6单元1节-物称与人称.doc

2011-11-12
外国语学院
Translation I 翻 译 I
Teacher: Lü Wenpeng（吕文澎）
★Homework of Unit 5

Pt. A Recitation task:
1） 承蒙厚爱。
I am indebted for your great kindness (favor).
2） 他突然受到主管的赞赏，深感受宠若惊。
When his boss expressed appreciation of his work, he was quite overwhelmed.
3) 中国人喜欢在农历二月二理发。
Chinese people like to have their hair cut on the lunar February 2.
4) 我国有得天独厚的自然资源。
Our country is blessed with unsurpassed natural resources.
5) 三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。
Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure. Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided.
6）Snow is blowing in at the window.
雪花飘进了窗户。
7）The tea is brewing.
茶在泡着。
8）The fire was at last under control.
火势终于得到控制。
9）The praise of the man goes too far.
把这个人夸得过头了。
10) Heated, water will change into vapor.
水如受热，就会汽化。
11) The progress of the society is based on harmony.
社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
12) Love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought, sold, traded or stolen.
爱情不是商品；真情实意不可能买到，卖掉，交换，或者偷走。

Pt. B Translation practice:

一、翻译下列被动句，尝试采用不同译法并比较效果。
1. When I was delivered, nurses took me from the room before Mother could see me.
2. She was effectually prevented, but she wasn’t on speaking terms with her family for several weeks.
3. It was true no direct question had ever been raised touching her own standing in the community life.
4. He has often, not always justly, been accused of indecisiveness.
5. Harry is being brought around.
6. Our former differences were forgotten.
7. The ceremony was abbreviated by rain.
8. Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church.
9. This question will be dealt with in the next chapter.
10. Caesar was brought down to utter nothingness.
11. 我们的目的一定能达到。
12. 不要把这些问题混为一谈。
13. 他们拿钱就是干这个的。
14. 人人都知道世界是由物质构成的。
15. 让我不解的是他们竟然满心恐惧。
二、翻译下列句子，用被动还是主动？
1. When the door of happiness closes, another opens, but often times we look so long at the closed door that we don’t see the one which has been opened for us.
2. After all preparations were made, the plane took off.
3. He was thrown into confusion by the return of his old flame.
4. Victoria’s faithfulness was put to crucial test by a violent disturbance in foreign policies.
5. He is to blame for it.
6. Rainbows are formed when sunlight passes through small drops of water in the sky.
7. 你的话容易遭到批评。
8. 凶手渴望在被处决前见自己的女儿一面。
9. 一座房子都看不着。
10. 如有要求，可进一步提供情况。
11. 她被花言巧语所陶醉。
12. 他不是一个可以被随意愚弄的人。
13. 在世界锦标赛决赛时，一位跳板跳水名将被他的同胞战友击败，却热烈地拥抱胜利者，满含热泪向观众挥手告别。
14. 人们指责他歪曲事实。
15. 耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻子用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。

三、翻译下列各句，注意主动、被动的转换，并尝试说明理由。
1. She was shocked that her lover had been married.
2. Language is shaped by, and shapes human thought.
3. He has been pursued, day by day, and year by year, by a most phenomenal and astonishing luckiness.
4. …and therefore it seems (though rarely) that love can find entrance, not only into an open heart, but also into a heart well fortified, if watch be not well kept.
5. Were some thoughts pushed below the surface, allowed to be changed with time, perhaps to be forgotten forever?
6. In this dangerous crisis the people of America were not forsaken by their usual good sense, presence of mind, resolution, or integrity.
7. Better my life would be ended by their hate, than that hated life should be prolonged to live without your love.
8. She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress.
9. Countries such as Japan, Nepal and Vietnam resemble China in human physical appearance and culture, and were also victimized.
10. He was man of integrity, but unfortunately, he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved.
11. 困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。
12 交出翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。
13. 这种行为一般认为是不妥当的。
14. 有几件旧衣服和旧家伙，当的当了，卖的卖了。
15. 这一点现在就必须向党内讲明白，务必使同志们继续地保持谦虚、谨慎、不骄不躁的作风，务必使同志们继续保持艰苦奋斗的作风。

