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1、Unit 1 一、单词 realistic adj.现实主义的 abstract adj.抽象的 sculpture n.雕塑 gallery n.美术陈列室 faith n.信任 aim n.目标 conventional adj.常规的 typical adj.典型的 evident adj.明显的 adopt vt.采用 possess vt.拥有 superb adj.卓越的 tech
2、nique n.技术 coincidence n.巧合 shadow n.影子 ridiculous adj.荒谬的 controversial adj.争论的 attempt n.努力 predict vt.预言 specific adj.确切的 figure n.画像 clay n.黏土 marble n.大理石 carve vt.雕刻 delicate adj.脆弱的 allergic adj.过敏的 exhib
3、ition n.展览 aggressive adj.敢作敢为的 scholar n.学者 flesh n.肉 geometry n.几何学 bunch n.串，束 avenue n.林荫道 preference n.偏爱 appeal vi.有感染力的 fragile adj.精细的 reputation n.名声 civilization n.文明；文化 Egypt n.埃及 visual adj.视觉的 fragrant adj.香的
4、 contemporary adj.当代的 permanent adj.永久的 district n.区，区域 committee n.委员会 signature n.署名，签字 二、短语 1.have/lose faith in 对……有/失去 信心 2.the aim of sth/doing sth ……的目的 3.achieve one’s aim 达到目的 4.aim to do sth 立志……
5、 5.be aimed at (doing) sth 旨在 6.be typical of 是典型的…… 7.It is typical of sb to do …是…（人）的特点 8.It is evident that ……是显而易见的 9.be possessed of 拥有（主动） 10.in possession of 拥有；占有（被动） 11.It is a coincidence that ……是巧合的 12.attempt to do 尝试…… 13.make an attempt to
6、 do 尝试……（名词用） 14.It is predicted that 据预报 15.be specific to 对……是特有的 16.be allergic to 对……过敏 17.a great deal 大量 18.on the other hand 在另一方面 19.in the flesh 活的 20.appeal to 对……有吸引力 21.by coincidence 巧合地 22.have a preference for sth 偏
7、爱…… 23.have a reputation for 因……而闻名 24.be contemporary with 和……同时代 三、课文 During the Renaissance, new ideas and values gradually replaced those held in the Middle Ages. People began to concentrate less on religious themes and adopt a more humanistic attitude to life. At the same time painter
8、s returned to classical Roman and Greek ideas about art. They tried to paint people and nature as they really were. Rich people wanted to possess their own paintings, so they could decorate their superb palaces and great houses. They paid famous artists to paint pictures of themselves, their house
9、s and possessions as well as their activities and achievements. One of the most important discoveries during this period was how to draw things in perspective. This technique was first used by Masaccio in 1428. When people first saw his paintings, they were convinced that they were looking through
10、a hole in a wall at a real scene. If the rules of perspective had not been discovered, no one would have been able to paint such realistic pictures. By coincidence, oil paints were also developed at this time, which made the colours used in paintings look richer and deeper. Without the new paints an
11、d the new technique, we would not be able to see the many great masterpieces for which this period is famous. 四、语法（虚拟语气） 假设情况 If 条件从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 与现在事实相反 过去式（be 的过去式常用were） would/could/might/should +动词原形 与将来事实相反 ① 过去式 ② should +动词原形 ③ were to do would/could/might/should +动词原形 与过去
