贵屿污染情况与其成因.docx

贵屿污染情况及其成因
一、贵屿基本概况：
贵屿位于广东省汕头市潮阳区西部，在练江岸边。由于地处一片低洼地带，贵屿成了严重的内涝区，农业生产基本没法保障。贵屿镇的农民在20世纪的上半叶，就已经开始走村串巷，收购鸡毛、鸭毛、废旧铜铁。说到贵屿人，潮汕人的第一反应就是“收破烂的”。 从上世纪90年代初开始，贵屿人涉及旧五金电器拆解工作，他们用1200年前的工艺来处理21世纪的垃圾，先徒手拆分出铁、铜、塑料与电路板，再用硫酸洗出金子，用炭炉熔化铜，把塑料切成丸状，卖出去再利用。久而久之，贵屿的环境污染就越来越严重。
二、贵屿污染情况：
贵屿的街道到处都是簇新的楼房与豪华的小汽车，然而每栋楼房下面，都堆满了电子垃圾，路边是黑臭的河水。只要稍微在街上停留一下子，就能闻到空气中刺鼻的恶臭，其实，站在靠近贵屿的国道上，就已经弥漫着这种气味了，不习惯的人，立马就会感觉喉头疼痛。在这里，水是臭的，墨黑得有点阴森；空气是难闻的，走着走着就有可能会呼吸困难；地上满是各种废弃的电子外壳，有些土壤还是黑色的。本地的水是没办法饮用的，居民们的饮用水是从邻镇用车子拉来的，贵屿镇上从事卖水的车子有好几十辆。　
流经贵屿的练江，水体发黑发臭，水面上覆盖着水浮莲，妇女们就在岸边拨开的一汪黑水中洗衣服，河岸边被腐蚀过的电路板的垃圾堆还清晰可见。这里的居民每天都生活在这样的环境中，致使此地癌症发病率与流产率比其他地方高出好几倍，相当高的比例的小孩子患有铅中毒，居民身体素质普遍低下。
三、贵屿居民生活：
贵屿街面上到处是电子垃圾拆解作坊，作坊里三三两两聚着工人，正熟练而匆忙地烤制线路板。小孩子从小就帮着父母处理各种电子垃圾，动作麻利，神情专注，每次都洋溢着孩子特有的微笑。背着婴儿的年轻母亲还会在四处挑选电子垃圾。他们用煤炉加热融化以及酸浸来提取材料中的金属等，每次都有难闻的气体冒出，侵蚀着自己的身体。
之前他们集中在门口做工，现在转移到封闭的室内，空气不流通，而气体又不断的产生。他们使用传统的徒手人工挑选，再进行简单的加热处理以及酸浸，没用的再进行燃烧处理，浓烟弥漫。而那些因为电子垃圾而暴富的人又纷纷撤离贵屿，只是偶尔来看看，留下工人一直不停的工作。村前屋后处处都能够看到随意加热电路板的当地农民与外来民工，大量的电器残渣与生活垃圾一起四处堆放、焚烧，空气中弥漫着电器零件被硫酸浸泡后散发出的刺鼻气味。
四、贵屿污染的原因：
1、发达国家，比如美国，每天产生13万台电脑与大约1亿部手机的废弃物，而这些作为垃圾处理，劳动力成本太高，很多为寻求廉价劳动力而违法运到中国，经过深圳、香港、广州等中转站到达贵屿，使全球的电子垃圾都几乎集中到了一起。
2、由于贵屿镇属严重内涝区，解放前经常发生干旱、洪涝等自然灾害，农作物严重失收，当地大部分农民为养家糊口，到周边甚至更远村落，上门收购鸭毛、猪骨、废旧铜锡以及塑料物品，赚点零用钱，时间长了就发展成一支从事废旧物资回收的专业“大军”。处理废弃电子产品可以为人们带来丰裕的收入，居民看见有利可图，就纷纷加入到这个行业中来，处理废弃电子产品就逐渐成了贵屿的主导行业，并且规模越做越大。
3、由于缺乏有效监管，在贵屿镇，人们利用极其简单的方法、非常简陋的工具来提炼
旧电器中的金属。首先是拆，先人工拆分出铁、铜、塑料、电路板，然后用碳火炉烤熔出电路板上的零件，那些可再生的零件就被卖出去让人翻新成零件。至于金子等贵重金属，就用硫酸洗出来，贵屿人叫洗金；电路板上烧出来的铜，贵屿人叫烧板；塑料则被切成丸状，卖出去做再生塑料。贵屿镇收旧利废行业产生严重污染的主要原因在于生产经营方式的落后，而且缺乏必要的设施配套与技术支撑，没能实现垃圾处理的无害化。
4、敏感的气氛、戒备的眼神，在贵屿随处可见。他们拒绝甚至阻止媒体对其进行采访，不让外面的人进入其中进行调查采样及拍摄，居民都不想让别人知道他们的真实环境，而且怕外界的干预影响了他们的正常生产活动。居民普遍缺乏环境保护意识，只看到眼前利益而看不到长远影响。这也就阻止了很多分析治理工作的进行。
5、政府虽有采取一定措施进行治理，但效果不明显，缺乏科学有效的方法，居民生产缺乏合格有用的现代化设备。