★ Model versions for the translation practice of Unit 5：
一、翻译下列被动句，尝试采用不同译法并比较效果。
1. 我一生下来，护士就把我抱出去了，妈妈还没来得及看我一眼。
2. 家人有效地阻止了她，可是事后她有好几个星期不跟家里人说话。
3. 的确，关于她在镇上的名誉问题，没有人当面向她提过。
4. 人们常常指责他优柔寡断，但这种指责并非总是公正的。
5. 哈里有些回心转意了。
6. 我们已捐弃前嫌。
7. 由于下雨，仪式举行得很简短。
8. 在教堂里，人们不仅要行为规矩，还应态度虔诚。
9. 这个问题将在下一章予以讨论。
10. 凯撒已遭彻底失败。
11. Our goal can certainly be attained.
12. These questions should not be confused.
13. They are paid to do it.
14. It is universally known that the world is made of matter.
15. I was puzzled that they were seized with terror.
二、翻译下列句子，用被动还是主动？
1. 一道幸福之门关闭时，另一扇就会打开。我们往往只盯着关闭的门，而对开启的门却熟视无睹。
2. 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机起飞了。
3. 他的老相好回来了，这让他惶恐不安。
4. 由于国际局势的一场剧烈动乱，使维多利亚女王的忠诚受到严峻的考验。
5. 这事全怪他。
6. 阳光穿过天空中的小水珠形成了彩虹。
7. What you said is vulnerable to criticism.
8. The murderer desired to see his daughter before his execution.
9. There was not a house in view.
10. Further information will be supplied on request.
11. She is intoxicated with sweet words.
12. He is not a man to trifle with.
13. A veteran springboard diver, defeated by his compatriot in the finals of a world championship, offering congratulations to the victor in a warm embrace and waving a tearful farewell to the audience.
14. He was accused of distorting the facts.
15. The ear is the organ which is used for hearing. The nose is used for smelling. The tongue is used for tasting.
三、翻译下列各句，注意主动、被动的转换，并尝试说明理由。
1. 恋人已经结婚，这令她震惊万分。
2. 人的思想形成了语言，语言也影响了人的思想。
3. 一天又一天，一年又一年，他始终吉星高照，令人惊异不已。
4. ……这说明爱情不仅会占据开阔坦荡的胸怀，有时也能闯入壁垒森严的心灵——假如守御不严的话。
5. 把一些念头隐藏起来，任它们随时间而改变，就会彻底忘却吗？
6. 在此危急之秋，美国人民仍保持有他们所惯有的良知、镇定、决心和正直。
7. 与其得不到你的爱苟且偷生，不如在他们的仇恨中结束生命。
8. 她告诉我，她的男主人已解雇了她。没有讲明任何理由，对她的行为没有任何异议，也不许她向女主人申诉。
9. 日本、尼泊尔、越南等国人的相貌及文化很像中国，也成了受害者。
10. 他是一个正直诚实的人，但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。
11. The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved.
12. Before handing in your translation, you have to read it over and over again and see if there is anything to be corrected or polished.
13. It is generally considered no advisable to act that way.
14. Our old clothes and our few sticks of furniture have been pawned or sold.
15. This must be made clear to the Party. The comrades must be taught to remain modest, prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in their style of work. The comrades must be taught to preserve the style of plain living and hard struggle.

