跨文化交际.docx

判断正误
一．T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years.
F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe.
F 3 Culture is a static entity 静态的 实体 while communication is a dynamic process.
T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given 约定的 特定的 culture.
T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a person’s cultural cognition.认识、认知
T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization.
T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.
F 8 All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.
T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same.
F 10 One’s actions are totally independent of his or her culture.
二． T 1、All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved
may vary significantly.
T_2、Don’t take offence-getting the form of address ”wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive. T_3、Addressing forms like “Miss Mary”, ”Brown” by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise.
T_4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles.
F_5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means.
F_6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas.
F_7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated.
F_8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners. F_9.”Thank you for coming!” is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived.
T_10.”I’m sorry to have wasted your time” or “I’m sorry to have taken up so much of your time” are usually appropriate for the business visit.
三T 1.sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments.
T2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.
T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable.
F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures.
T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese.
F 6. English compliments often begin with the word “you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word “I”.
F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans. F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing in their compliments responses.
F 9. Compliments on other’s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture.
T 10. If a guest compliments something in another person’s home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest.
四F 1Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication.
F 2 “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chinese.
F 3The Chinese phrase “知识分子” has the same meaning as “intellectual”.
T 4A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language.
F 5 In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use “公” or “母” to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language.
T 6 The following six English word: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant”, “deputy”, “lieutenant” and “under” can all mean “副” in Chinese language.
F 7 There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.
T 8 Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo,
T 9 Patterns of thought varies with culture.
T10 Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantly factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately intuitive-affective.
五T 1 Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others.
F2 Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means.
T3 Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers.
T4 Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness.
F 5 Latin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures.
T6 Arab belongs to tough cultures.
T7 In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience. T8 the appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures.
F9 Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children.
F10 Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them.
六F 1.Gender is the cultural meaning of “sex”.
F2.Sex and gender are synonymous.同义的
T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both.
T4.Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure.
F5.Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people.
F6.Women usually use communication to establish status and power.
T7.In feminine culture, communication is a way—probably the primary way—to express and expand closeness.
T8.Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness.
T9.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.
T10.It is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication.
七T1.The most common problems in cross-cultural negotiations concern (1) rules for conducting business, (2) the selection of negotiators, and (3) methods of decision-making.
T2.The Japanese believe that socializing is integral to the negotiation process while the Americans do not think so.
F3.American negotiation team members are usually selected on the basis of their social and professional status.
F4.Like Japanese and Chinese negotiators, a detailed written agreement is not central to the negotiation process in the Middle East, Mexico and France.
T5.The British employ a negotiating style similar to that of Americans, but more silence is utilized and they are less egalitarian.
T6.Germans prefer clear, firm, and assertire expression while the Japanese encourage convert, fragmented expression.
T7.Mexican negotiators prefer the deductive approach. More emphasis is placed on contemplation and intuition.
F8.The Brazilians do not openly disagree during formal negotiations; they would consider this insulting and embarrassing.
T9.Creating a comfortable climate and spending time on the exploratory phase of negotiations are crucial in Middle East and Brazil.
F10.Women are frequent participants on a Japanese negotiation team.
八. T 1.due to the culture differences,interpreting humor in intercultural encounters is possible but difficult.
T 2.failure to understand humor is even common among native speakers.
F 3.marking new conversational rules is a step that could be omitted in interpreting intercultural humor.
T 4.it is very important for nonnative speakers to communicate incomprehension through idiomatic expressions as well as nonverbal gestures.
T 5 major premises are often missing in enthymeme.
T 6.humor is an enthymematic form of peruasion.
F 7.converting enthymememe into syllogism is not necessany for explaining humor.
T8we can help parter understand humor by locating analogous context in hie or her culture
T9by learning to articulate what we are used to but usually do not need talk about,we begin to identufy and articulate tacit cultural assumptions.
T10humor is beyong language,and it takes us into the heart of cultural enderstanding
九F1 The eastern view of the uniwerse is dualistic,materialistic ,and lifeless while the western view is profoundly,hoslisic ,dyanamic,spirtual
T2The east and the west have different perceptions of cosmic patterns,resulting in different approaches to knowledge
F 3The western view asserts ,while the western view in which god ,nature and humanswith strong ego identification
T4the western values,behavior,and institutationsshould not be substitued for their eastern counterparts,and vice versa.
T5the traditional eastern practice of meditation is designed primarily for the purpose of moving one’s consciousness from the determinate to the indeterminate,freer state.
F6western culture tends to make us compassionate and flexible human beings.
T7the eastern view is conducive to the achievement of maximum integration with the universe.
T8both rational and intuitive modes of experiencing life should be cultivated fully for both types of concepts are real,ultimate,and meaningful.
T9the eastern view would bring the westerners a heightened awareness of the aliveness of the universe.
T10the analytical mind of the west has led to modern science and technology,but it has also resulted in knowledge that is specialized,fragmented,and detached from the totality of reality.
名词解释
1.culture  what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them  
2.  communication  give or exchange information or ideas. 
3. Interculturalcommunication  communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 
4. high-contextculture  a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence.  
5. low-contextculture  a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.  
6. relationshipbetweencultureandlanguage  Culture influences language by way of symbols and rules for using those symbols, as well as our perceptions of the universe (the meaning associated with the symbols).Language, on the other hand, would seem to have a major impact on the way an individual perceives and conceptualizes the world. 
7. verbalcommunication  communication done both orally and in written language 
8. analyticalthinkingpatterns(inductive)   analyze and dissect things into elements in order to understand them properly.The emphasis is upon the parts rather than the whole of things. 
9.  synthetic thinking patterns (deductive) ： synthesize elements into a unit, with the emphasis on the “whole”. 
10. nonverbalcommunication  involves all nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.  
11. bodylanguage  refers to all nonverbal codes which are associated with body movements.It includes gestures, head movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, postures and other displays that can be used to communicate. 
12. monochronictime(MTime)  It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.  
13. polychronictime(PTime)  schedules several activities at the same time. In these culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.  
14. ethnocentrism the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.  15.stereotypes  a form of generalization about some group of people, or a means of organizing images into fixed and simple categories that are used to stand for the entire collection of people.  
16. prejudice  It refers to negative attitudes towards other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes. It is an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people.  
17. discrimination  It refers to the behavioral manifestations of the prejudice, it can be thought of as prejudice “in action”.  
18. racism   The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability and that a particular race is superior to others. 
19.cultureshock  Troublesome feelings such as depression, loneliness, confusion, inadequacy, hostility, frustration, and tension, caused by the loss of familiar cues from the home culture.   20.acculturation  It is culture change that results from continuous firsthand contact between two distinct cultural groups.