GMAT-高频语法考点总结.docx

GMAT 高频语法考点总结

1. Help的用法： Help sb. (to) do; Help (to) do; Be helpful in (特别注意)
2. 列举用such … as A, B, … and C结构，不可以用like代替。 like在GMAT中通常做介词表
要求前后严格对称，但不可表示列举。
3. such as的两种形式： A such as B, such A as B
such as的用法：
such as + 具体名词（ n1 and n2或doing n1 and doing n2;）表示举例
such as + noun/ doing/ what从句/介词短语
5. 在…方面要用in … area(s).
1. 固定搭配(1) distinction(s) between…and…
(2) difference(s) between…and… / A has difference from B
2. 固定搭配 so much…as…，要保证平行
2. 1. 固定搭配 between … and …
2. 时态问题：现在完成时与过去时： 如果单纯表示过去事件，就用一般过去时； 如果是过去发生的事件持续到现在，或者强调过去事件对现在依然产生影响，就用现在完成时。
以下情况用现在完成时： 
在，或者强调过去事件对现在依然产生影响，就用现在完成时
l within/during/in/over+ the past/recent/last+时间段
l 出现since考虑现在完成时
以下情况用一般过去式：
l 出现original/originally, first
l 过去明确时间
l 过去段时间
以下情况用一般现在时
l 自然现象
l 统计数据
l 实验结论
l 客观事实
3. Did you see the game on TV last night? 昨天晚上---没有the 用一般过去式
Interest in golf has grown rapidly in the last ten years. 最近十年—有the用现在完成时
4. *： so … as to be/do正确的情况是， so后面加adjective，即： So + ADJECTIVE + as to + VERB
#1：Although one link in the chain was demonstrated to be weak, but not to require the recall of the automobile. (incorrect)
The official answer is: demonstrably weak, it was not so weak as to require
#2： Congress is debating a bill requiring certain employers provide workers with unpaid leave so as to care for sick or newborn children. (incorrect)
The official answer is: to provide workers with unpaid leave so that they can 
#3： Several years ago the diet industry introduced a variety of appetite suppressants, but some of these drugs caused such severe stomach disorders as to be banned by the Food and Drug Administration. (incorrect)
The official answer is: such severe stomach disorders that they were
考点：
1. 时态问题：
(1) 过去时： originally, from 1978 to 1985,previously
(2) 完成时态： since; within/during/over/in+the past/last/recent+时间短语(注意during/in/over
the last year可以用现在时也可以用完成时，取决于当时发生的事情是否延续到现在或对现
在是否还有影响，而last year必须用过去时)
(3) 将来时：
i. 条件从句/时间从句/方式从句/让步从句不能用将来时或过去将来时，常用一般现在时代替一般
将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。（对比状从省略的几种是：转折，时间，条件。）
ii. possibility that…/likelihood that…/expect that…中,that从句后用一般将来时
iii. 标准书面语中,优先使用一般将来时,主观将来时用be supposed to do,较少用be going to do,不
用be to be doing/be to be done
(4) 一般现在时： common: the most common reasons, the common procedure
2. 过去完成时的使用：必须在语义上有时间的对照(不一定会有一般过去时的出现)，来反映出发生在过去
的过去。
5. E. as much… than错误，应该改为as much … as
6. 2. 描述法律法规的内容要用ing分词短语修饰，如；除非表达的是法规的目的， laws后面不能用to do修饰，而应该用doing.法令的内容通常以分词引导表效力的延续性，如 laws, agreement(prep 1-221)和 directive，后面不跟定语从句。the act of Congress是主语也是逻辑主语；法律法规的具体的内容要用ving修饰，比如法规规
定捕的鱼必须小于一定尺寸，但此处made provision for the removal of the government of the United
States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C.意为“提供了政府迁移的相关条款”，并没有说明法
律法规的具体内容， 所以限定性定从更合适
7. Similar=like， different from=unlike，但是similar to和different from一般不可放在句首
8. Independent run for the presidency表示“独立竞选总统职位” = independent candidacy
9. 3. Make短语：
Make it adj. to do----make it more expensive to buy
Make (doing) sth. Adj.-- make buying on credit more expensive
Make N1 N2
10. 头等舱旅客增长
1. 伴随状语： doing引导伴随状语或者目的状语, double应该改为doubling，这样划线成分才能修饰前面整个分句，
2. 不可数名词，抽象名词不可用many形容
(1) If you say "twice as many", then this construction should be paired with acountable noun.