★ Check of the homework for Unit 5：
1) The Master said, “Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure. Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided. ”
2) 爱情不是商品；真情实意不可能买到，卖掉，交换，或者偷走。
1) 她被花言巧语所陶醉。
2) 人们指责他歪曲事实。

★Check your version：
Pt. A Recitation task:
1) 子曰：“三人行，必有我师焉。择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。”(《论语》The Analects)
现代汉语：
孔子说：“几个人一块走路，其中便一定有可以为我所取法的人（其中至少一个人身上有值得我学习的东西）：我选取那些优点而学习，对照那些缺点而改正”。
The Master said, “Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure. Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided.”
2) Love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought, sold, traded or stolen.
爱情不是商品；真情实意不可能买到，卖掉，交换，或者偷走。
（“爱情买卖””Buying and Selling Love”：爱情不是你想卖，想买就能卖，让我挣开，让我明白，放手你的爱……）

Pt.B Translation practice:
1) 她被花言巧语所陶醉。
She is intoxicated(使醉,使陶醉) with sweet words.
2) 人们指责他歪曲事实。
He was accused of distorting the facts.

Contrastive Studies and Translation of English and Chinese
《英汉对比与翻译》
Contents

Unit 1 Approaching Translation
第一单元 走进翻译
Unit 2 Contrast and Translation of Language Types: Synthetic vs. Analytic
第二单元 语言类型对比与翻译：综合语与分析语
Unit 3 Contrast and Translation of Sentence Structures
第三单元 英汉语句子结构对比与翻译
Section 1 Com`pact vs. Diffusive
第一节 聚集与流散
Section 2 Complex vs. Simplex
第二节 繁复与简短
Unit 4 Contrast and Translation of Sentence Forms: .Hypo`tactic vs. Paratactic
第四单元 英汉语句子形式对比与翻译：形合与意合
Section 1 .Hypo`tactic of the English Language
第一节 英语的形合
Section 2 Paratactic of the Chinese Language
第二节 汉语的意合
Unit 5 Contrast and Translation of Voices: Passive vs. Active
第五单元 英汉语句子语态对比与翻译：被动与主动
Unit 6 Contrast and Translation of Sentence Expressiveness
第六单元 英汉语句子的表达倾向对比与翻译
Section 1 Impersonal vs. Personal
第一节 物称与人称
Section 2 Abstract vs. Concrete
第二节 抽象与具体
Section 3 Static vs. Dynamic
第三节 静态与动态
Section 4 Indirect vs. Direct
第四节 间接与直接
Section 5 Substitutive vs. Re`iterative
第五节 替代与重复

Unit 6 Contrast and Translation of Sentence Expressiveness
第六单元 英汉语句子的表达倾向对比与翻译

单元导读：
本单元主要讨论英汉语句子的表达倾向的主要区别：英语有物称、抽象、间接和替代的表达倾向；而汉语有人称、具体、直接和重复的表达倾向。因此，翻译时要充分认识并体现这些差异性，恰当地选择表达方式，从而使英汉语的译文都更符合各自语言的特征，使表达更贴切、更自然。

Unit 6 Contrast and Translation of Sentence Expressiveness
第六单元 英汉语句子的表达倾向对比与翻译

Section 1 Impersonal vs. Personal
第一节 物称与人称

为了说明本单元的内容，先看下面两个例子：

1) It has been ten years since we met last.
我们已经有十年没有见过面了。

2) My bashfulness and backwardness annoyed my older sister very much.
姐姐对于我的腼腆和退缩大为恼火。

以上两个英语句子的主语分别为非人称代词“it ”和名词词组“My bashfulness and backwardness”，而对应的两个汉语句子的主语都是人称代词“我们”和“姐姐”。也就是说，以上的例子说明了一种趋势：英语句子多以物称为主语，而汉语句子多以人称做主语。

由于中英思维方式的不同，形成英汉语表达上主语选择的不同。
中国人注重伦理，受儒家思想的影响最大。“以儒家为代表的贤哲对世界的认识主要不是出于对自然奥秘的好奇，而是出于对现实政治和伦理道德的关注”（连淑能2002：41）。儒家思想“关心的是人道，而非天道，是人生之理，而非自然之性”（同上）。

