专题01-名词-2年中考1年模拟备战2017年中考英语系列(原卷版).doc

备战2017中考系列：英语2年中考1年模拟
专题01 名词
☞解读考点
名词的定义[来源:学|科|网]
　　名词名词 (Nouns)是词性的一种，也是实词的一种，是指待人、物、事、时、地、情感、概念等实体或抽象事物的词。名词可以独立成句。在短语或句子中通常可以用代词来替代。
　　1. 专有名词：指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。具体说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如：[来源:ZXXK]
　　Jim 吉姆 China 中国 Mr. Smith 史密斯先生
　　July 七月 Friday 星期五 the Yellow River 黄河
　　Christmas 圣诞节 English 英语 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》
　　注：专有名词的首字母通常要大写。若是专名名词词组，则其中每个单词的首字母要大写;若是缩略词，则通常每个字母都大写;称呼家人的 mum, dad, father, mother 等有时也可小写。
　　2. 普通名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。具体地说，它可分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体，如girl(女孩)等;集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如 audience(观众，听众)等;物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如water(水)等;抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如work(工作)，happiness(幸福)等。
直击考点
1.可数名词和不可数名词的用法;
2.名词所有格的构成及用法;
3.近义名词的辨析。
【名师点睛】
一、名词的数
1.单数和复数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys。
(2) 以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。
(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges。
(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如：city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys, day→days。
(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如:hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。[来源:Zxxk.Com]
(6) 以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves, half→halves。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为 Germans;man, woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men　workers， women teachers。
有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。
(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people, police等。
(9)数词名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：ten-minutes’ walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。
(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：
科学名词：physics, mathematics/maths
游戏名称：bowls
专有名词：the United States, Niagara Falls
其他名词：news, falls
2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass?[来源:学+科+网]
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 这类定语，例如：
a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of bread
a bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of tea
a cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice[来源:]
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：
two cups of tea
four pieces of paper
three glasses of water
不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰。
二、名词的所有格
名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。
1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加 's,其复数形式是s'，例如：a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。
2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加 's，如：Children's Day。
3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用 's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
5. 双重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。
【注意】
如果两个名词并列，并且分别有 's，则表示“分别有”，例如：John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。
两个名词并列，只有一个's，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。
☞2年中考
[2016年题组]
1．【2016山东东营】-Why do people never cut up the _______________ on their birthdays?[来源:学&科&网Z&X&X&K]
-Because they are a symbol of long life.
A. eggs B. cakes C. noodles D. dumplings[来源:][来源:]
2．【2016山东东营】 Great ______ for football lovers-more than 50,000 soccer schools will be built in our country by the end of 2025.
A. news B. message C. situation D. information[来源:学+科+网Z+X+X+K]
3．【2016山东德州】Bill will be a／an _______ to interview the football plays in the coming Rio 2016 Olympics.
A. guest B. reporter C. tourist D. freely
4．【2016重庆】It’s sports time. Most ________ students in Class 1 are playing football on the playground.
A. boy B. boys C. boy’s D. boys’
5.【2016江苏苏州】Steve Jobs was full of — always coming up with new ideas which led to great changes in society .
A. instruction B. invitation C. introduction D. invention
[来源:]
[2015年题组]
【2015年安徽省初中毕业学业考试英语试题】–How can I get some ______ about the 2016 Olympic Games? --Why not search the Internet?
A. information B. experience C. practice D. success
2．【2015年广东省初中毕业生学业考试英语试题】Mickey mouse is one of the most famous ______ in American ______.
A.symbol culture B.symbol cultures C.symbols culture D.symbols cultures
3.【湖北省武汉市2015年中考英语试题】 –Any special ________ in this shopping mall now?
--Sure, we have the latest e-products on sale.
A. offer B. price C. brand D. service
4.【湖南省娄底市2015年中考英语试题】 —Would you like some _______for dinner?
—OK.
A. tomatos B. tomato C. tomatoes
5.【江西省2015年中等学校招生考试英语试题卷】There are lots of _____that students have to follow in school.
A. exercises B. problems C. skills D. rules
6.【四川省成都市2015年中考英语试题】She says her favorite is English.
A．color B．sports C．subject
7.【天津市2015年中考英语试题】In 1998, Liu Xiang’s ______ in hurdling was noticed by Sun Jiangping.
       A. ability                B. trade                C.electricity          D. memory
8.【德州市二O一五年初中学业水平考试英语试题】The New York Times is a popular daily ____.
A. dictionary B. magazine C. newspaper D. guidebook
☞考点归纳
归纳 1：区分可数名词与不可数名词以及修饰可数名词与不可数名词的常用词语.
并掌握将可数名词由单数形式变为复数形式的基本方法,还要熟记 dear, sheep, Chinese, Japanese 等单复数形式相同的名词,以及一些不规则名词的单复数形式,如 manmen, womanwomen, childchildren, policemanpolicemen, mousemice, footfeet, toothteeth, stomachstomachs 等｡
归纳 2：名词所有格的构成及其用法｡
名词的所有格一般在词尾加“‘s”,这种形式的所有格主要用于有生命的名词以及表示时间､距离等名词的后面｡注意:如果名词本身以表示复数意义的s结尾,构成所有格时直接在词尾加上“‘”即可｡另外,注意“A’s and B’s”型名词短语所有格表示两者分别拥有某物,而“A and B’s”型名词短语所有格表示两者共同拥有某物
归纳 4：名词作定语修饰主体名词,[来源:学*科*网Z*X*X*K]
常用单数形式;主体名词为复数形式时,作定语用的名词一般用单数形式,如 boy friends｡但以 man, woman 等名词作定语修饰主体名词时,若主体名词为复数形式, man 和 woman 也要变为复数形式,如 men doctors｡由“基数词 + 连词符号 + 名词”或“基数词 + 连词符号 + 名词+ 连词符号 + 形容词”构成的复合词作定语修饰主体名词时,复合词中的名词只能用单数形式｡
☞易错易混
1. in a word, in words[来源:学+科网Z+X+X+K]
in a word总之，一句话， in words口头上 In a word, you are right.
