英语报刊选读第一章文体概述.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,*,第一章 标题语言,Headlinese,第一部分 文体概述,Chapter,1 Headlines,Functions/Characteristics,Headlines are the,eyes,of the news,At a time when the pace of life is getting faster and faster,everything seems to be bidding for peoples attention,the newspapers are no exception.,We must know that the news,stories,which should be,important,timely,unique and interesting,must be written,concisely and clearly,.,A brief introduction of Newspaper,What Is Headline,（标题）,A good headline in itself is a good piece of brief,news,it should be,What,s today,s,headline,?,今天的,头条新闻,是什么？Main story,Top story,concise,expressive,and attractive,Headlines,condense the most important contents,of the news,which serve as,an ideal guide,to readers.,Lead story,The,functions,of headlines:,Headlines are a significant part of news report.You can be a better reader if you know what to expect in a newspaper.When you read a newspaper,you usually look at the headlines first.,1.Summarizing the story,2.Arousing the readers interest,3.saving the space,beautifying the layout,4.Indicating how much importance each news item has,1.Dont waste words,2.Dont waste space!,3.Never use two words when one is enough,.,Identify the features of the following headline:,Grammar and lexical features,The rules for the writing of headlines:,Wanda,Baidu,Tencent to spend,20b,yuan in,e-commerce,JV,in 5,yrs,2014-08-29,And (,标点,),20b,20 billion (,首字母,),e-commerce,Electronic commerce,(,新造词,),JV,Joint venture,（,首字母yrs,yrs,（,节缩词）,()to,are,（,时态省略）,spend,invest,(,短小词,),About,20 billion,yuan($3.3 billion)will be injected into an,electronic commerce joint venture,formed by Dalian Wanda Group Co Ltd,Tencent Holdings Ltd,and,Baidu Inc in the next five,years,Wandas chairman Wang Jianlin said on Friday.,A brief introduction of Newspaper Headline,The first step of news reading-,Headlinese,（标题语言）,:,Newspaper headlines have,a language and vocabulary of their own,as well as,the unique grammatical,features,(,英语新闻标题有其一套,独特,的词汇、语法、和修辞形式,),from aspects of,words,grammar and rhetorical devices,Including:,short words,（短小词）,shortened words,（节缩词）,coinages,（生造词）,simplified tense,voice,punctuation,headlines,新闻标题就是十分理想的“向导”。这是因为标题是新闻内容的集中和概括，它用简练的文字浓缩了新闻中最主要或最值得注意的内容。英语新闻标题的,措词、语法、修辞乃至标点符号,等方面的特点较为突出，现一一予以简述。,（,1,）,Grammatical features,（语法特点）,（,2,）,Lexical features,（措词特点）,（,3,）,Rhetorical features,（修辞特点）,标题的特点,Features of headlines,1.,Omission,（省略）,:,省略是指省去非关键性的词语，保证标题的简短,省略,:(the omission of the function words),：,a sentence only contains,notional words,(or content words,实义词,),omitting the,function ones,（虚词）,such as the,article,prep.,auxiliary,pronoun,conj.(and,),虚词多是起结构作用的次要语言成分。标题中虚词省略现象主要表现在以下几个方面：,Omission of articles/pronoun/“and”/auxiliary verbs,第一节 标题的语法特点,Grammatical feature1,：,Omission,1),冠词基本省略,(omitting articles),Missouri fair bans rodeo clown wearing Obama mask,2013-08-14,The Missouri State Fair on Monday,imposed a lifetime ban on a rodeo,clown whose depiction of President,Barack Obama getting charged by a,bull was widely criticized by Democratic and Republican,officials alike.The rodeo clown wont be allowed to,participate or perform at the fair again.Fair officials say,theyre also reviewing whether to take any action against,the Missouri Rodeo Cowboy Association,the contractor,responsible for Saturdays event.,The,Missouri fair bans,a,rodeo clown wearing,an,Obama mask,扮成奥巴马表演,美一小丑被禁演,Microsoft offers$200 token for used iPads,2013-09-16,(Source:BBC News),Microsoft has launched,a US marketing offer for,people to exchange gently,used iPads for Microsoft,products such as Surface tablets.,The company is offering at least a$200 token to go,towards products such as the,Surface RT,and the,Surface Pro,.,（平板电脑）,Microsoft is far behind Apple in terms