而在海洋性地理环境中发展起来的英美文化促成了英美人对天文地理的浓厚兴趣，使他们形成了探求自然的奥秘，向自然索取的认知传统。

中西方人这种思维方式的差异反映在语言上则表现为：英语的句子物称较多，而汉语的句子人称较多。

非人称/物称表达法是英语常见的一种文风，尤其常见于书面语和一些正式文体，这种表达法往往使行文与叙述显得客观、公正，结构趋于严密、紧凑，语气较为委婉和间接。
因为汉语注重主体思维，以“万物皆备于我”做主导，从自我出发来叙述客观事物，或倾向于描述人及其行为或状态，因而常用人称。（连淑能 1993：77）

一、英语中物称法的体现

二、汉语中人称法的体现

一、英语中物称法的体现

英语物称法主要体现在英语多趋向于用非人称（物称）的词（无论实称或代称或虚称）来做主动句或被动句的主语。

英语用物称作主语的句子大体可以分为两类：
1、抽象名词或无生命的事物名称做主语；
2、用非人称代词“it”。

一、英语中物称法的体现

1． 抽象名词或无生命的事物名称做主语
2． 非人称的“it”做主语
3．用虚指的there（there be） 结构中做主语
４．物称与被动句

2． 抽象名词或无生命的事物名称做主语

抽象名词表示某种动作、状态、品质、感情的抽象概念；无生命的事物名称则表示某种物质名称。这两类词做主语时，其句子的谓语又使用适合于人的动作或行为的动词。如：

１） 　The helplessness of his attitude roused me.
　他那无可奈何的样子打动了我。　
２） 　To be sue, under the placid surface of life there always is dissatisfied restlessness.
的确，在表面平静的生活下面一直存在着不满和不安的情绪。

３） Their completion of the task three days in advance is beyond our expectation.
４） A thoughtless whim (n. sudden unusual or unreasonable desire or idea忽起的念头，一时的兴致, 奇想，怪想) seized Thornton, and he drew the attention of Hans and Pete to the experiment he had in mind.
５） A shout from Fred hailed（vt. greet, call out to attract attention 向……招呼/打招呼）my appearance.
６） The day of his death came on January 10, 1961.
７） A faint smile lights up the woman’s face as she replies: “Because it was crawling across my foot.”
8）But the fear of the future was strong upon him.

３） Their completion of the task three days in advance is beyond our expectation.
我们没料到他们竟然提前三天完成了任务。

４） A thoughtless whim (n. sudden unusual or unreasonable desire or idea忽起的念头，一时的兴致, 奇想，怪想) seized Thornton, and he drew the attention of Hans and Pete to the experiment he had in mind.
桑顿忽然灵光一闪，脑海中浮现一个古怪的念头，于是招呼汉斯和皮特过来，讲解自己有关那项实验的想法/构想。

５） A shout from Fred hailed （vt. greet, call out to attract attention 向……招呼/打招呼）my appearance.
弗雷德一看见我就大声地跟我打招呼。

６） The day of his death came on January 10, 1961.
他是1961年１月10日去世的。

７） A faint smile lights up the woman’s face as she replies: “Because it was crawling across my foot.”
女主人脸上展现出一丝淡淡的笑容，她回答说：“因为它正从我的脚背上爬过去的啊。”

8）But the fear of the future was strong upon him.
可他对未来有一种强烈的惧怕。

从以上的英汉句子中，我们不难看出，英语句子的主语即便是抽象名词或无生命的名词，其谓语动词依然使用本来表示人的动作或行为的动词作谓语，如“seize” , “hail”, “come”, 等；而且，其对应的汉语句子尽量以人称作主语（无论人称代词是什么形式如宾格代词、形容性物主代词、名词性物主代词等），或使用隐称（省略人称）主语的形式

