高考英语阅读理解专题三—主旨大意题.doc

2016年高考英语阅读理解指导三——主旨大意题
Don’t give up your whole garden just for an attractive rose.

一、主旨大意题型特点：
主旨大意题要求在理解全文后________________，____________或者是_________，考查考生的归纳总结能力。这类题需要______________，抓住文章的______和_____，同时兼顾________以及文章出现的________。此类试题通常以概括中心、揭示主题、选择标题等形式出现。
查找主旨、标题时，我们要学习识别文章中_______________的信息，这种信息应能归纳和概括文中其它信息所具有的______。做主旨大意题时，应采用_______的方式，跳过生僻词，抓住________和_______，快而准地把握文章主旨。
【例1】Choose the most general word.
A. Chemist B. Physicist C. Scientist D. Biologist
【例2】Choose the most general sentence.
A. The hotel offers complimentary coffee from 7 to 10 a.m. daily.
B. There are many reasons why guests feel at home at the Glorietta Bay Inn.
C. The coin-operated laundry room has an ironing board.
D. There are a number of extra services at the Glorietta Bay Inn including baby-sitting.
【例3】Choose the title that best expresses the idea of the paragraph.
There is a simple economic principle used to determine prices. It is called the law of supply and demand. Supply means the amount of, or access to, certain goods. Demand represents the number of people who want those goods. If there are more goods than wanted, the price of them falls. On the other hand, if the demand for those goods is much greater than the supply, then price rises. Of course manufacturers prefer to sell more goods at increased prices.
A. Economic Principle B. Law of Supply and Demand
C. More Goods, Lower Prices D. Fewer Goods, Higher Prices

二、主旨大意题题干形式：
1. ________________________ (main idea):
(1) The main idea of the passage is…
(2) The passage is mainly about…
(3) The passage is mainly discussed…
(4) Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(5) What is the passage mainly about?
2. _________________________ (title):
(6) The best title for the passage might be…
(7) Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

三、主题句的特点：
1. 主题句与文体体裁之间的关系：议论文和说明文一般有主题句，且一般位于______；
而记叙文一般没有主题句；
2. 段落主题句一般位于_____________；
3. 主题句所表达的意思具有_______和句子________单, 一般不会采用长句或结构复杂的句子；
4. 文章或段落的其他句子都是对主题句的进一步________________________。

【例4】As they migrate, butterflies and moths choose the winds they want to fly with, and they change their body positions if they start floating in the wrong direction. This new finding suggests that insects may employ some of the same methods that birds use for traveling long distances. Scientists have long thought that insects were simply at the mercy of the wind.
Fascinating as their skills of flight are, migrating behavior has been difficult to study in insects because many long distant trips happen thousands of feet above ground. Only recently have scientists developed technologies that can detect such little creatures at such great heights.
To their surprise, though, the insects weren’t passive travelers on the winds. In autumn, for example, most light winds blew from the east, but the insects somehow sought out ones that carried them south and they positioned themselves to navigate directly to their wintering homes.
Even in the spring, when most winds flowed northward, the insects didn’t always go with the flow. If breezes weren’t blowing in the exact direction they wanted to go, the insects changed their body positions to compensate. Many migrating birds do the same thing.
The study also found, butterflies and moths actively flew within the air streams that pushed them along. By adding flight speeds to wind speeds, the scientists calculated that butterflies and moths can travel as fast as 100 kilometers an hour. The findings may have real-world applications. With climate warming, migrating insects are growing in number. Knowing how and when these pests move could help when farmers decide when to spray their crops.
1. What’s the main idea of the text?
A. Insects migrate with the seasons.
B. Wind helps insects greatly in migrating.
C. Windsurfing insects have real direction.
D. Scientists have trouble in observing insects
Conclusion: __________________________________________________________

【例5】I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened. Looking down I immediately recognized that something was wrong and ran down to the edge of the near bank. There I saw Ma Shwe with her three-month-old calf struggling in the fast-rising water and it was a life-and-death struggle. Her calf was floating and screaming with fear. Ma Shwe was as near to the far bank as she could get, holding her whole body against the rushing water and keeping the calf pressed against her huge body. Every now and then the rushing water would sweep the calf away.
There was a sudden rise in the water and the calf was washed clean over the mother’s body and was gone. Ma Shwe turned quickly to reach it and pressed the calf with her head and trunk(象鼻) against the rocky bank. Then with a huge effort she picked it up in her trunk and tried until she was able to place it on a narrow shelf of rock
Just at this moment she fell back into the river. If she were carried down it would be certain death I knew as well as she did ,that there was one spot(地点) where she could get up the bank but it was on the other side from where she had put her calf
While I was wondering what I could do next I heard the sound of a mother’s love. Ma Shwe had crossed the river and got up the bank and was making her way back as fast as she could roaring(吼叫) all the time, but to her calf it was music.
2. What can be the best title for the text?
A. A Mother’s Love B. A Brave Act
C. A Deadly River D. A Matter of Life and Death
Conclusion: __________________________________________________________