of global,tablet sales and market share.,Microsoft offers,a,$200 token for,the,used iPads,微软提供,200,美元代金券回收,iPad,4.,For Obama,Racial Violence is Personal Issue,4.,UN Panel Meets on Global Aging,.,For Obama,the,Racial Violence is,a,Personal Issue,对于奥巴马来说，种族暴力是个人问题,A,UN Panel Meets on,the,Global Aging,联合国小组开会商讨全球性老龄化问题,2),连词“,and”,的省略,(omitting conjunction“and”),Israel,Hamas,Exchange Rocket Fire as,Cease-Fire,Truce Talks,Collapse,2014-8-20,Israeli forces,（以色列政府军）,are continuing to carry out airstrikes in the Gaza Strip,while militants,（哈马斯，伊斯兰抵抗运动）,there fire more missiles toward Israel following the collapse of peace talks between the warring sides.The Israeli military said Wednesday it conducted 30 airstrikes overnight,and that militants had launched some 70 missiles from the Palestinian territory.,Israel,and,Hamas,Exchange Rocket Fire as,Cease-Fire,and,Truce,Talks Collapse,*和谈破裂 以色列哈马斯再度交火*,巴勒斯坦伊斯兰抵抗运动（”,HAMAS(Islamic Resistance Movement),），简称哈马斯,(Hamas),，集宗教性、政治性为一体的哈马斯主张用武力消灭巴土地上的犹太复国主义者，主张建立一个以耶路撒冷为首都的独立的巴勒斯坦国。,China,JapanROK conclude latest FTA talks,2014-09-05 19:17China,Japan,and the Republic of Korea,(ROK)concluded their fifth round,of Free Trade Agreement,(FTA)talks here on Friday.,India,Australia finalize nuclear cooperation pact,2014-09-05 17:10India and Australia finalized their nuclear energy deal Friday which will allow Australia to export uranium to India.,China,Japan,and,ROK conclude the latest FTA talks,自由贸易谈判,India and Australia finalize the nuclear cooperation pact,原子能合作协议,.,Prince William,and,his wife,Kate,are,expecting,their,second baby,3),人称关系代词的省略,relative pronoun is omitted,Prince William,Kate expecting second baby,2014-09-08,2.Chinese man,daughter arrested in alleged marriage scam,2015-09-10,A,Chinese man,and,his,daughter,were,arrested in,an,alleged marriage scam,President Xi Jinping left Beijing Tuesday afternoon for his US visit and attendance at a series of UN summits.,The state visit,from Tuesday to Friday,takes Xi and first lady Peng Liyuan to Washington DC and to the US high-tech hub of Seattle,where Xi will reach out to a wide range of US society including business leaders,students and local officials.,He will also spend three days in New York City attending a series of summits at the United Nations headquarters marking the 70th anniversary of the founding of the global body.,3.,President Xi leaves for US visit,UN summits,2015-09-22,President Xi leaves for,his,US visit,and attends,UN summits,4),语法引导词的省略,omitting the lead words,A hard act to follow?,=,Is there,a hard act to follow?,5),系动词的省略,(omitting the,link verbs,:such as:be,remain,keep,rest,stay,lie,stand,系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独用作谓语，后边必须跟表语（亦称补语）（形容词），构成,系表结构,说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况,2.Three dead after inhaling oven gas,=,Three,are,dead after inhaling oven gas,3.US carmakers ready to cut output,=,US carmakers,are,ready to cut output,4.English teenagers worst in Europe at languages,=,English teenagers,are,the worst in Europe at languages,“a hard act to follow”,是指,“杰出而令人望尘莫及的人物或者作为”。,6,),助动词的省略,omitting,auxiliary verb,:,can,、,may,、,has,、,am,、,were,、,are,助动词（,Auxiliary Verb,）构成时态和,语态,。助动词是语法功能词，自身没有词义，不可单独使用，它没有对应的,汉译例如：,He doesnt like English.,他不喜欢英语。（,does,是助动词，无词义；,like,是主要动词，有词义,),在英文报纸新闻标题的撰写过程中，编辑们通常省去助动词“,to be”,的各种时态形式，以单独一个过去分词或现在分词构成被动语态或进行时态。