2． 非人称的“it”做主语

非人称的“it”做主语，可以在句子中表示各种不同的意义：
a) 代替刚提到过的一件事物;
b) 起指示代词的作用, 指一个人或事物;
c) 表示时间、天气、距离等；
d) 改变一个句子的结构，强调这个句子的某一部分(用于强调句)；
e) 代替一个结构，如：不定式、动名词短语或从句表示主语，使原来的这些主语可以防在句子的后部，以形成一个平衡句，从而避免句子显得头重脚轻。(用作形式主语)；

a) 代替刚提到过的一件事物
在这种情况下，“it”可以指一个具体的东西，也可以指前面提到的事情或情
1) Petrol has a low boiling point; if a little is poured into the hand, it soon vaporizes.
汽油的沸点低，倒一点在手上，很快就挥发了。

2) The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication[.lu:bri`keif n]（润滑，润滑作用）, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated[`lu:brikeit].
3) As a police reporter 35 years ago, I saw justice done in hundreds of such affairs, and it was done with dispatch(n. (迅速)处理，速办) and efficiency.
4) If porridge is prepared from coarse oatmeal (in the proper Scottish manner) it is tasty, economical, and nourishing dish, especially when it is eaten with milk or cream, and sugar or salt.

2) The oil used for this purpose must be of the correct thickness; if it is too thin it will not give sufficient lubrication[.lu:bri`keif n]（润滑，润滑作用）, and if it is too thick it will not reach all parts that must be lubricated[`lu:brikeit].
润滑油的浓度必须适当，太稀则起不到应有的润滑作用，太稠则流不到需要润滑的所有零件。

3) As a police reporter 35 years ago, I saw justice done in hundreds of such affairs, and it was done with dispatch (n. (迅速)处理，速办) and efficiency.
35年前作为一个采访社会治安新闻的记者，我看到数百个像这样的案子得到公正处理，并且处理得迅速而高效。

4) If porridge is prepared from coarse oatmeal (in the proper Scottish manner) it is tasty, economical, and nourishing dish, especially when it is eaten with milk or cream, and sugar or salt.
如果粥是用粗燕麦片做的（正宗苏格兰风味），那就既可口又经济并富有营养，特别是加了牛奶或奶油，糖或盐。

5) In fact, the willingness to experiment is one of the most striking features of China today, and it seems to be rooted in confidence rather than security.
事实上，敢于实验是今日中国最令人注目的特点之一，它来源于信心而不是不稳定感。
６）The drill may just miss the oil although it is near; on the other hand, it may strike oil at a fairly high level.
钻头可能到了离油很近的地方而没有碰到油；另一方面，也有可能在相当浅的地方打出油来。

b) 起指示代词的作用

１） ----Who is knocking at the door?
----谁在敲门？
----It’s me.
----是我。

2) --- Where is the book I just bought?
---It’s here on the table.
---我刚买的书呢？
---在这儿，桌子上。

3) A shadow slipped out of the room and it’s hiding behind the tree.
屋子里闪出了一个身影，现在藏在那个树后。

c)表示时间、天气、距离等
1) It is twenty years ago since he came down to our village from London, and bought a couple of old cottages. (表示时间)
20年前，他从伦敦来到我们的村子，买了好几座旧房屋。
2) It was late autumn here.
这里现在是深秋。(表示季节)
3) It’s only half an hour’s walk to the Summer Palace. 表示距离）
步行半小时可到颐和园。
4) It’s about a night’s journey to the place by train. （表示距离）
到那里坐火车要一夜。
５）　How long does it take most of us to reach that level of human growth, if we ever get there? （代替动词不定式）
我们究竟要花多长时间才能达到如此高度的成熟？能否最终达到还是个未知数呢。
6）It was a spring without voices.
这是一个无声的春天。
7） It has now been five years since Margaret Thatcher resigned as Britain’s Prime Minister.
马格丽特· 撒切尔辞去英国首相职务已经五年了。

d) it的虚指用法
it的虚指用法指的是it用在一些句子中不确指什么，或用在分裂句(cleft sentence)中（有的语法书中称之为强调句）起句法上的主语作用。利用强调句式可以强调除谓语动词之外的任何成分，并且由it 来提示。
如：
1) It has fared well with him.
他一切进展顺利。
2) It se