The pollution of Guiyu and its causes
First, Guiyu Facts:
Guiyu is located in Chaoyang District, Shantou City, Guangdong Province, the western shore of the Lianjiang River. Because it is a low-lying areas, Guiyu has become a serious waterlogging areas, agricultural production can not guarantee. Guiyu farmers in the upper half of the 20th century, had already started to go from village to lane for the acquisition of feathers, feather, scrap copper and iron. Speaking of Guiyu people, Chaoshan people's first reaction is to "pack rat's." From the early 1990s, Guiyu people involved in dismantling the old metal electrical work. They used the technology of 1,200 years ago to deal with 21st century garbage.First they split out the iron, copper, plastics and circuit boards by hand.Then they used sulfuric acid to wash out the gold, melted copper with charcoal, cut the plastic pellets and then sold them to reuse. Over time, Guiyu's environmental pollution is getting worse.
Second, the pollution of Guiyu :
The streets of Guiyu are full of brand new buildings and luxury cars, but a complete circuit of the building below, are filled with e-waste,and the roadside is a paddlewheel river. Just a little stay in the street once, you can smell the pungent odor in the air. In fact, standing near the national highway in Guiyu, it has been filled with the smell, and those who are not used to staying here, their throat will feel immediately pain. Here, the water is foul, jet black and the air is unpleasant.If I walked there may be I would be difficulty in breathing.The ground is full of discarded electronic shell, and even some soil is black. Local drinking water cannot be drunk and the residents are drinking the water pulled by some cars from the neighboring town .There are dozens of vehicles cars go to Guiyu town to sell water.
The Lianjiang River flowing through Guiyu town are smelly and black ,whose surface is covered with water lettuce. Women have to wash clothes on the shore in the black water.In the river bank the garbage of the eroded circuit board is also clearly visible. The residents here live every day in such an environment, resulting in the incidence of cancer here, and abortion rates are several times higher than elsewhere, a very high proportion of children suffering from lead poisoning. Residents have generally poor physical fitness.
Third, the life of Guiyu residents:
Guiyu’s streets arefull of e-waste dismantling workshops where several workers work together.They are all skilled and hastily baked circuit board. Children grew up helping their parents deal with a variety of e-waste with deft movements, looked focused and each filled with child-specific happiness. The young mother carrying a baby also will select the e-waste. They used coal stove heated to melt and acid leaching to extract the metal and other materials, unpleasant gases emitted each time, erosion of their own bodies.
At first they worked at the door but now transferred to the closed room.Air cannot flow but they continue to produce gas. They use traditional hand artificial selection, and then a simple heat treatment and acid leaching.Then the useless parts will be burnt ,resulting in the smoke filled everywhere. And because of e-waste the riches pulled out Guiyu, only occasionally to see, leaving the workers working non-stop. Everywhere we can see the heating circuit board free local farmers and migrant workers. A large number of residues and waste are piled up and burnt together. The air was filled with sulfuric acid soaked electrical components emit pungent odor .
Fourth,the causes of Guiyu pollution:
1,The developed countries, take the United States for a example, has a daily production of about 130,000 PCs and 100 million mobile phone waste.Because the labor costs of dealing with these wastes are too high, many illegal businessmans search for cheaper labor and shipped to China through Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Guangzhou and other transfer station to reach Guiyu, the global e-waste are almost concentrated together.
2, Due to the town of Guiyu is a serious waterlogging zone and before liberation there were frequent droughts, floods and other natural disasters,resulting in serious loss of crop income, in order to feed their families most local farmers even go farther to the surrounding villages to purchase feather, bones, scrap copper, tin and plastic items to earn pocket money. For a long time it was developing into a professional engaged in waste recycling "army." Disposal of waste electronic products can bring abundant income, and residents finding it is profitable, have added to this industry.The disposal of waste electronic products gradually became the dominant industry in Guiyu, and the size become bigger and bigger.
3,Due to lack of effective supervision, in Guiyu, people use a very simple method, very simple tool to extract old metal appliances. The first is to split out the iron, copper, plastic, circuit boards by hand, and then use the carbon bake furnaces melt the circuit board parts. Those parts which can be recycled was sold as refurbished parts. As for gold and other precious metals, they use the sulfuric acid to wash out, which people called Guiyu wash gold.And the burned-out copper circuit board was called Guiyu burning board.Plastic was cut into pellets and sold as recycled plastic. Guiyu’s serious pollution of the waste industry mainly due to the production mode of operation of backward and lacking the necessary facilities and technical support, failing to achieve the waste harmless.
4,Sensitive atmosphere, alert eyes can be seen everywhere in Guiyu. They refused to be interviewed and even stopped the people outside entering their town to do the sampling and investigation into the shooting of them.Residents do not want people to know their real environment, and fear of outside intervention affected their normal production activities. Residents generally lack awareness of environmental protection, only to see the immediate benefits but not the long-term impact. This treatment also prevents a lot of analysis work carried out.
5,Although the government has been taken certain measures to control, the effect is not obvious.It is the lack of scientific and effective methods, lack of qualified useful modern equipment.

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