,Financier Killed by Burglars,=,Financier,Is,Killed by Burglars,Pope to visit Japan in February,=,Pope,is,to visit Japan in February,Malaysia,Is,Reeling:,There Is A,Second Air Disaster in Four Months,马来西亚四个月之后再次遭受打击，第二次空难,Malaysia Reeling:Second Air Disaster in Four Months,2014-08-19,the U.S.will be getting a new,Attorney General,.,Eric Holder,announced yesterday hell resign from his job.The Attorney General leads the U.S.,Department of Justice,.Its the highest legal job in the land.Holder became the first African-American Attorney General in 2009.Opinions of his work are strongly,partisan,.,Democrats generally think he did a good job,saying he made achievements in civil rights.Republicans mostly wanted him out saying he disregarded the U.S.Constitution.,Holders strongly supported the same sex marriage,and he prioritized issues related to voting rights.He also became the first U.S.cabinet member,to be held,in contempt of Congress,（藐视议会）,after,he refused to turn over documents related to a failed government program involving guns and Mexican,drug cartels,.,（贩毒集团）,U.S.Attorney General Resigning From His Job,2014.9.26,美国将会有一个新的司法部长。,Eric Holder,昨天宣布了辞职。司法部长领导美国司法部工作，这是该领域的最高等级。,Holder,在,2009,年成为第一位非裔美国人司法部长，关于他的工作有很多争议。民主党人普遍认为他的工作完成情况非常好，在公民权利方面取得了突出成就。但是在共和党派这边则受到批评称无视美国宪法。他在任上强烈支持同性婚姻及，优先考虑与投票权相关的议题。同时他还藐视国会,成为因拒绝提交一份与失败的政府计划 的相关文件而被追究责任的第一位内阁成员，这一计划涉及枪支管理和墨西哥贩毒集团。,The,U.S.Attorney General,Is,Resigning From His Job,Q1:Who is Eric Holder?,Q2:What is the meaning of“,partisan,”and“,to be held,”according to the context?,Q3:What do the Democrats and Republicans think of him,respectively?,Q4:Why is he the first U.S.cabinet member,to be held in contempt of Congress?,Controversial,；,disputable,，有争议,Be held responsible,对,负责,The U.S ex-,Attorney General,注意：,英文新闻标题中有时也会有冠词、助动词或系动词“,to be”,或连词“,and”,。出现这些词之所以没有被省略，主要是为了使某些英语词组或习语保持完整而不得不保留这些虚词。,如：,1.Combat on,the,web,(,特指：英特网）,网络之战,2.Gunman Flees to Ningbo,Walks into,Police Web,（泛指：网，法网）,劫匪在宁波落网,3.TB,on,the,rise,again in London,（固定短语：增加）,伦敦地区结核病卷土重来,4.Interns get,a,leg up,in job hunt (,占上风）,Practice 1,Adding missing word(s)to each of the headlines below and translate the headlines into Chinese,1.Plane crash at San Francisco Airport,2 dead,2.Japans NHK sued over use of English words,3.India sexual harassment:American student shares horrific experiences,4.Italian Ex-Mayor Murdered,5.Forecast of Mexican quake accurate,，,but ignored,6.Small plane skids off runaway in Papua,Indonesia,scores injured,1.There is a,plane crash at San Francisco Airport,and,2,Chinese girls,are dead,韩亚航空客机旧金山失事，,2,名中国女生遇难,2.Japans NHK,is,sued,for its,over use of English words,日本,NHK,因过度使用英文词汇被观众起诉,3.The,India sexual harassment:,an,American student shares,her,horrific experiences,美国大学生披露在印度遭遇性骚扰,4.(,An),Italian Ex-Mayor(,is,)Murdered.,5.The,Forecast of Mexican quake,is,accurate,，,but,it is,ignored,6.A,Small plane skids off,a,runaway in Papua,Indonesia,and,scores,are,injured,1.US,Russia Warned of Repeat of Cold War,2.Lots of Fruit in Childhood Cuts Adult Cancer Risk,3.Great Wall at Top of“Worlds New Seven Wonders”,4.Japan,：,Skilled Hands Needed,5.Chinese Stocks Sink to Record Low amid Growing Inflation Concerns,6.What Declining Registration Rate for Post-grad mean?,Practice 2,1.,The,US,and,Russia,are,Warned of,a,Repeat of,the,Cold War,(,俄美受到警告，谨防冷战重现）,2,.Lots of Fruit in,Ones,Childhood Cuts,An,Adult Cancer Risk,（孩提时水果摄入多，成年后癌症风险低）,3.The,Great Wall,is,at,the,Top of,the,“Worlds New Seven Wonders”,（长城跻身“世界新七大奇迹”之首）,4.Japan,claims,the,Skilled Hands,are,Needed(,日本急需熟练工人）,5.The,Chinese Stocks Sink to,a,Record Low amid,the,Growing Inflation Concerns(,通胀担忧加剧，股市再创新低）,6.What,does the,Declining Registration Rate for,the,Post-grad mean?(,考研热为何降温？）,新闻标题形成了自身独有的时态特点，以达到使动词既,传神达意,又具,时间感,的目的。这叫做,“新闻现在时”（,Journalistic present tense,）,英语报刊的新闻标题中一般,不用,:,过去时态 （,past tense),完成时态 （,perfect tense,）,过去完成时,（,past perfect tense,），,等时态，,英语新闻标题中,常用的动词时态,主要有三种：,1.,一般现在时,(simple present tense),2.,将来时,(,future tense),3.,现在进行时,(,present progressive),Grammatical features,：,（,2,）,Tense,（时态）,1.Simple present,（一般现在时,）,is the most commonly used tense in headline to,give the reader a sense of“timeliness”,through a vivid,eyewitness account.,目的：,1.,节约过去时时常用的构成“,ed,”所占空间,2.,从形式上来增强报道的新鲜感（,freshness,）、现实感。