专业英语(土建类专业)英文版全套.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,高等学校“十三五”应用型本科规划教材,专,业,英,语,（,土建类专业,）,CONTENTS,Unit1Architecture,Unit5Building Materials,Unit2Modern Architecture,Unit6Reinforced Concrete,Unit3Building Engineering,Unit7Durability of Concrete,Unit4Making Architectural Judgements,Unit8Soil Mechanics,CONTENTS,Unit9Bridges,Unit13Claims Disputes and Arbitration,Unit10Road DesignHorizontal and Vertical Alignment,Unit14Cost Estimation,Unit11Construction Planning,Unit15Types of Construction Project,Unit12Innovation and Technological Economic Feasibility,Unit16Types of Cost Estimates,CONTENTS,Unit17Types of Construction Contracts,Unit21Real Estate Finance Research,Unit18Total Quality Control,Unit22Moulding Board Construction Quality Control Scheme,Unit19Engineering Cost And Management,Unit23Content of Project Risk Management,Unit20Risk Analysis of The International Construction Project,Unit24Construction Cost Estimates,CONTENTS,Unit25Heating Engineering,Unit29Sewage Treatment,Unit26Environmental Engineering,Unit30Application Status and Evaluation Method of Renewable Energy in Green Building in China,Unit27Fluid Mechanics,Unit31Interior Design in Augmented Reality Environment,Unit28Air Conditioning Systems,Unit32The Concept of Statical Determinacy,CONTENTS,Unit33Mechanical Engineering Design Process,词汇表,Unit34Engineering Thermodynamics,参考文献,Unit35Ventilation,附录 科技论文英文摘要写作,策,划：戚文艳,责任编辑：,戚文艳,杨纳让,出版发行：西安电子科技大学出版社,电 话：,029-88242885,、,88201467,主 页：,E,mail,：,xdupfxb001,感,谢,观,看,Unit1,Architecture,Text,Architecture is both the process and product of planning,designing and construction.Architectural works,in the material form of buildings,are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art.In relation to buildings,architecture has to do with the planning,designing and constructing form,space and ambience that reflect functional,technical,social,environmental,and aesthetic considerations.It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of material,technology,light and shadow.Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures,including scheduling,cost estimating and construction administration1.As documentation produced by architects,typically drawings,plans and technical specifications,architecture defines the structure and/or behavior of a building or any other kind of system that is to be or has been constructed.,In many ancient civilizations,such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia,architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural,and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler,the ruling elite,or the state itself.The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged.Architectural style developed in the form of the Classical orders.,Text,The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe;Buddhist,Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics.Buddhist architecture,in particular,showed great regional diversity.In many Asian countries a pantheistic religion led to architectural forms that were designed specifically to enhance the natural landscape.,Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE,incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium,but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society.Examples can be found throughout the Middle East,North Africa,Spain and the Indian Sub-continent.The widespread application of the pointed arch was to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.,In Europe,in both the Classical and Medieval periods,buildings were not often attributed to specific individuals and the names of architects remain frequently unknown,despite the vast scaleof the many religious buildings extant from this period.During the Medieval period guilds were formed by craftsmen to organize their trade and written contracts have survived,particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings.The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason,or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporary documents.,Text,With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology,architecture and engineering began to separate,and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects,often at the expense of technical aspects of building design2.There was also the rise of the gentleman architect who usually dealt with wealthy clients and concentrated predominantly on visual qualities derived usually from historical prototypes,typified by the many country houses of Great Britain that were created in the Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial styles.Formal architectural training in the 19th century,for example at Ecole des Beaux Arts in France,gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility.Effective architects generally received their training in the offices of other architects,graduating to the role from clerks.Meanwhile,the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption.Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products,once within the province of expensive craftsmanship,became cheaper under machine production.,Around the turn of the 20th century,a general dissatisfaction with the emphasis on revivalist architecture and elaborate decoration gave rise to many new lines of thought that served as precursors to Modern Architecture.Notable among these is the Deutscher Werkbund,formed in 1907 to produce better quality machine made objects.,Text,The rise of the profession of industrial design is usually placed here.Following this lead,the Bauhaus school,founded in Weimar,Germany in 1919,redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history,viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesisthe apexof art,craft,and technology3.When Modern architecture was first practiced,it was an avant-garde movement with moral,philosophical,and aesthetic underpinnings.Immediately after World War I,pioneering modernist architects sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order,focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes.They rejected the architectural practice of the academic refinement of historical styles which served the rapidly declining aristocratic order.The approach of the Modernist architects was to reduce buildings to pure forms,removing historical references and ornament in favor of functionalist details.Buildings displayed their functional and structural elements,exposing steel beams and concrete surfaces instead of hiding them behind decorative forms.Many architects resisted Modernism,finding it devoid of the decorative richness of ornamented styles and as the founders of that movement lost influence in the late 1970s,Postmodernism developed as a reaction against its austerity.Postmodernism viewed Modernism as being too extreme and even harsh in regards to design4.Instead,Postmodernists combined Modernism with older styles from before the 1900s to form a middle ground.,Text,Robert Venturis contention that a decorated shed(an ordinary building which is functionally designed inside and embellished on the outside)was better than a duck(an ungainly building in which the whole form and its function are tied together)gives an idea of these approaches.,Since the 1980s,as the complexity of buildings began to increase(in terms of structural systems,services,energy and technologies),the field of architecture became multi-disciplinary with specializations for each project type,technological expertise or project delivery methods.The preparatory processes for the design of any large building have become increasingly complicated,and require preliminary studies of such matters as durability,sustainability,quality,money,and compliance with local laws.A large structure can no longer be the design of one person but must be the work of many.Modernism and Postmodernism,have been criticised by some members of the architectural profession,such as Christopher Alexander,who felt that successful architecture was not a personal philosophical or aesthetic pursuit by individualists;rather it had to consider everyday needs of people and use technology to create liveable environments,with the design process being informed by studies of behavioral,environmental,and social sciences.,Text,Environmental sustainability has become a mainstream issue,with profound affect on the architectural profession.Many developers,those who support the financing of buildings,have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design,rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost5.Major examples of this can be found in greener roof designs,biodegradable materials,and more attention to a structures energy usage.This major shift in architecture has also changed architecture schools to focus more on the environment.,New Words and Phrases,ambience n.气氛，布景；周围环境,aesthetic a.美的；美学的；审美的，具有审美趣味的,divine a.神圣的；非凡的；天赐的；极好的,elite n.精英；精华；中坚分子,pantheistic a.泛神论的；泛神论者的,pointed a.尖的；突出的；锐利的；率直的,arch n.弓形，拱形；拱门,ecclesiastical a.教会的；牧师的；神职的,mason n.泥瓦匠,prototype n.原型；标准，模范,consumption n.消费；消耗；肺痨,precursor n.先驱，前导,philosophical a.哲学的；冷静的,underpinning n.基础，基础材料；矿业 支柱，支承结构；支撑,devoid a.缺乏的；全无的,austerity n.紧缩；朴素；苦行；严厉,harsh a.严厉的；严酷的；刺耳的；粗糙的；刺目的,contention n.争论，争辩；争夺；论点,embellish vt.修饰；装饰；润色,greener n.没经验的人，生手,biodegradable a.生物所能分解的，能进行生物降解的,moral a.道德的；精神上的；品性端正的,Notes,1、Architecture also encompasses the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures,including scheduling,cost estimating and construction administration.,建筑学还包括实现建筑功能和结构等方面的知识，包括进度安排、费用估算和施工管理。