语，必须先在其后添加上某个介词，如,to,of,at,后方可跟上宾语。及物动词：又称“他动词”。又称“外动词”。动词的一种。它所表示的动作常涉及动作者以外的事物，如“吃”、“穿”、“读”、“写”等。字典里词后标有,vt,.,的就是及物动词。及物动词后必须跟有动作的对象（即宾语），并且可直接跟宾语。,4.,数词（,Numerals,）,表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词，数词分为基数词和序数词；,表示数目多少的数词叫基数词；表示顺序的数词叫序数词。,基数词,(Cardinal Numbers),1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 11eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 20 twenty,21twenty-one 40 forty 100 one hundred,序数词（,Ordinal Numbers,）,序数词表示事物的顺序，往往与定冠词,the,连用。,first 1st twentieth 20th,second 2nd twenty-first 21th,third 3nd thirtieth 30th,fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th,fifth 5nd fortieth 40th,sixth 6th fiftieth 50th,seventh 7th sixtieth 60th,eighth 8th seventieth 70th,ninth 9th ninetieth 80th,tenth 10th hundredth 100th,eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st,twelfth 12th,5.,代词,(pronoun),代词,(pron,),是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。,以下现在需要了解和掌握人称代词、物主代词、指示代词和疑问代词。,接下来我们就来讲人称代词：,单数,单数,复数,复数,主格,宾格,主格,宾格,第一人称,I,me,we,us,第二人称,you,you,you,you,他,(,第三人称,),he,him,they,them,她,(,第三人称,),she,her,they,them,它,(,第三人称,),it,its,they,them,不定代词,one,one,ones,ones,5.1,人称代词,5.2,指示代词及用法,指示代词,表示这个,那个,这些,那些以及,it,，,such,，,same,等词叫做指示代词。指示代词在句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语。,That is a red car.(,那是一辆红色汽车。,),What do you like?I like this.(,你喜欢什么,?,我喜欢这个。,),I should say I know that.(,我应该说我知道这件事情。,),指示代词的用法,:,this,和,these,表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物；,This is a book.(,这是一本书。,),These are cars.(,这些是汽车。,),I am busy these days.(,我这些日子很忙。,),that,和,those,表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物；,That is not a room.(,那不是一间房间。,),Those are trees.(,那些是树。,),that,和,those,还可以指前文中的事物,this,和,these,指下文中将要讲到的事物。他们起一种承上或启下的作用。,I got up late,and thats why I missed the bus.(,我起床迟了,这就是为什么我没赶上汽车。,),5.3,疑问代词及用法,表示“谁,(who),，谁,(whom),，谁的,(whose),，什么,(what),，哪个或哪些,(which)”,等词叫疑问代词。,疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中，疑问代词一般放在句子的最前面，在句中可用作主语，宾语，表语，定语。,Who is here just now?,刚才谁在这儿,?,Whom are you looking for?,你在找谁,?,Whose exercise-book is this?,这是谁的练习本,?,What is this?,这是什么,?,Which one do you like,this one or that one?,你喜欢哪一个,这个还是那个,?,疑问代词还可以引导一个间接疑问句,也就是一个从句。疑问代词在句中可用作从句的主语,宾语,表语等成分。,What we should do is still unknown.,我们该干什么仍然还不知道。,I know whom he is looking for.,我知道他在找谁。,6.,介词,(Prepositions),介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。,常用的介词短语如下,:,at:at home at school at six thirty,behind:behind the door/tree behind ones chair,beside:beside the door beside the house,from:from one to a hundred,in:in Row/Team/Class/Grade4,in ones school/grade/class/team/room,in your desk/pencil-box/bedroom,in the picture in the same class in different classes,in English in the hat in the morning/afternoon,like:like this/that,near:near the window near the door,of:a picture of a classroom a map of China,the name of her cat the wall of their classroom,on:on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike,on the duty,to:a quarter to ten/go to school/bed/work,under:under the desk/table under the tree/window under ones chair/bed,at:,表示某一时间点。