2. in place of, in the place of
in place of代替，in the place of在…地方 A new building is built in the place of the old one.
3. in secret, in the secret
in secret秘密地，暗自地，偷偷地，一般用作状语;in the secret知道内情，知道秘密，一般用作表语 My mother was in the secret from the beginning.
4. a girl, one girl
a girl可泛指所有女孩, one girl一个女孩 Can one girl carry such a big box?
5. take a chair, take the chair
take a chair相当于sit down坐下，take the chair开始开会
6. go to sea, by sea, by the sea
go to sea当海员，出航，by sea乘船，由海路， by the sea在海边 go by sea
7. the doctor and teacher, the doctor and the teacher
the doctor and teacher指一个人，既是医生又是老师，the doctor and the teacher两个人，一个医生和一个老师 the doctor and teacher is
8. in office, in the office[来源:学§科§网]
in office在职的，in the office在办公室里 He is in office, not out of office.
9. in bed, on the bed
in bed卧在床上，on the bed在床上 The book is on the bed. He is ill in bed.
10. in charge of, in the charge of
in charge of管理，负责照料， in the charge of由……照料 He is in charge of the matter. The matter is in the charge of her.
11. in class, in the class
in class在课上，in the class在班级里 He is the best student in the class.
12. on fire, on the fire[来源:]
on fire**,on the fire在火上 Put the food on the fire. The house is on fire.
13. out of question, out of the question
out of question毫无疑问的，out of the question不可能的
14. a second, the second
a second又一，再一，the second第…… He won the second prize.
15. by day, by the day
by day白天，by the day按天计算 The workers are paid by the day.
16. the people, a people
the people指人，a people指民族 The Chinese is a peace-loving people.
例1：-Are you sure this is a photo _______, the famous comedy actress?
-It surprised you, didn't it? But she was once really thin.
A. Jia Ling B. Jia Ling's C. of Jia Ling D. of Jia Ling's
例2：—How many women doctors are there in your hospital?
—______ them ______ over twenty.
A．A number of; are B．The number of; are C．The number of; is
☞解题技能[来源:Zxxk.Com]
1. 随着新课改对英语功能性、交际性的重视以及对词汇量要求的逐年增加，考试中对名词的考查已经淡化了它的语法功能，更加注重实际应用和情景交际。预计对名词词义辨析以及在语境中的运用将成为2015年中考考查的重点
2.在近几年的中考试题中，重点考查名词所有格，特别是复数形式和两人共有的所有格形式，以及名词作定语的用法。
☞1年模拟
1. （2016江苏省无锡市惠）----   there any       in your classroom? 
----No, there isn’t.
A. Is, furnitures                            B. Is, furniture 
C. Are, furnitures                 D. Are, furniture
2.（2016重庆）The Chinese saying “A tree can’t make a forest” tell us that is very important in a football match
A. ability B. decision C. teamwork D. experience
3.（2016山东东营）Dave really likes driving. I think being a _____ is just right for him.
A. doctor B. teacher C. farmer D. driver
4.（2015年襄阳市）-It's useful for the deaf people to learn sign language.
-Yes, it's a major way of _____ for them.
A. suggestion B. vacation C. production D. communication
5.完形填空（山东省滕州市模拟）
How often do you let other people's rude actions change your mood? Do you let a bad driver or an impolite waiter make your day in a mess? However, the mark of your wise reply to the actions is how ___15___ you can come back to smiling to them. Sixteen years ago, I learned this ____16____ at the back of a taxi in New York.
We were driving fast in the right lane (车道)when suddenly, a black car jumped __17___ a parking space right to front of us. My taxi driver stepped on the brake(刹车)as hard as possible, and at the____18____moment our car stopped just one inch from the back of the other car.
I couldn't believe what happened next. The driver of the car turned his head around and started___19____bad words. But then here's what really___20____ me. My taxi driver just smiled and waved(挥手致意) at the guy. I said, "Why did you just do that? This guy nearly ___21___us!" He told me what I now remember "The Law of the Garbage(垃圾)Truck."
He said, “Like garbage trucks, many people run around full of garbage, full of anger, and full of regret. ___22___their garbage increases more and more, they look for a place to pour it. If you let them, they'll pour it on you. So when someone wants to pour it on you, don't feel hurt. Just smile, wave, and move on. You will be___23___.”
I started thinking: how often do I let Garbage Trucks run right over me? And how often do I take their garbage and___24___it to other people? Then I knew clearly what I should do.
I began to see Garbage Trucks. I see the bad mood people are carrying. I see them coming to pour it. And like my taxi driver, I don't feel hurt I just smile, wave, and move on。
A. clearly B. quickly C. exactly D. correctly
A. example B. experience C. lesson D. case
A. out of B. across C. next to D. far from
A. next B. busy C. right D. last
A.shouting B. telling C. whispering D. expressing
A. cheered B. encouraged C. surprised D. satisfied
A. attacked B. killed C. warned D. beat
A.Since B. While C. As D. Before
A. happier B. busier C. safer D. luckier
A. donate B. lend C. spread D. hang