,2、With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology,architecture and engineering began to separate,and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects,often at the expense of technical aspects of building design.,随着新兴的知识在科学领域和新材料、新技术的兴起，建筑和工程开始分离，而建筑师开始专注于美学与人文方面，通常关注建筑设计技术方面的费用开支。,3、Following this lead,the Bauhaus school,founded in Weimar,Germany in 1919,redefined the architectural bounds prior set throughout history,viewing the creation of a building as the ultimate synthesisthe apexof art,craft,and technology.,在此带动下，于1919年设立在德国魏玛的包豪斯学校，重新定义了历史上先前设定的建筑界限，视建筑作为艺术、工艺和技术的最终综合体。,4、Postmodernism viewed Modernism as being too extreme and even harsh in regards to design.,后现代主义认为现代主义过于极端,在设计方面认为其太粗糙。,Notes,5、Many developers,those who support the financing of buildings,have become educated to encourage the facilitation of environmentally sustainable design,rather than solutions based primarily on immediate cost.,很多的开发商，即这些建筑的资金提供者，已经受到教育鼓励进行环境可持续性设计，而不是立足于仅考虑短期费用的一些方案。,Exercises,（Translate the following Chinese into English,or English into Chinese）,1、建筑学是研究建筑物及其周围环境的学科，它旨在总结人类建筑活动的经验，以指导建筑设计创作，构造某种体系环境等等。建筑学的内容通常包括技术和艺术两个方面。,2、但是建筑又不同于其他艺术门类，它需要大量的财富和技术条件，大量的劳动力和集体智慧才能实现。它的物质表现手段规模之大，为任何其他艺术门类所难以比拟。宏伟的建筑建成不易，保留时间也较长，这些条件导致建筑美学的变革相对迟缓。建筑艺术还常常需要应用绘画、雕刻、工艺美术、园林艺术，创造室内外空间艺术环境。因此，建筑艺术是一门综合性很强的艺术。,3、Further,architects themselves are constantly under a process of transformation;they unavoidably exist between the multiple poles of reality and abstraction,of the man-made and the natural,of present and future.,4、Many studies of the Greek Parthenon show that the frontal elevation design has been ordered according to the golden section rectangle.,5、For example,the Doric columns vertical grooved fluting reveals the roundness of their cylindrical shafts through the shadows cast in the brilliant Greek sunlight.,6、What makes the building a clear example of passion,clarity and beauty is not simply tile shape of the elements,but the special relationship between them the unity between the parts,and between parts and whole.,Unit2,Modern Architecture,Text,Modern architecture is generally characterized by simplification of form and an absence of applied decoration.It is a term applied to an overarching movement,with its exact definition and scope varying widely.While the style was conceived early in the 20th century and heavily promoted by a few architects,architectural educators and exhibits,very few Modern buildings were built in the first half of the century1.For three decades after the Second World War,however,it became the dominant architectural style for institutional and corporate building.,1）Origins,Some historians see the evolution of Modern architecture as a social matter,closely tied to the project of Modernity and hence to the Enlightenment,a result of social and political revolutions2.,Others see Modern architecture as primarily driven by technological and engineering developments,and it is true that the availability of new building materials such as iron,steel,concrete and glass drove the invention of new building techniques as part of the Industrial Revolution.In 1796,Shrewsbury mill owner Charles Bage first used his fireproof design,which relied on cast iron and brick with flag stone floors.Such construction greatly strengthened the structure of mills,which enabled them to accommodate much bigger machines.,Text,Due to poor knowledge of irons properties as a construction material,a number of early mills collapsed.It was not until the early 1830s that Eaton Hodgkinson introduced the section beam,leading to widespread use of iron construction,this kind of austere industrial architecture utterly transformed the landscape of northern Britain,leading to the description,Dark satanic mills of places like Manchester and parts of West Yorkshire.The Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton at the Great Exhibition of 1851 was an early example of iron and glass construction;possibly the best example is the development of the tall steel skyscraper in Chicago around 1890 by William Le Baron Jenney and Louis Sullivan.Early structures to employ concrete as the chief means of architectural expression(rather than for purely utilitarian structure)include Frank Lloyd Wrights Unity Temple,built in 1906 near Chicago,and Rudolf Steiners Second Goetheanum,built from 1926 near Basel,Switzerland.,Other historians regard Modernism as a matter of taste,a reaction against eclecticism and the lavish stylistic excesses of Victorian Era and Edwardian Art Nouveau.,Whatever the cause,around 1900 a number of architects around the world began developing new architectural solutions to integrate traditional precedents(Gothic,for instance)with new technological possibilities.,Text,The work of Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright in Chicago,Victor Horta in Brussels,Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona,Otto Wagner in Vienna and Charles Rennie Mack