,e.g.at noon,on:,表示特定的日子。,e.g.on Christmas,in:,表示一段不具体的时间。,e.g.in the morning,，,in the Second world war,如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用,on,e.g.on a cold morning,on a hot afternoon,on Sunday morning,during:表示期间内的某个时期。,e.g.during the night,during the Second World War,for:,其后接表示一段时间长度的词。,e.g.for three days,through:,表示在整个期间没有间歇。,e.g.It snowed through the night.,till/until:,表示动作持续的终点。,e.g.I studied hard till twelve oclock last night.,by:,表示动作完成期限。,e.g.Ill be back by five oclock.,since:,表示某动作的起始点。,e.g.I have studied English since 1990.,6.1,表示时间,6.2,表示地点,at:,表示较小的地点,e.g.arrived at the school gate,in:,表示较大的地点,e.g.arrived in Shanghai,for:,表示目的地,e.g.Ill leave for Shanghai.,above:,表示上面，上方，其反意词是,below,over:,表示垂直上方，其反意词是,under,e.g.The dog jumped over the table.,through:,表示穿过,e.g.through the forest,across:,表示平原上的跨越,e.g.I want to walk across the road,.,一、句子的成分,(Members of the sentence),组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分，即,:,主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语；,主语和谓语是句子的主体部分，表语、宾语、宾语补足语都是谓语里的组成部分；,主语,(The Subject),表示句子所说的是什么人或什么事物，一般由名词、代词或名词短语充当；,Lucy is an American girl.We study in No.1 Middle School.,谓语,(The Predicate),说明主语“做什么”,是什么”或者是怎么样。谓语,(,谓语部分里主要是词,),用动词。谓语和主语在人称和数两方面必须一致；,例如,:We love China.Mike hope to be a doctor.His parents are farmers.She is singing.,表语,(The Predicative),说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语等充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语；,例句,:Her aunt is a driver.,宾语,(The Object),表示动作或行为的对象,由名词,代词或相当于名词的词,短语等充当,和及物动词一起说明主语做什么；,例句,:He often helps me.We study English at school.Did you see him yesterday?,定语,(The Attribute),用来休息名词或代词,.,做定语的除形容词外,还有代词、数词、名词、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语等；,例句,:The black bike is mine.We have four lessons in the morning.Whats your name,please?,状语,(The Adverbial),用来修饰动词,形容词或副词,.,一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等意义,通常由副词介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语等来表示；,例句,:People are all working hard.It is very nice.We had a meeting this afternoon.,二、句子的种类,(Categories of Sentences),英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类,:,陈述句：用来说明事实或说话人的看法；,e.g.I can see a map on the wall.,I think its his.,疑问句：用来提出问题；,e.g.Are you Mr.Green?Can you find it?,How old are you?,祈使句：用来表示请求和命令；,e.g.Stand up.Come in,please.,Lets play games.,感叹句：用来表达强烈的感情；,e.g.What a fine day it is!,How beautiful the flowers are!,三、句型结构（,Structure of Sentence,）,1.,肯定句：,主语,+be(am/is/are)+,主语,+can+,动词原形,+,主语,+,动词原形,(,动词三单现,)+,2.,否定句：,主语,+be(am/is/are)+not+,主语,+cant+,动词原形,+,主语,+dont(doesnt)+,动词原形,+,3.,一般问句,:,(1)be(am/is/are)+,主语,+,？,Yes,+,主语,+be No,+,主语,+be not.,(2)Can+,主语,+,动词原形,+,？,Yes,主语,+can No,主语,+cant,(3)Do/Does+,主语,+,动词原形,+,？,Yes,主语,+do/does No,主语,+dont/doesnt,4.,特殊疑问句：,(1),疑问词,+be+,主语,+,？,(2),疑问词,+can+,主语,+,动词原形,+,？,(3),疑问句,+do(does)+,主语,+,动词原形,+,？,(4),疑问词语：,Who/How/How old/How much/Where/When/Why/What/what/What kind of,/What time,一个生物老师告诉我：外表不是一切。内心的那些东西才真正的重要。,信念就是你相信的就是那些永远看不见、摸不着的东西,看！就像你的脚,Thank you!Good Bye!,Dont forget to review,