e.g., twice as many dogs --> "dogs" is a countable noun
(2) If you said "twice as much", then this construction should be paired with anuncountable noun.
e.g., twice as much water --> "water" is an uncountable noun
(3) If the noun in question is already an explicitly numerical quantity, then you should use neither "much"
nor "many". Instead, you should just use "twice" or "double" by itself.
e.g., twice the increase --> "increase" is an explicitly numerical quantity
(2) so, for instance:
twice as much water --> correct, since "water" is an uncountable noun (but is not an explicitly numerical quantity)
twice the water... --> incorrect, since water is not a numerical quantity
twice as much as the increase... --> incorrect; redundant
twice the increase... --> correct
3. 注意不能看到the increase就认定它是不可数的，要用much来修饰，而应该看the increase所指向的东西。
4. 关于numbers与greater搭配
11. 有机食品题目
1. 破折号在GMAT里的用法：用于插入语，解释说明（代替冒号或分号），话语/语义的中断和转折，反讽，并非对前词的解释
2. 理解句意
12. 股利分配期望
A. 实义动词to set(表达预测，将来时)与系动词were不平行，应该是: to set Div. more conservatively than
they have done.
B. Expect sb. that搭配错误，只能用expect that或expect sb. to do；
13. Laos的面积和人口
1. but only 4 million in population, and many are farmer是错误的，必须是many of whom
2. only 4 million in population表达不地道
3. 固定搭配some…others
4. 2. Need 的固定搭配： need sth. for sth. need sth to do
5. due to 也不应该被放在句首
Incorrect: The game was postponed due to rain.
Correct: The game was postponed because of rain.
Correct: The game's postponement was due to rain.
题
2. 搭配：
(1) Aim, goal, intention, objective, function, way, method, purpose + be + to do当然最常用的还是
method of doing/for doing
(2) Use, cite, function, regard, think/conceive of, view, act + as
(3) Consider, deem, make, call, find, elect+宾语+宾补
14. 首先 Not only…..but (also)表示的关系是递进, 其中 also 可以省略; not only ...but also 表示并列，不能表示转折，不要有先入为主的感觉认为 not only...but also 必须一
起出现
在正常语序中: 短语本身不可以加入其它成份，比如变成： not only...but it also...是错误的
not only … but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和与其最近的主语保持人称和数的一致。
3. not only … but also 不能用在否定句中。
4. 4. not only … but also 连接两个分句，并且 not only 位于句首时，第一个分句中的主语和谓语要部分
倒装。例如：
Not only does the sun give us light, but also it gives us heat.
Not only did he speak English correctly, but he also speaks it fluently.