【例6】 When students and parents are asked to rate subjects according to their importance ,the arts are unavoidably at the bottom of the list . Music is nice, people seem to say, but not important. Too often it is viewed as mere entertainment, but certainly not an education priority(优先). This view is shortsighted. In fact, music education is beneficial and important for all students.
Music tells us who we are. Because music is an expression of the beings who create it, it reflects their thinking and values, as well as the social environment it came from. Rock music represents a lifestyle just as surely as does a Schubert song. The jazz influence that George Gershwin and other musicians introduced into their music is obviously American because it came from American musical traditions. Music expresses our character and values. It gives us identity as a society.
Music provides a kind of perception(感知) that cannot be acquired any other way. Science can explain how the sun rises and sets. The arts explore emotive(情感的) meaning of the same phenomenon. We need every possible way to discover and respond to our world for one simple but powerful reason: No one way can get it all.
The arts are forms of thought as powerful in what they communicate as mathematical and scientific symbols. They are ways we human beings “talk” to each other. They are the language of civilization through which we express our fears, our curiosities, our hungers, our discoveries, our hopes. The arts are ways we give form to our ideas and imagination so that they can be shared with others. When we do not give children access to an important way of expressing themselves such as music, we take away from them the meanings that music expresses.
Science and technology do not tell us what it means to be human. The arts do. Music is an important way we express human suffering, celebration, the meaning and value of peace and love.
So music education is far more necessary than people to realize.
3. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Music education deserves more attention.
B. Music should be of top education priority.
C. Music is an effective communication tool.
D. Music education makes students more imaginative.
Conclusion: __________________________________________________________

【例7】The best thing you can say about the roofs of most city building is that you don’t have to look at them much. That’s very good, since an urban landscape viewed from above can be an unlovely thing—block after block of tarred(铺有沥青的) black rooftops, sticky in summer, windswept in winter, ugly year-round. Or at least that’s the way it used to be.
But urban roofs are going green. Environmental designers have begun to realize that the tops of buildings don’t have to be wastelands. Indeed, they can be gardens, planted with grasses, flowers and bushes.
A planted roof usually comes in one of the two varieties: extensive or intensive. The extensive type is wide and shallow, with a soil depth of less than 8 inches, able to support smaller plants. The intensive type may smaller, but it’s relatively deeper and home to larger plants.
Whatever the design, green roofs are not so simple as ordinary gardens. They have multiple layers beneath the soil, including a drainage layer, waterproofing, structural support, and so on.
But this system can do a great deal of good. A recent paper in the journal BioScience tells that green roofs can control temperature, contain water and clean the air, And most impressively, they can cut heat loss from a building by 50%, lower air-conditioning costs by 25%, and reduce the urban-heated-island effect by 2°C.
Of course, apart from the square feet greened and heat reduced, green roofs are even more valued since people can gain some psychological comfort simply by having a quiet place to go. As so often happens, what’s good for the planet can also be good for the spirit.
4. What can be the best title for the passage?
A. Urban roofs going green. B. The advantages of planted roofs
C. Urban roofs and rural roofs D. Extensive and intensive planted roofs
Conclusion: __________________________________________________________

【例8】 William Butler Yeats, a most famous Irish writer, was born in Dublin on June 13,1865. His childhood lacked the harmony (和睦) that was typical of a happy family. Later, Yeats shocked his family by saying that he remembered “little of childhood but its pain”. In fact, he inherited (继承) excellent taste in art from his family ——both his father and his brother were painters. But he finally settled on literature , particularly drama (戏剧) and poetry.
Yeats had strong faith in coming of new artistic movements. He set himself the fresh task in founding an Irish national theatre in the late 1890s.His early theatrical experiments, however, were not received favorably at the beginning. He didn’t lose heart, and finally enjoyed success in his poetical drama.
Compared with his dramatic works, Yeats’s poems attract much admiring notice. The subject matter includes love, nature, history, time and aging. Though Yeats generally relied on very traditional forms, he brought modern sensibility to them. As his literary life progressed, his poetry grew finer and richer, which led him to worldwide recognition.
He had not enjoyed a major public life since winning the Nobel Prize in 1923. Yet, he continued writing almost to the end of his life. Had Yeats stopped writing at age 40, he would probably now be valued as a minor poet, for there is no other example in literary history of a poet who produces his greatest works between the ages of 50 and 75. After Yeats’s death in 1939, W.H. Auden wrote, among others, the following lines:
Earth, receive an honored guest:
William Yeats is laid to rest.
Let the Irish vessel (船) lie
Emptied of its poetry
5. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Yeats’s literary achievements B. Yeats’s historical influence
C. Yeats’s artistic ambition D. Yeats’s national honor
Conclusion: __________________________________________________________

四、做主旨大意题注意事项：
1. 看文章是否有_____或者是______，它们能够帮助你快速把握文章大意，或者对文章大意做一个粗线条的了解；
2. 认真阅读题干，不要把_____________和作者___________混为一谈；
3. 选择最佳标题时，既不能__________也不能__________，同时应注意_____________；
4. 采取______。把注意力放在关键词上，遇到生词尽量去猜测，不影响阅读理解的生词可以跳过去。依据标志词(____________________________________________等)或高频词寻找概括性抽象性的主题句。

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