12、事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/could/might/should + have + 过去分词 特殊句式： 1. 虚拟条件不直接用“if”条件句表示，而是通过如 without, with, but for（要不是）, otherwise（否则）, or等或通过上下文按时来说明。句中谓语动词的形式和表格中的内容一致。 Without air, there wouldn’t be living things in the world. 没有空气，世界上就没有生物。 But for your help, I wouldn’t have made such gr
13、eat progress. 要不是你的帮助，我不会取得这么大的进步 2. would rather 后的宾语从句中，用一般过去时来表示与现在或将来情况相反的假设，用过去完成时表示与过去情况相反的假设。 I would rather you told me the truth. 我宁愿你和我讲真话。 I would rather you had been present. 我倒宁愿你当时在场。 3. wish 后的宾语从句，表示与现在情况相反，从句要用一般过去时；表示与过去情况相反，从句用过去完成时；表示与将来情况相反，从句谓语常用“would/could/might + 动词原形”。
14、 I wish I were ten years younger now. 我希望我现在年轻10岁。 I wish you would go with us tomorrow. 但愿你明天跟我们一块去。 4. If only … 要是……就好了。（只在if only 从句中使用虚拟语气） If only I ere 20 years younger! 我要是年轻20岁多好！ If only I had come to the party yesterday! 要是昨天我来参加聚会就好了 Unit 2 一、单词 poetry n.诗 tick
15、 vt.给……做记号 rhyme n.韵；押韵 convey vt.传送 nursery n.托儿所 concrete adj.具体的 contradictory adj.引起矛盾的 diamond n.钻石 flexible adj.灵活的 pattern n.模式 cottage n.村舍 tease vt.取笑 salty
16、 adj.含盐的 endless adj.无穷的 minimum n.最低限度 translation n.翻译 branch n.枝条 eventually adv.最后；终于 transform vi&vt.转化，转换 sorrow n.悲伤 bare adj.赤裸的 librarian n.图书馆馆长 forever adv.永远 section
17、 n.部分 appropriate adj.适当的 exchange n.交换，交流 vt&vi. 调换 diploma n.毕业文凭 sponsor n.赞助人 blank n.空白 compass n.指南针 bride n.新娘 bridegroom n.新郎 championship n.冠军称号 darkness n.黑暗；漆黑 warmth
18、 n.暖和 scholarship n.奖学金 pianist n.钢琴家 violinist n.小提琴演奏者 load n.负担，负荷物 二、短语 1.take it easy 放轻松 2.run out of 用完 3.be made up of 由……构成 4.in particular 尤其是 5.try out 测试 6.let out
19、 发出，放走 7.convey one’s feeling 传达……的感情 8.convey…from…to 把…从…运到 9.be contradictory to 与……矛盾 10.tease sb. about 拿…开…的玩笑 11.a minimum of 最少；至少 12.to one’s sorrow 令……伤心的是 13.It is appropriate for sb. to do sth. 对…来说…是合适的 14.in exchange for
20、 交换 15.exchange…with sb. 与…交换…… 16.be load with 满载着…… 三、课文 I’ve saved the summer And I give it all to you To hold on winter mornings When the snow is new. I’ve saved some sunlight If you should ever need A place away from darkness Where your mind can feed. And for
21、myself I’ve kept your smile When you were but nineteen, Till you’re older you’ll not know What brave young smiles can mean. I know no answers To help you on your way The answers lie somewhere At the bottom of the day. But if you’ve a need for love I’ll give you all I own It might help
22、you down the road Till you’ve found your own. 四、语法（与过去事实相反的虚拟语气） if 从句 主句 had + 过去分词 should/would/could/might + have +过去分词 1. 在虚拟条件句中，若有had, were, should 等助动词，可将它们提到句首，省略if 变为倒装句。 Were I at school again, I would study harder. 要是我再上学，我会更加用功。 Should there be an earthquake, what should we do?