15. 词性，固定搭配
1. 通过…方式： through… /by means of…/with…/by way of…
16. support 作为 n.时的固定搭配：
(have/receive/win) support of/from someone 来自某人的支持
support for something/someone 支持某事/某人
in support of something 支持某事
17. B. if在书面语中不能表示“是否”，只能表示“如果”，所以应该使用whether，且not only…but also前后
不对称； Or前后不对称
18. Which指代小结—一般情况下就近一致!!动名词做状语，可以不跟在被解释的对象后面
以下收录官方材料中能对于which的使用，可以发现which的指代其实并没有固定死规则，不一定只指代
最近的名词，跟所有代词一样，有就近指代的的倾向，但是具体修饰对象，应该根据各种线索或者逻辑含
义来判断：
19. 3) 标准书面语中， like/unlike后只加名词(不一定具体名词)表比较，不能加不定式短语,分词短语(prep
1-54 unlike cooking with speices错),句子或介短。（后面接这些东西的时候unlike要改为whereas
等等）。Because of，such as
(4) like/unlike是严格的硬梆梆比较，比较对象必须严格对等，中间尽量不能插入任何成分（比如有一
个题目是:Unlike A, in 1990 B...就算A， B可比，但这样就是不佳的表达，因为这会让读者花费脑细
胞去找unlike和哪个在比。最好的句子一定是排版最严谨、最遵循规则的句子，一定是读起来最省
力的句子），但是非限制性定语从句这一类非常明确是紧跟着前面的名词的修饰成分是可以的
20. 1. who, whom 只能指人，不可指物（如 language，要用 which 指代）； which 只能指物，不可指人
2. 传统语法规定 that 不能用于指人，而只能用 that 指思想观点、动物或不具有生命的物体(植物属于不具
有生命的物体)，要用 whose, whose 可以指人也可以指物(prep1-192)， that 只能代替事物而不能代替人。A. Which和that都只能指代物，不能指代人。
21. 3. be likely to do 很容易、倾向于做某事。
22. 白勇《 GMAT语法全解》中说过“ ...times + 形容词/副词比较级 + than.....”属于有争议的结构，因为
产生歧义。标准书面语中避免使用此结构。“ ....times + as+形容词/副词+as" 则常用。
23. 1. (not) one of the+名词复数+单数形式谓语； Not one of =none of
24. 3. 破折号在本题中有反讽或表达意外的含义：被蜜蜂蛰死的人比被专门吃人的白鲨吃掉的人还多，并非对前词的解释。
25. 2. While在表示转折对比时，有两件events同时发生的含义。while也有”at the same time“的含义在里面，与then矛盾，
a) but后面本来是应该加句子的，但是在主语相同的情况下可以省略主语。
习惯用语（ idiom）
1. just as A do, so B do平行比较结构的习惯搭配：意思是：就如同A…B…
2. 下面五种形式都对（ 后三种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉 so） 前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。
Just as A do, B do.
A do, just as B do.
Just as … , so … Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , as … Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称
Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too 后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap
l like…, so/as…也是错误结构： like 的比较必须是严格对称的
26. (1) 惯用句式是： A is to B what C is to D. 意为“ A对B而言正如C对D一样”例如：
Air is to us What water is to fish. 空气对于我们犹如水对于鱼。
27. 2. allow的固定搭配：
(1) allow that承认/allow for考虑到, 允许/allow sb. to do sth.允许；
(2) allow sth. to be done也是对的；
28. 解读方法： 可以类比一下 A has B twice as many as C 这个比较句型也可以写为 A has twice as many B as
C. 所以句子的核心是 A has B，即： The farm has cows.
29. 1. 虚拟语气：
虚拟条件句的四种形式：
But for N, S + should/would/cold/might + V / (have Vpp.) 若不是N, S应该….
= If it were not / (had not been) for N
= Were it not for N / (Had it not been for N)
= Without N（介词只有without可表虚拟语气）
2. 虚拟语气的时态：
时间  从句谓语形式  主句谓语形式
将来 动词过去式(be 用 were)
should + 动词原形
were to + 动词原形 would / should / might / could + 动词原形
现在  动词过去式(be 用 were)  would / should / might / could + 动词原形
过去  had +动词过去分词  would / should / might / could have + 动词过去分词
30. 核电德国比较题目
A. it完整指代75 percent of the energy produced in France，意思错误；在比较成分前后都是句子的情况
下，前面分句是主谓宾结构表达动作，后面分句是主系表结构表达状态，功能上不平行，错误
31. especially 强调严重性， specially 强调特殊性！
especially 是表示程度
specially 表示特殊
32. 1. 虚拟语气的几种形式再重复：
If + Present , future 'if X happens, Y will happen'
If + past, would /could + verb
'if X happened, Y would happen'
'if X were to happen, Y would happen'
If + past perfect , would/could + have + verb
33. 平行结构（ parallelism） 逻辑意思（ logical predication）
1. 按照逻辑意思可以发现，动作carry和后面几个动作并不平行。这个句子的逻辑关系是， “ Carry”这个动
作没有参加“ compared”， 而是自成一个层次，而另外四个动词是“ compared”的项目，它们另外组成
了一连串的动词平行结构。故而A中的第一个“ and”是必要的。
34. estimate的固定用法：
estimate (that)（不需加原V）
estimate + N + to be N(adj) (prep 2-51)
estimate + N + at/to be +数量词
35. 2. conclude的固定搭配：
(1) conclude by doing sth./ conclude with sth.：以……结束，借此后面接的是结束的方式、行为
She concluded by saying she was proud to be from Salford.