（,reality,），和直接感（,immediacy,），如：,World oldest man,dies,at age 112 in NY,Date,：,2013-9-15,Colombia,arrests,woman with cocaine in pregnancy bump,Date,：,2013-9-12,Grammatical,feature 2-,时态,Tense,注：虽然对已发生的事件在标题中使用现在时，然而,当标题出现时间状语时，动词则用过去时。,Price,Soared,20%,in 80s,80,年代物价上涨,20%,Unemployment in U.K.,Increased,in October,.,十月份英国失业上升,Economy,added,disappointing 162k jobs,in July,美国,7,月新增,16.,万个职位：经济颓势倍感沮丧的”好消息“,Date,：,2013-8-3 11:23,(2),Future tense,（将来时,）,is always indicated by infinitive“to+do”,or in simple present tense,.,1.,“,will+,动词原形”,，例,Bank accounts,will,be open to all in EU,欧盟成员国居民可在任意成员国银行开户,Next Century,will,Challenge Law of Land,下世纪土地法将面临挑战,2.be+,动词不定式 （,be,通常省略,）,更多的还是采用“联系动词,be+,动词不定式”,结构，其中系动词,be,通常省略，以节省标题字数。换言之，动词不定式在英语新闻标题中可直接表示未来动作，这是因为不定式标志,“,to”,只由两个字母构成，比一般将来时中的“,will”,来得少，,故频频见诸英语报端。例如：,Michelle Obama to release rap album,2013-08-15 11:21,It was announced that Ms Obamas Lets Move!campaign will release an album titled,Songs for a Healthier America,next month.The 19-song compilation touts the virtues of healthy living and features song titles like,U R What You Eat,Veggie Luv,and the slightly less emphatic We Like Vegetables.,Before anyone gets too excited,the album will not feature any singing or,rapping from the First Lady.,Instead,Ms Obama will make,cameos,（配角）,in ten videos,distributed to schools in,New York,and other US cities,in conjunction with the record.,Michelle Obama to release rap album,米歇尔,奥巴马将发行说唱专辑,Songs for a Healthier America,健康美国歌,，,U R What You Eat,饮食造就你,、,Veggie Luv,素食者的爱,China,to continue,fiscal program,（财政计划）,to aid economy,中国将继续其支持经济发展的财政政策,Google executive,to aid,Xiaomis growth,谷歌高管助战小米,2013-08-30 10:13,Ireland,to become,first EU country to ban cigarette branding(,爱尔兰统一香烟包装，禁用品牌标志,),2013-05-29 13:14,(,3)Present progressive,(,现在进行时,),：,“V-ing”form is often used to indicate an ongoing action,.,Oxford,risking,reputation by taking in wealthy foreigners,2013-08-27,Oxford University risks undermining,its reputation by accepting wealthy,foreign students with poor grades,for“purely commercial reasons”,an internal report warns.,The,“associate students,”,（旁听生）,who generally have lower,average grades than,a typical Oxford undergraduate,pay as much as,13,000 a term,and can stay for up to a year,.,Oxford,is,risking,its,reputation by taking in,the,wealthy foreigners,三、语态形式,1.,主动语态,(active/positive voice),多于,被动语态,(passive voice,),2.,被动结构中,be+,过去分词中，助动词,be,常省略，,by,及动作执行者也省略,目的：突出强调部分，引起读者注意,Grammatical feature 3-voice,（语态,）,1 Princeton dubbed top college in U.S.,Date,：,2013-9-14 14:43,U.S.News&World Report has named,Princeton University the best college,in the United States,with the University,of California-Berkeley,the top public school,at No.20 overall.,The magazines annual list,published Tuesday,said Harvard University was the No.2 school in the country,with Yale University rounding out the top three.,2.Top Pakistan judge,dismissed,after refusing to take oath,3.,Pakistani Human Rights Lawyer Murdered,巴基斯坦首席法官拒绝宣誓被罢免,全美大学排行榜出炉 普林斯顿大学登顶,巴基斯坦人权律师被谋杀,Grammatical feature 4-Punctuation,（标点符号）,1.Comma (,逗号,),:,is used to replace“and”for space-saving,(,取代,and,节约标题空间,),Ebola Brings Sickness,Fear,Anger,Ukraine,Russia,United in Faith,Divided in,Politics,From the outset,clergy played a part in the demonstrations in Kyiv and other parts of Ukraine,as professor Andrei Zubov,an expert on the history of religions,points out.,The current conflict in Ukraine may be causing a schism,分裂,between,the Russian Orthodox Church,（俄罗斯东正教）,and its Ukranian affiliate,.,Ukraine,and,Russia,are,United in Faith,but,Divided in Politics,信仰使乌克兰与俄罗斯联合起来，政治使两者决裂,President Xi Jinping(R)meets with Denmarks Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt in Beijing,Se