23、要是发生地震，我们该怎么办？ 2. 下列动词后的宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其谓语形式为“should + 动词原形”，should 可以省略，这类动词有： 一 坚持 insist 二 命令 order , command 三 建议 suggest, propose, recommend 四 要求 Demand, request, require, desire 3. as if 引导的表语从句，有时也用虚拟从句。从句内容和现在事实不符，谓语动词用一般过去时，be动词常用were；从句内容与过去事实不符，谓语部分为“had + 过去分词”；表示将来的可能性不大，用“shou
24、ld/would/might/could + 动词原形”。但若表示确有某种可能，也可不用虚拟语气。 It looks as if it might rain. 看上去好像要下雨。 It seems as if our team is going to win. 看来我们队好像要赢了。 4. 引导目的状语的从句的短语有 for fear that, in case 等，从句中谓语形式为 “should + 动词原形”。 Bring some money in case you (should) use it. 带点钱以备用。 5. “should（ought to/could/may/
25、might）+ have +过去分词”表示“过去应该/能/可以做但却没做”的虚拟语气，其否定形式则表示“过去不该做的却做了”，是一种委婉的责备。 （1） 表示委婉批评常用 “could/may/might have done” ,意为“本可以/能够做” （2） 表示强烈责备常用“should/ought to have done”，常译为“本应该做” 6. 表示祝愿时常用动词原形或“May + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其他”结构 Unit 3 一、单词
26、 cigarette n.香烟 alcohol n.酒，酒精 abuse n.&vt.滥用 stress n.压力 adolescent n.青少年 adj.青春期的 adolescence n.青春期 ban vt.禁止；禁令 due adj.欠款的 tough adj.困难的 addi
27、cted adj.入了迷的 accustom vt.使习惯于 withdrawal n.收回；撤退 automatic adj.无意识的 mental adj.精神上的 quit vt.停止；离开 effect n.结果；效力 lung n.肺 pregnant adj.怀孕的 abnormal adj.畸形的 bre
28、athless adj.气喘吁吁的 unfit adj.不健康的 strengthen vt.加强 vi．变强 packet n.小包 desperate adj.绝望的 chemist n.药剂师 disappointed adj.失望的 ashamed adj.感到惭愧或羞耻的 comprehension n.理解 appendix
29、 n.附录；附件 illegal adj.不合法的 pill n.药丸，药片 survival n.幸存 sex n.性 needle n.针 male adj.男性的 female adj.女性的 prejudice n.偏见 judgement n.看法 abortion n.流产 cigar
30、 n.雪茄烟 embarrassed adj.尴尬的 awkward adj.局促不安的 二、短语 1.under stress 在压力下， 2.lay/place/put stress on sth. 强调…… 3.ban sb. from doing sth. 禁止…去… 4.a ban on 关于…的禁令 5.due to 由于 6.be addicted to 对……有瘾 7.accustomed to 习惯于…… 8.feel like do
31、ing 想要…… 9.decide on 对……作出决定 10.in spite of 不顾 11.take risks 冒险 12.get into 迷上 13.be/get tough with sb 对……采取强硬手段 14.be tough on sb. 严格对待…… 三、课文 This brings me to the real reason for my letter, my dear grandson. Your mother tells me that you st
32、arted smoking some time ago and now you are finding it difficult to give it up. Believe me, I know how easy it is to begin smoking and how tough it is to stop. You see, during adolescence I also smoked and became addicted to nicotine, which is one of the hundreds of chemicals in cigarettes. This mea
33、ns that after a while your body becomes accustomed to having nicotine in it. So when the drug leaves your body, you get withdrawal symptoms. I remember feeling bad-tempered and sometimes even in pain. Secondly, you become addicted through habit. As you know, if you do the same thing over and over ag
34、ain, you begin to do it automatically. Lastly, you can become mentally addicted. I believed I was happier and more relaxed after having a cigarette, so I began to think that I could only feel good when I smoked. I was addicted in all three ways, so it was very difficult to quit. But I did finally ma
35、nage. 四、语法（it的用法） 1.it作代词的用法 ①指代上文提到过的事物； ②指代性别不明的婴儿； ③指代性别不明的人； ④表示时间、距离、自然现象、环境、情况等； ⑤指代指示代词this, that 或不定代词something ,nothing等。 2.it作形式主语 ①花费……的时间去……：It takes sb. some time to do sth. ②做……是……的：It be + adj. + to do/that……. It be + n. +to do /that……….