Each chapter concludes with a short summary.
(2) conclude to ：达成……而结束
36. 二．部分倒装
1. 一些表示频率的副词(如 many a time, often 等)位于句首时 ,句子部分倒装.
Often did we go for walks together.
Many a time have I told him about it.
2. 用于“no sooner…than…, hardly…when…和 not until 等结构中”
No sooner had he arrived than someone called him.他一到就有人给他打电话
3. 用于省略 if 的虚拟条件状语从句(把 were, had, should 放在主语前构成倒装)
Were I you ( = If I were you ), I would not accept his present.
Had you ( = If you had ) studied hard, you might have passed the exam this time.
4. 用于“形容词/名词/动词+as (though)”引导的让步状语从句，例如：
•形容词： Pretty as she is（ =As pretty as she is=though she is pretty） , she is not clever at all.
•动词： Try as he could, he might fail again.
•名词： Child as he was, he had to sell newspapers in the streets.
5. 否定副词（ never, not…, seldom, hardly, neither, nor, scarcely, rarely, no longer, barely, little）
Barely did he have time to catch the bus.
Never have I been to Beijing.
6. So / Such 引导的倒装句
So kind is she that she deserves all my respect.(全倒装)
So loudly did he speak that everyone could hear him.
7. Only 在句首强调状语 Only when the meeting is over can we know the decision
37. consider A B：把A认为是B，中间不加as和to be，其中B为名词或形容词。considered far too cold to support life,
38. 3. inhabit vt 居住于. 固定搭配： be inhabited by
e.g: The woods are inhabited by many wild animals.
39. 1. method的用法：
(1) method of/for (doing) something 优于 the method to：
40. 2. what引导的名词性从句做主语时， 主句谓语动词用单数一定是正确的：
********有时也参照下面的单复数规则：
(1)What在从句中做主语， 主句谓语由what从句的谓语决定。
1) What is difficult to understand is A.； What are difficult to understand are A and B.
(2)what在从句中做宾语， 主句谓语由主句表语/宾语决定what they want are XX,XX&XX。
2) What his father left him are a few English books
41. 关于Except的各种用法---注意区分，期望是expect
1. except for: 用于非同类事物，它的宾语与前述对象完全是两回事
例如： The room was very cold and, except for Jack, entirely empty.
这个房间很阴冷，而且除了杰克，完全是空荡荡的。
本句中，前述对象是"房间"，而除去的对象是"Jack"，两者毫无关系。
2. except:指同一类事物的总体中除去一部分，强调的是除去。
例如： He gets up early every day except Sunday.
除星期天外，他每天早起。
有时except与except for可以换用，例如： Except for(=except) John, the whole class passed the
test. 全班同学除约翰外，全都通过了考试。
*： 1.2.在GMAT中不适用， GMAT中并不讲究except与except for的区别，故删去。
3. except that表达的语意与except近似，只是后面要跟从句。
例： He has always been in good health except that he has had a slight headache in the past few
days. 除了在过去几天里有些头痛之外，他身体一直很好。
4. but:常可与 except互换，强调"不在其中"。
例： Everyone attended the meeting but Mary.大家都出席了这次会议，但玛丽不在其列。
5. besides:强调"除此之外，还包括"。
例： She can speak French and Japanese besides English.除英语外，她还会讲法语和日语。
6. apart from:其含义主要依据上下文而定，有时可与except换用，有时可代替besides.
例： Apart from the coat, the hat doesn't suit me.除价钱太贵，这帽子也不适合我戴
42. For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them
regularly, Holstein cows are producing an average of 2,275 gallons of milk each per year
注意，前面已经用了them所以后面肯定是cows而不是单数the cow
43. Despite the growing number of people who purchase plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced
that, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers to automatic teller machines, many
travelers will still use travel agents.just as与many travelers will…并列，都是convinced的内容，所以应该放在that后面；
44. Date的固定搭配： date to 后面是ago，且to后面直接接年代数字（不需要接be）； date at 后面与old
搭配。 (具体参见prep1-256)
45. conceive的固定搭配(cannot) conceive of (doing) something
conceive that （不用虚拟语气）
conceive of something/somebody as something
conceive what/why/how etc
conceive sth. (such as idea)
46. other than = With the exception of; except (for); besides:
47. C 中的like有没有错误呢？like后面应该是跟名词的，这个后面是句子吧， 我因此排除了C
48. 解释一下B 的复数 有两个信号点
一个就是进行对比的the reasons（其实我觉得 只是这么一个点的话 用that也是可以的
昨天和上周的原因个数谁说要对等的 这个绝对不靠谱）
第二个 “：”后句子里的and 证明是两个原因撒~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
over 这样推those 才圆满
49. The problem is...how to do sth.是正确的，注意but前和but后的内容要形式一致，比如前后都是主系表或者都是主谓宾，要保持一致
50. 按照Manhattan语法来说it,they在句中指代完全一样的东西或者人，而that，those则是不一样的，比如像楼上说的昨天吃的饭和今天吃的饭，只能用that和those而不是it或者they。。
51. 当两个主句没有任何连接词（and, but, or, nor, for）连接而出现在同一个句子里，这时最好采用分号使之分离。分号的主要作用很简单，它常用于分离没有连接词连接的句子。但最好不要在从句之间形成如此之强     的停顿。如果你要连接从句，而又不愿意用连接词时，则采用分号。
 一般说来，分号的作用介于逗号和句号之间，即用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号隔开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。
1）用于并列句之间。
例：People make history; unusual people make history interesting.
Your car is new; mine is six years old.
   2)分隔已有逗号的并列成分，以避免歧义。
例：Follow this procedure: first, get your application forms; next, fill them out; last, pay the charge.
 3)用于由for example、namely、in fact等引出的分句之前。
例：Tom is well-liked; in fact, he is the most popular person in the class.
52. announce固定搭配：(1)announce something to somebody 或者 announce to somebody something (相当于宾语后置)
(2)announce a decision/intention/plan (在这个时候如果plan等后面接to do不会产生to do做状语修饰announce的歧义)*:The government has announced plans to create 10,000 new jobs.
(3) announce (that)
(4)announce somebody/yourself 通报...的到达;通知...已准备好（注意这个短语有专门意思）
错误用法：
(1) announce to do sth.
53. Correct: X and Y are equally qualified. 
Correct: X is as qualified as Y. 
Incorrect: X is equally qualified as Y. 
54. CEO's 是 CEO 的复数形式，以缩写字母组成的专有名词的复数形式可以是加's 或加 s
55. 1. not so much... as ... (not 和so much是连着的) 是 与其说...毋宁说...的意思
e.g. The ocean do not so much divide the world as unite it. 与其说海洋是把世界分隔开了还不如说是把世界连接起来了
56. in recognization of ，习语
57. What从句中出现what和it两个主语，以及appears和was两个谓语，句子结构错误
58.  that引导限定性定语从句前面不用逗号隔开, 而此处去掉that从句并不影响原句的主要意思,因此应该用which引导的非限定性定语从句表明两者之间松散的逻辑关系, 但即使改为which引导的非限定性定语从
while作为连词表示当…的时候或者表示转折,而原句并没有这种逻辑关系
59. 　4) 习惯用法: be likely to do One report concludes that many schools do not have, nor are they likely to have, enough computers to use them effectively.
60. 2-height 题是GMAT数学部分常考的一个题型.因为题中会给出一个关于2-height的定义, 所以G友通常称之为2-height题.

\举个例子吧，40=2*2*2*5，即2的三次方乘以5，3就是2-height 的值， 

再如12=2*2*3，即2的二次方乘以3，所以2就是2-height 的值。 

总的来说，就是把一个整数分解成质数的乘积，其中2的幂就是2-height 的值。
61. both…and结构不平行,应该改为at both college and graduate level或both at college and at graduate level; but also连接的前后两个句子从意思上无法平行.
62. unlike后面应该接名词
63. take precedence over
64. 圆的周长circumference