36、 It be + adj. /n. + doing………. ③据……:It be + 过去分词 + that…… Unit 4 一、单词 consume vt.消费；消耗 graph n.图表 random adj.胡乱的 phenomenon n.现象 subscribe vi.同意；捐献 fuel n.燃料 quantity n.量 tend
37、 vi.趋势；易于 per prep.每 data n.资料 result in 导致 trend n.趋势 catastrophe n.大灾难 flood n.洪水 oppose vt.反对 mild adj.温和的 consequence n.结果 state
38、 vt.陈述 range n.种类 keep on 继续 glance vi.看一下 steady adj.平稳的 tendency n.趋向；趋势 widespread adj.分布广的 average adj.平均的 existence n.生存 outer adj.外部的 advocate
39、 vt.拥护 commitment n.承诺 growth n.增长 casual adj.随便的 motor n.发动机 can n.容器；罐头 circumstance n.环境；情况 microwave n.微波炉 refresh vt.使恢复 contrib
40、ution n.贡献 presentation n.显示 disagreement n.分歧 二、短语 e about 发生；造成 2.quantities of 大量 3.go up 上升 4. even if 即使 5. on the whole 大体上 6.put up with 忍受 7.and so o
41、n 等等 8.keep on 继续 9.subscribe to 同意 10.as long as 只要 11.on behalf of 代表……一方 12.at random 随意的 13.tend to 照顾 14.oppose doing sth 反对…… 15.be opposed to doing 反对…… 16.in consequence =consequently
42、 因此 17.a range of 一套 18.out of range of sth. 超出……的范围 19.glance at 瞥一眼 20.have a tendency to do喜欢做 21.on average 平均地 22.advocate doing 提倡…… 23.advocate that-clause 主张 24.make a commitement to do sth. 许诺…… 25.be casual about对……漫不经心 26.in
43、no circumstances 绝不 27.make a contribution to 对……做贡献 三、课文 However, the attitude of scientists towards this rise are completely different. On the one hand, Dr Foster thinks that any trend in which the temperature increases by 5 degrees would lead to a catastrophe. She says,
44、 We can’t predict the climate well enough to know what to expect, but it could be very serious.” Others who agree with her think there may be a rise of several metres in the sea level, or predict severe storms, floods, droughts, famines, the spread of diseases and the disappearance of species. On t
45、he other hand, there are those, like George Hambley , who are opposed to this view and believe that we should not worry about high levels of carbon dioxide in the air. They predict that any warming will be mild with few bad environmental consequences. In fact, Hambley states,”More carbon dioxide is
46、actually a positive thing. It will make plants grow quicker; crops will produce more; it will encourage a greater range of animals - all of which will make life for human beings better. Greenhouse gases continue to build up in the atmosphere. Even if we start reducing the amount of carbon dioxide a
47、nd other greenhouse gases, the climate is going to keep on warming for decades or centuries. No one knows the effects of global warming. Does that mean we should do nothing? Or, are the risks too great? 四、语法（it的用法） 1.it引导强调句型 ①结构： It is/was + 被强调部分+ that +剩余 如： It was she that/who I met yest
48、erday. 我昨天遇到的人是她。 注：原句时态为过去的某种时态，强调句中用was；若被强调的部分是人，则可用that也可用who引导。 ②强调句的疑问句式 强调句的一般疑问句： Is/Was it +被强调部分+that+剩余? 强调句的特殊疑问句： 疑问词+is/was+ it+ that+剩余? 如： Was it Sally that phoned just now? 刚才打电话的是莎莉吗？ ③识别强调句的诀窍： 在强调句型中，it is/was 和 that 都没有词义。去掉后句子依然完整。 Unit 5 一、单词 diagram
49、 n.图解 volcano n.火山 erupt vi.火山 ash n.灰 hurricane n.飓风 questionnaire n.问卷 alongside adv.在旁边 equipment n.设备 appoint vt.任命 database n.数据库 evaluate vt.评估 wave n.波浪 fountain vi.泉水一般喷出 absolute adj.绝对的 suit n.一套外衣 helmet n.头盔 boot n.靴子 potential adj.潜在性 actual adj.实在的 candidate n.候选人 bungalow n.平房 typhoon
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